** D -Xylulose 5-phosphate** (** D -xylulose-5-P**) is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway. It is a ketose sugar formed from ribulose-5-phosphate by ribulose-5-phosphate epimerase. In the non-oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway, xylulose-5-phosphate acts as a donor of two-carbon ketone groups in transketolase reactions. Xylulose-5-phosphate also plays a crucial role in the regulation of glycolysis through its interaction with the bifunctional enzyme PFK2/FBPase2. Specifically, it activates protein phosphatase, which then dephosphorylates PFK2/FBPase2. This inactivates the FBPase2 activity of the bifunctional enzyme and activates its PFK2 activity. As a result, the production of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate increases, ultimately leading to an upregulation of glycolysis. Although previously thought of mainly as an intermediary in the pentose phosphate pathway, recent research reported that the sugar also has a role in gene expression, mainly by promoting the ChREBP transcription factor in the well-fed state. However, more recent study showed that D -glucose-6-phosphate, rather than D -xylulose-5-phosphate, is essential for the activation of ChREBP in response to glucose.