{"history":[],"article":{"id":"1c759650-ad93-4233-9ea8-1e652ca59f31","title":"World Health Organization","slug":"world-health-organization","content":":::summary\n![The headquarters in Geneva was designed by Jean Tschumi and inaugurated in 1966.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/World///Health///Organisation///headquarters%2C///Geneva%2C///north///and///west///sides.jpg)\n**Name:** World Health Organization (WHO) \n**Logo Size:** 250px \n**Type:** [United Nations specialized agency](https://bliptext.com/articles/list-of-specialized-agencies-of-the-united-nations) \n**Abbreviation:** WHO \n**Pronounce:** Initialism (W-H-O) by WHO itself and governmental stakeholders \n**Leader Title:** [Director-General](https://bliptext.com/articles/director-general-of-the-world-health-organization) \n**Leader Name:** [Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus](https://bliptext.com/articles/tedros-adhanom-ghebreyesus) \n**Leader Title 2:** Deputy Director General \n**Leader Name 2:** [Michael Ryan](https://bliptext.com/articles/michael-j-ryan-doctor) \n**Status:** Active \n**Formation:** April 7, 1948 \n**Headquarters:** [Geneva](https://bliptext.com/articles/geneva), Switzerland · 46.23222°N, 6.13417°W \n**Website:** who.int \n**Parent Organization:** [United Nations Economic and Social Council](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-nations-economic-and-social-council) \n**Budget:** $6.83 billion (2024–25) \n:::\n\n# \nThe **World Health Organization** (**WHO**) is a [specialized agency](https://bliptext.com/articles/list-of-specialized-agencies-of-the-united-nations) of the [United Nations](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-nations) responsible for global [public health](https://bliptext.com/articles/public-health).\nIt is headquartered in [Geneva](https://bliptext.com/articles/geneva), Switzerland, and has six regional offices and 150 field offices worldwide.\nOnly sovereign states can participate, and it is the largest intergovernmental health organization at the international level.\nThe WHO's purpose is to achieve the highest possible level of health for all the world's people, defining health as \"a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.\"\nThe main functions of the World Health Organization include: to promote the control of epidemic and endemic diseases; to provide and improve the teaching and training in public health, the medical treatment of disease and related matters; and to promote the establishment of international standards for biological products.\nThe [WHO was established](https://bliptext.com/articles/establishment-of-the-world-health-organization) on April 7, 1948, and formally began its work on September 1, 1948.\nIt incorporated the assets, personnel, and duties of the [League of Nations](https://bliptext.com/articles/league-of-nations)' Health Organization and the Paris-based Office International d'Hygiène Publique, including the [International Classification of Diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-classification-of-diseases) (ICD).\nThe agency's work began in earnest in 1951 after a significant infusion of financial and technical resources.\nThe WHO's official mandate is to promote health and safety while helping the vulnerable worldwide.\nIt provides technical assistance to countries, sets international health standards, collects data on global health issues, and serves as a forum for scientific or policy discussions related to health.\nIts official publication, the [World Health Report](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-report), provides assessments of worldwide health topics.\nThe WHO has played a leading role in several public health achievements, most notably the [eradication](https://bliptext.com/articles/eradication-of-infectious-diseases) of [smallpox](https://bliptext.com/articles/smallpox), the near-[eradication](https://bliptext.com/articles/eradication-of-infectious-diseases) of polio, and the development of an [Ebola vaccine](https://bliptext.com/articles/ebola-vaccine).\nIts current priorities include [communicable diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/communicable-disease), such as [HIV/AIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-aids), [Ebola](https://bliptext.com/articles/ebola), [malaria](https://bliptext.com/articles/malaria) and [tuberculosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/tuberculosis); non-[communicable diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/communicable-disease) such as heart disease and [cancer](https://bliptext.com/articles/cancer); [healthy diet](https://bliptext.com/articles/healthy-eating), nutrition, and [food security](https://bliptext.com/articles/food-security); [occupational health](https://bliptext.com/articles/occupational-health); and [substance abuse](https://bliptext.com/articles/substance-abuse).\nThe agency advocates for [universal health care](https://bliptext.com/articles/universal-health-care) coverage, engagement with the monitoring of [public health](https://bliptext.com/articles/public-health) risks, coordinating responses to health emergencies, and promoting health and [well-being](https://bliptext.com/articles/well-being) generally.