In architecture, a folly is a building constructed primarily for decoration, but suggesting through its appearance some other purpose, or of such extravagant appearance that it transcends the range of usual garden buildings. Eighteenth-century English landscape gardening and French landscape gardening often featured mock Roman temples, symbolising classical virtues. Other 18th-century garden follies imitated Chinese temples, Egyptian pyramids, ruined medieval castles or abbeys, or Tatar tents, to represent different continents or historical eras. Sometimes they represented rustic villages, mills and cottages, to symbolise rural virtues. Many follies, particularly during times of famine, such as the Great Famine in Ireland, were built as a form of poor relief, to provide employment for peasants and unemployed artisans. In English, the term began as "a popular name for any costly structure considered to have shown folly in the builder", the Oxford English Dictionary's definition. Follies are often named after the individual who commissioned or designed the project. The connotations of silliness or madness in this definition is in accord with the general meaning of the French word folie; however, another older meaning of this word is "delight" or "favourite abode". This sense included conventional, practical buildings that were thought unduly large or expensive, such as Beckford's Folly, an extremely expensive early Gothic Revival country house that collapsed under the weight of its tower in 1825, 12 years after completion. As a general term, "folly" is usually applied to a small building that appears to have no practical purpose or the purpose of which appears less important than its striking and unusual design, but the term is ultimately subjective, so a precise definition is not possible.

Characteristics

The concept of the folly is subjective and it has been suggested that the definition of a folly "lies in the eyes of the beholder". Typical characteristics include:

[Hagley Castle is in the grounds of Hagley Hall. It was built

by Sanderson Miller for George, Lord Lyttelton in the middle of the 18th century to look like a small ruined medieval castle. | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Hagley///Castle///%28geograph///2291664%29.jpg]

History

Follies began as decorative accents on the great estates of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, but they flourished especially in the two centuries which followed. Many estates had ruins of monastic houses and (in Italy) Roman villas; others, lacking such buildings, constructed their own sham versions of these romantic structures. However, very few follies are completely without a practical purpose. Apart from their decorative aspect, many originally had a use which was lost later, such as hunting towers. Follies are misunderstood structures, according to The Folly Fellowship, a charity that exists to celebrate the history and splendour of these often neglected buildings.

Follies in 18th-century French and English gardens

Follies were an important feature of the English garden and French landscape garden in the 18th century, such as Stowe and Stourhead in England and Ermenonville and the gardens of Versailles in France. They were usually in the form of Roman temples, ruined Gothic abbeys, or Egyptian pyramids. Painshill Park in Surrey contained almost a full set, with a large Gothic tower and various other Gothic buildings, a Roman temple, a hermit's retreat with resident hermit, a Turkish tent, a shell-encrusted water grotto and other features. In France they sometimes took the form of romantic farmhouses, mills and cottages, as in Marie Antoinette's Hameau de la Reine at Versailles. Sometimes they were copied from landscape paintings by painters such as Claude Lorrain and Hubert Robert. Often, they had symbolic importance, illustrating the virtues of ancient Rome, or the virtues of country life. The temple of philosophy at Ermenonville, left unfinished, symbolised that knowledge would never be complete, while the temple of modern virtues at Stowe was deliberately ruined, to show the decay of contemporary morals. Later in the 18th century, the follies became more exotic, representing other parts of the world, including Chinese pagodas, Japanese bridges, and Tatar tents.

Famine follies

The Great Famine of Ireland of 1845–1849 led to the building of several follies in order to provide relief to the poor without issuing unconditional handouts. However, to hire the needy for work on useful projects would deprive existing workers of their jobs. Thus, construction projects termed "famine follies" came to be built. These included roads in the middle of nowhere, between two seemingly random points, screen and estate walls, piers in the middle of bogs, etc.

Examples

Follies are found worldwide, but they are particularly abundant in Great Britain.

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Czech Republic

France

Germany

Hungary

India

Ireland

Italy

Jamaica

Malta

Poland

Romania

Russia

Spain

Ukraine

United Kingdom

England

• Ashton Memorial, Lancaster • Beckford's Tower, Somerset • Blaise Castle, Bristol • Broadway Tower, The Cotswolds • Bettison's Folly, Hornsea • Black Castle Public House, Bristol • Brizlee Tower, Northumberland • Browne's Folly, Bathford, Somerset • The Cage at Lyme Park, Cheshire • The Castle at Roundhay Park, West Yorkshire • Chilton Priory, Somerset • Clavell Tower, Dorset • Conygar Tower, Dunster, Somerset • Cranmore Tower, Cranmore, Somerset • Culloden Tower, Richmond, North Yorkshire • Faringdon Folly, Faringdon, Oxfordshire • Flounders' Folly, Shropshire • Forbidden Corner, North Yorkshire • Freston Tower, arguably England's oldest folly, near Ipswich, Suffolk • Garrick's Temple to Shakespeare, Hampton • Gothic Tower at Goldney Hall, Bristol • The Great Pagoda, Kew Gardens, London¨ • Hadlow Tower, Hadlow, Kent • Hardwick Hall Country Park, County Durham contains several restored follies • Hawkstone Park, follies and gardens in Shropshire • Hiorne's Tower, Arundel Castle, West Sussex • Horton Tower, Dorset • King Alfred's Tower, Stourhead, Somerset • Lund's Tower, Sutton-in-Craven, North Yorkshire • Luttrell's Tower, Fawley, Hampshire • Mow Cop Castle, Staffordshire • Old John, Bradgate Park, Leicestershire • Painshill, Cobham, Surrey, an 18th-century landscape garden with several follies, some modern reconstructions • Penshaw Monument, Penshaw, Sunderland • Pelham's Pillar, Caistor, North Lincolnshire • Perrott's Folly, Birmingham • Pope's Grotto, Twickenham, South West London • Prospect Tower, Calstock, Cornwall • Racton Monument, West Sussex • Rogers' TowerLudgvan • The Ruined Arch at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London • Rushton Triangular Lodge, Northamptonshire (16th century) • Severndroog Castle, Shooter's Hill, south-east London • Sham Castle, Bathwick Hill, Bath, Somerset • The Sledmere Cross takes the form of an Eleanor Cross and is a true 'folly' that was 'converted' to a World War I Memorial • Solomon's Temple, Buxton, Derbyshire • Stainborough Castle, South Yorkshire • Two of the follies in Staunton Country Park have survived until the present day • Stowe School has several follies in the grounds • Sway Tower, New Forest • Tattingstone Wonder, near Ipswich, Suffolk • Wainhouse Tower, the tallest folly in the world, Halifax, West Yorkshire • Wentworth Woodhouse, Wentworth, South Yorkshire • Wilder's Folly, Sulham, Berkshire • Williamson Tunnels, probably the largest underground folly in the world, Liverpool • Wimpole’s Folly, Cambridgeshire

Scotland

Wales

United States