\nThe WHO is governed by the [World Health Assembly](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-assembly) (WHA), which is composed of its 194 member states.\nThe WHA elects and advises an executive board made up of 34 health specialists; selects the WHO's chief administrator, the director-general (currently [Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus](https://bliptext.com/articles/tedros-adhanom-ghebreyesus) of [Ethiopia](https://bliptext.com/articles/ethiopia)); sets goals and priorities; and approves the budget and activities.\nThe WHO is funded primarily by contributions from member states (both assessed and voluntary), followed by private donors.\nIts total approved budget for 2020–2021 is over $7.2 billion, while the approved budget for 2022–2023 is over $6.2 billion.\nThe budget is $6.83 billion for 2024–2025.\n\n# History\n\n## Origin and founding\nThe [International Sanitary Conferences](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-sanitary-conferences) (ISC), the first of which was held on 23 June 1851, were a series of conferences that took place until 1938, about 87 years.\nThe first conference, in Paris, was almost solely concerned with [cholera](https://bliptext.com/articles/cholera), which would remain the disease of major concern for the ISC for most of the 19th century.\nWith the [cause](https://bliptext.com/articles/cause-medicine), origin, and communicability of many epidemic diseases still uncertain and a matter of scientific argument, international agreement on appropriate measures was difficult to reach.\nSeven of these international conferences, spanning 41 years, were convened before any resulted in a multi-state international agreement.\nThe seventh conference, in Venice in 1892, finally resulted in a convention.\nIt was concerned only with the sanitary control of shipping traversing the [Suez Canal](https://bliptext.com/articles/suez-canal), and was an effort to guard against importation of cholera.\nFive years later, in 1897, a convention concerning the [bubonic plague](https://bliptext.com/articles/bubonic-plague) was signed by sixteen of the nineteen states attending the Venice conference.\nWhile [Denmark](https://bliptext.com/articles/denmark), [Sweden-Norway](https://bliptext.com/articles/sweden-norway), and the US did not sign this convention, it was unanimously agreed that the work of the prior conferences should be codified for implementation.\nSubsequent conferences, from 1902 until the final one in 1938, widened the diseases of concern for the ISC, and included discussions of responses to [yellow fever](https://bliptext.com/articles/yellow-fever), [brucellosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/brucellosis), [leprosy](https://bliptext.com/articles/leprosy), [tuberculosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/tuberculosis), and [typhoid](https://bliptext.com/articles/typhoid).\nIn part as a result of the successes of the Conferences, the [Pan-American Sanitary Bureau](https://bliptext.com/articles/pan-american-sanitary-bureau) (1902), and the Office International d'Hygiène Publique or \"[International office of Public Hygiene](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-office-of-public-hygiene)\" in english(1907) were soon founded.\nWhen the [League of Nations](https://bliptext.com/articles/league-of-nations) was formed in 1920, it established the Health Organization of the [League of Nations](https://bliptext.com/articles/league-of-nations).\nAfter [World War II](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-war-ii), the [United Nations](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-nations) absorbed all the other health organizations, to form the WHO.\n\n## Establishment\nDuring the 1945 United Nations Conference on International Organization, [Szeming Sze](https://bliptext.com/articles/szeming-sze), a delegate from China, conferred with Norwegian and Brazilian delegates on creating an international health organization under the auspices of the new United Nations.\nAfter failing to get a resolution passed on the subject, [Alger Hiss](https://bliptext.com/articles/alger-hiss), the secretary general of the conference, recommended using a declaration to establish such an organization.\nSze and other delegates lobbied and a declaration passed calling for an international conference on health.\nThe use of the word \"world\", rather than \"international\", emphasized the truly global nature of what the organization was seeking to achieve.\nThe constitution of the World Health Organization was signed by all 51 countries of the United Nations, and by 10 other countries, on 22 July 1946.\nIt thus became the first specialized agency of the United Nations to which every member subscribed.\nIts constitution formally came into force on the first [World Health Day](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-day) on 7 April 1948, when it was ratified by the 26th member state.\nThe WHO formally began its work in September 1, 1948.\nThe first meeting of the [World Health Assembly](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-assembly) finished on 24 July 1948, having secured a budget of US$5 million (then GB£1250000) for the 1949 year.\n[G. Brock Chisholm](https://bliptext.com/articles/g-brock-chisholm) was appointed director-general of the WHO, having served as executive secretary and a founding member during the planning stages, while [Andrija Štampar](https://bliptext.com/articles/andrija-tampar) was the assembly's first president.\nIts first priorities were to control the spread of [malaria](https://bliptext.com/articles/malaria), [tuberculosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/tuberculosis) and [sexually transmitted infections](https://bliptext.com/articles/sexually-transmitted-infection), and to improve [maternal](https://bliptext.com/articles/maternal-health) and [child health](https://bliptext.com/articles/child-health), nutrition and environmental hygiene.\nIts first legislative act was concerning the compilation of accurate statistics on the spread and morbidity of disease.\nThe logo of the World Health Organization features the [Rod of Asclepius](https://bliptext.com/articles/rod-of-asclepius) as a symbol for healing.\nIn 1959, the WHO signed Agreement WHA 12–40 with the [International Atomic Energy Agency](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-atomic-energy-agency) (IAEA), which says:\nThe nature of this statement has led some groups and activists including [Women in Europe for a Common Future](https://bliptext.com/articles/women-in-europe-for-a-common-future) to claim that the WHO is restricted in its ability to investigate the [effects on human health of radiation](https://bliptext.com/articles/acute-radiation-syndrome) caused by the use of [nuclear power](https://bliptext.com/articles/nuclear-power) and the continuing effects of [nuclear disasters](https://bliptext.com/articles/lists-of-nuclear-disasters-and-radioactive-incidents) in [Chernobyl](https://bliptext.com/articles/chernobyl-disaster) and [Fukushima](https://bliptext.com/articles/fukushima-nuclear-disaster).\nThey believe WHO must regain what they see as independence.\nIndependent WHO held a weekly vigil from 2007 to 2017 in front of WHO headquarters.\nHowever, as pointed out by Foreman in clause 2 it states:\nThe key text is highlighted in bold, the agreement in clause 2 states that the WHO is free to perform any health-related work.\n\n## Operational history\n1947: The WHO established an [epidemiological](https://bliptext.com/articles/epidemiology) information service via [telex](https://bliptext.com/articles/telex).\n1949: The [Soviet Union](https://bliptext.com/articles/soviet-union) and its constituent republics quit the WHO over the organization's unwillingness to share the [penicillin](https://bliptext.com/articles/penicillin) recipe.\nThey would not return until 1956.\n1950: A mass [tuberculosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/tuberculosis) inoculation drive using the [BCG vaccine](https://bliptext.com/articles/bcg-vaccine) gets under way.\n1955: The malaria eradication programme was launched, although objectives were later modified.\n(In most areas, the programme goals became control instead of eradication.)\n1958: [Viktor Zhdanov](https://bliptext.com/articles/viktor-zhdanov), Deputy Minister of Health for the [USSR](https://bliptext.com/articles/soviet-union), called on the [World Health Assembly](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-assembly) to undertake a global initiative to [eradicate](https://bliptext.com/articles/eradication-of-infectious-diseases) smallpox, resulting in Resolution WHA11.54.\n1965: The first report on [diabetes mellitus](https://bliptext.com/articles/diabetes-mellitus) and the creation of the [International Agency for Research on Cancer](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-agency-for-research-on-cancer).\n1966: The WHO moved its headquarters from the Ariana wing at the [Palace of Nations](https://bliptext.com/articles/palace-of-nations) to a newly constructed headquarters elsewhere in Geneva.\n1967: The WHO intensified the global [smallpox](https://bliptext.com/articles/smallpox) eradication campaign by contributing $2.4 million annually to the effort and adopted a new [disease surveillance](https://bliptext.com/articles/disease-surveillance) method, at a time when 2 million people were dying from [smallpox](https://bliptext.com/articles/smallpox) per year.\nThe initial problem the WHO team faced was inadequate reporting of smallpox cases.\nWHO established a network of consultants who assisted countries in setting up surveillance and containment activities.\nThe WHO also helped contain the last European [outbreak in Yugoslavia in 1972](https://bliptext.com/articles/1972-yugoslav-smallpox-outbreak).\nAfter over two decades of fighting smallpox, a Global Commission declared in 1979 that the disease had been eradicated – the first disease in history to be eliminated by human effort.\n1974: The [Expanded Programme on Immunization](https://bliptext.com/articles/expanded-programme-on-immunization) and the control programme of [onchocerciasis](https://bliptext.com/articles/onchocerciasis) was started, an important partnership between the [Food and Agriculture Organization](https://bliptext.com/articles/food-and-agriculture-organization) (FAO), the [United Nations Development Programme](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-nations-development-programme) (UNDP), and the [World Bank](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-bank).\n1975: The WHO launched the [Special Programme for Research and Training](https://bliptext.com/articles/tropical-disease) in [Tropical diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/tropical-disease) (the TDR).\nCo-sponsored by [UNICEF](https://bliptext.com/articles/unicef), UNDP, and the World Bank, it was established in response to a 1974 request from the WHA for an intensive effort to develop improved control of tropical diseases.\nThe TDR's goals are, firstly, to support and coordinate international research into diagnosis, treatment and control of tropical diseases; and, secondly, to strengthen research capabilities within endemic countries.\n1976: The WHA enacted a resolution on [disability](https://bliptext.com/articles/disability) prevention and [rehabilitation](https://bliptext.com/articles/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation), with a focus on community-driven care.\n1977 and 1978: The first list of [essential medicines](https://bliptext.com/articles/essential-medicines) was drawn up, and a year later the ambitious goal of \"[Health For All](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-for-all)\" was declared.\n1986: The WHO began its global programme on [HIV/AIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-aids).\nTwo years later preventing discrimination against patients was attended to and in 1996 the [Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/joint-united-nations-programme-on-hiv-aids) (UNAIDS) was formed.\n1988: The [Global Polio Eradication Initiative](https://bliptext.com/articles/global-polio-eradication-initiative) was established.\n1995: The WHO established an independent International Commission for the Certification of [Dracunculiasis Eradication](https://bliptext.com/articles/eradication-of-dracunculiasis) (Guinea worm disease eradication; ICCDE).\nThe ICCDE recommends to the WHO which countries fulfil requirements for certification.\nIt also has role in advising on progress made towards elimination of transmission and processes for verification.\n1998: The WHO's director-general highlighted gains in child survival, reduced [infant mortality](https://bliptext.com/articles/infant-mortality), increased [life expectancy](https://bliptext.com/articles/life-expectancy) and reduced rates of \"scourges\" such as smallpox and [polio](https://bliptext.com/articles/polio) on the fiftieth anniversary of WHO's founding.\nHe, did, however, accept that more had to be done to assist maternal health and that progress in this area had been slow.\n2000: The [Stop TB Partnership](https://bliptext.com/articles/stop-tb-partnership) was created along with the UN's formulation of the [Millennium Development Goals](https://bliptext.com/articles/millennium-development-goals).\n2001: The [measles](https://bliptext.com/articles/measles) initiative was formed, and credited with reducing global deaths from the disease by 68% by 2007.\n2002: [The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria](https://bliptext.com/articles/the-global-fund-to-fight-aids-tuberculosis-and-malaria) was drawn up to improve the resources available.\n2005: The WHO revises [International Health Regulations](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-health-regulations) (IHR) in light of emerging health threats and the experience of the [2002/3 SARS epidemic](https://bliptext.com/articles/2002-2004-sars-outbreak), authorizing WHO, among other things, to declare a health threat a [Public Health Emergency of International Concern](https://bliptext.com/articles/public-health-emergency-of-international-concern).\n2006: The WHO endorsed the world's first official HIV/AIDS Toolkit for Zimbabwe, which formed the basis for global prevention, treatment, and support the plan to fight the [AIDS pandemic](https://bliptext.com/articles/aids-pandemic).\n2006: The WHO launches the [Global action plan for influenza vaccines](https://bliptext.com/articles/global-action-plan-for-influenza-vaccines)\n2016: The [Global action plan for influenza vaccines](https://bliptext.com/articles/global-action-plan-for-influenza-vaccines) ends with a report which concludes that while substantial progress has been made over the 10 years of the Plan, the world is still not ready to respond to an influenza pandemic.\n2016: Following the perceived failure of the response to the [West Africa Ebola outbreak](https://bliptext.com/articles/western-african-ebola-virus-epidemic), the World Health Emergencies programme was formed, changing the WHO from just being a \"normative\" agency to one that responds operationally to health emergencies.\n2020: the World Health Organization announced that it had classified the [novel coronavirus outbreak](https://bliptext.com/articles/covid-19-pandemic) as a public health emergency of international concern.\nThe [novel coronavirus](https://bliptext.com/articles/novel-[coronavirus](https://bliptext.com/articles/coronavirus)) was a new strain of [coronavirus](https://bliptext.com/articles/coronavirus) that had never been detected in humans before.\nThe WHO named this new coronavirus \"[COVID-19](https://bliptext.com/articles/covid-19)\" or \"2019-nCov\".\n2022: The WHO suggests formation of a Global Health Emergency Council, with a new global health emergency workforce, and recommends revision of the International Health Regulations.\n2024: WHO has declared the spread of [mpox](https://bliptext.com/articles/mpox) (formerly monkeypox) in several African countries a [public health emergency](https://bliptext.com/articles/public-health-emergency-of-international-concern) of international concern, marking the second such declaration in the last two years due to the virus's transmission.\n# [Three former directors of the Global Smallpox Eradication Programme read the news that smallpox had been globally eradicated, 1980. | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Directors///of///Global///Smallpox///Eradication///Program.jpg]\n# [Alexey Yablokov (left) and Vassili Nesterenko (farthest right) protesting in front of the World Health Organization headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, in 2008 | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Alexei///Yablokov%2C///Rosa///Goncharova%2C///Vassili///Nesterenko.jpg]\n# [WHO Representative to India & EMT Team with Dr. Edmond Fernandes at a policy meeting | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Dr///Edmond///Fernandes///and///WHO///Representative///to///India.jpg]\n\n# Policies and objectives\n\n## Overall focus\nThe WHO's Constitution states that its objective \"is the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health\".\nThe WHO fulfils this objective through its functions as defined in its Constitution:\n

To act as the directing and coordinating authority on international health work;
To establish and maintain effective collaboration with the United Nations, specialized agencies, governmental health administrations, professional groups and such other organizations as may be deemed appropriate;
To assist Governments, upon request, in strengthening health services;
To furnish appropriate technical assistance and, in emergencies, necessary aid upon the request or acceptance of Governments;
To provide or assist in providing, upon the request of the United Nations, health services and facilities to special groups, such as the peoples of trust territories;
To establish and maintain such administrative and technical services as may be required, including epidemiological and statistical services;
To stimulate and advance work to eradicate epidemic, endemic and other diseases;
To promote, in co-operation with other specialized agencies where necessary, the prevention of accidental injuries;
To promote, in co-operation with other specialized agencies where necessary, the improvement of nutrition, housing, sanitation, recreation, economic or working conditions and other aspects of environmental hygiene;
To promote co-operation among scientific and professional groups which contribute to the advancement of health;
To propose conventions, agreements and regulations, and make recommendations with respect to international health matters and to perform (Article 2 of the Constitution).

\n, the WHO has defined its role in [public health](https://bliptext.com/articles/public-health) as follows:\nSince the late 20th century, the rise of new actors engaged in global health—such as the [World Bank](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-bank), the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ([PEPFAR](https://bliptext.com/articles/president-s-emergency-plan-for-aids-relief)) and dozens of public-private partnerships for global health—have weakened the WHO's role as a coordinator and policy leader in the field; subsequently, there are various proposals to reform or reorient the WHO's role and priorities in public health, ranging from narrowing its mandate to strengthening its independence and authority.\n\n### Communicable diseases\nDuring the 1970s, WHO had dropped its commitment to a global malaria eradication campaign as too ambitious, it retained a strong commitment to malaria control.\nWHO's Global Malaria Programme works to keep track of [malaria](https://bliptext.com/articles/malaria) cases, and future problems in [malaria](https://bliptext.com/articles/malaria) control schemes.\nAs of 2012, the WHO was to report as to whether [RTS,S](https://bliptext.com/articles/rts-s)/AS01, were a viable [malaria vaccine](https://bliptext.com/articles/malaria-vaccine).\nFor the time being, [insecticide](https://bliptext.com/articles/insecticide)-treated [mosquito nets](https://bliptext.com/articles/mosquito-net) and [insecticide](https://bliptext.com/articles/insecticide) sprays are used to prevent the spread of malaria, as are [antimalarial drugs](https://bliptext.com/articles/antimalarial-drugs) – particularly to vulnerable people such as pregnant women and young children.\nIn 1988, WHO launched the Global Polio Eradication Initiative to eradicate [polio](https://bliptext.com/articles/polio).\nIt has also been successful in helping to reduce cases by 99% since WHO partnered with [Rotary International](https://bliptext.com/articles/rotary-international), the [US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](https://bliptext.com/articles/us-centers-for-disease-control-and-prevention) (CDC), the [United Nations Children's Fund](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-nations-children-s-fund) (UNICEF), and smaller organizations.\n, it has been working to immunize young children and prevent the re-emergence of cases in countries declared \"polio-free\".\nIn 2017, a study was conducted as to why Polio Vaccines may not be enough to eradicate the Virus & conduct new technology.\nPolio is now on the verge of extinction, thanks to a Global Vaccination Drive.\nThe World Health Organization (WHO) stated the eradication programme has saved millions from deadly disease.\nBetween 1990 and 2010, WHO's help has contributed to a 40% decline in the number of deaths from tuberculosis, and since 2005, over 46 million people have been treated and an estimated 7 million lives saved through practices advocated by WHO.\nThese include engaging national governments and their financing, early diagnosis, standardising treatment, monitoring of the spread and effect of tuberculosis, and stabilising the drug supply.\nIt has also recognized the vulnerability of victims of HIV/AIDS to tuberculosis.\nIn 2003, the WHO denounced the [Roman Curia](https://bliptext.com/articles/roman-curia)'s health department's opposition to the use of [condoms](https://bliptext.com/articles/condom), saying: \"These incorrect statements about [condoms](https://bliptext.com/articles/condom) and HIV are dangerous when we are facing a global pandemic which has already killed more than 20 million people, and currently affects at least 42 million.\"\n, the [Catholic Church remains opposed to increasing the use of contraception to combat HIV/AIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/roman-catholic-church-and-aids).\nAt the time, the World Health Assembly president, Guyana's Health Minister [Leslie Ramsammy](https://bliptext.com/articles/leslie-ramsammy), condemned [Pope Benedict's](https://bliptext.com/articles/pope-benedict-xvi) opposition to contraception, saying he was trying to \"create confusion\" and \"impede\" proven strategies in the battle against the disease.\nIn 2007, the WHO organized work on pandemic [influenza vaccine](https://bliptext.com/articles/influenza-vaccine) development through [clinical trials](https://bliptext.com/articles/clinical-trial) in collaboration with many experts and health officials.\n[A pandemic](https://bliptext.com/articles/2009-swine-flu-pandemic) involving the [H1N1 influenza virus](https://bliptext.com/articles/pandemic-h1n1-09-virus) was declared by the then director-general [Margaret Chan](https://bliptext.com/articles/margaret-chan) in April 2009.\nMargret Chan declared in 2010 that the H1N1 has moved into the post-pandemic period.\nBy the post-pandemic period, critics claimed the WHO had exaggerated the danger, spreading \"fear and confusion\" rather than \"immediate information\".\nIndustry experts countered that the 2009 pandemic had led to \"unprecedented collaboration between global health authorities, scientists and manufacturers, resulting in the most comprehensive pandemic response ever undertaken, with a number of vaccines approved for use three months after the pandemic declaration. This response was only possible because of the extensive preparations undertaken during the last decade\".\nThe 2012–2013 WHO budget identified five areas among which funding was distributed.\nTwo of those five areas related to [communicable diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/communicable-diseases): the first, to reduce the \"health, social and economic burden\" of [communicable diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/communicable-diseases) in general; the second to combat [HIV/AIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-aids), [malaria](https://bliptext.com/articles/malaria) and [tuberculosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/tuberculosis) in particular.\n, the World Health Organization has worked within the [UNAIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/unaids) network and strives to involve sections of society other than health to help deal with the economic and social effects of [HIV/AIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-aids).\nIn line with UNAIDS, WHO has set itself the interim task between 2009 and 2015 of reducing the number of those aged 15–24 years who are infected by 50%; reducing new HIV infections in children by 90%; and reducing HIV-related deaths by 25%.\nThe World Health Organization's definition of neglected tropical disease has been criticised to be restrictive (focusing only on communicable diseases) and described as a form of epistemic injustice, where conditions like snakebite are forced to be framed as a medical problem.\n\n### Non-communicable diseases\nOne of the thirteen WHO priority areas is aimed at the prevention and reduction of \"disease, disability and premature deaths from chronic [noncommunicable diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/noncommunicable-disease), [mental disorders](https://bliptext.com/articles/mental-disorder), violence and [injuries](https://bliptext.com/articles/injury-prevention), and [visual impairment](https://bliptext.com/articles/visual-impairment) which are collectively responsible for almost 71% of all deaths worldwide\".\nThe Division of Noncommunicable Diseases for Promoting Health through the Reproductive Health has published the magazine, Entre Nous, across Europe since 1983.\nWHO is mandated under two of the [international drug control conventions](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-nations-drug-control-conventions) ([Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961](https://bliptext.com/articles/single-convention-on-narcotic-drugs) and [Convention on Psychotropic Substances](https://bliptext.com/articles/convention-on-psychotropic-substances), 1971) to carry out scientific assessments of substances for international [drug control](https://bliptext.com/articles/drug-policy).\nThrough the [WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (ECDD)](https://bliptext.com/articles/who-expert-committee-on-drug-dependence-ecdd), it can recommend changes to scheduling of substances to the [United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-nations-commission-on-narcotic-drugs).\nThe ECDD is in charge of evaluating \"the impact of psychoactive substances on public health\" and \"their dependence producing properties and potential harm to health, as well as considering their potential medical benefits and therapeutic applications.\"\n\n### Environmental health\nThe WHO estimates that 12.6 million people died as a result of living or working in an unhealthy environment in 2012 – this accounts for nearly 1 in 4 of total global deaths.\nEnvironmental risk factors, such as air, water, and [soil pollution](https://bliptext.com/articles/soil-pollution), chemical exposures, climate change, and ultraviolet radiation, contribute to more than 100 diseases and injuries.\nThis can result in a number of [pollution-related diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/list-of-pollution-related-diseases).\n\n### Life course and lifestyle\nWHO works to \"reduce [morbidity](https://bliptext.com/articles/morbidity) and [mortality](https://bliptext.com/articles/death) and improve health during key stages of life, including pregnancy, childbirth, the [neonatal period](https://bliptext.com/articles/infant), [childhood](https://bliptext.com/articles/childhood) and adolescence, and improve [sexual](https://bliptext.com/articles/sexual-health) and [reproductive health](https://bliptext.com/articles/reproductive-health) and promote active and healthy aging for all individuals\", for instance with the [Special Programme on Human Reproduction](https://bliptext.com/articles/special-programme-on-human-reproduction).\nIt also tries to prevent or reduce risk factors for \"health conditions associated with use of tobacco, alcohol, drugs and other psychoactive substances, unhealthy diets and physical inactivity and [unsafe sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/unsafe-sex)\".\nThe WHO works to improve nutrition, [food safety](https://bliptext.com/articles/food-safety) and [food security](https://bliptext.com/articles/food-security) and to ensure this has a positive effect on [public health](https://bliptext.com/articles/public-health) and [sustainable development](https://bliptext.com/articles/sustainable-development).\nIn April 2019, the WHO released new recommendations stating that children between the ages of two and five should spend no more than one hour per day engaging in sedentary behaviour in front of a screen and that children under two should not be permitted any sedentary screen time.\n\n### Surgery and trauma care\nThe World Health Organization promotes road safety as a means to reduce traffic-related injuries.\nIt has also worked on global initiatives in surgery, including emergency and essential surgical care, trauma care, and safe surgery.\nThe [WHO Surgical Safety Checklist](https://bliptext.com/articles/who-surgical-safety-checklist) is in current use worldwide in the effort to improve patient safety.\n\n### Emergency work\nThe World Health Organization's primary objective in natural and man-made emergencies is to coordinate with member states and other stakeholders to \"reduce avoidable loss of life and the burden of disease and disability.\"\nOn 5 May 2014, WHO announced that the spread of [polio](https://bliptext.com/articles/poliomyelitis) was a world health emergency – outbreaks of the disease in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East were considered \"extraordinary\".\nOn 8 August 2014, WHO declared that the spread of [Ebola](https://bliptext.com/articles/ebola) was a public health emergency; an outbreak which was believed to have started in Guinea had spread to other nearby countries such as Liberia and Sierra Leone.\nThe situation in West Africa was considered very serious.\n\n#### Reform efforts following the Ebola outbreak\nFollowing the [2014 Ebola outbreak](https://bliptext.com/articles/2014-ebola-outbreak) in West Africa, the organization was heavily criticized for its bureaucracy, insufficient financing, regional structure, and staffing profile.\nAn internal WHO report on the Ebola response pointed to underfunding and the lack of \"core capacity\" in health systems in developing countries as the primary weaknesses of the existing system.\nAt the annual World Health Assembly in 2015, Director-General Margaret Chan announced a $100 million Contingency Fund for rapid response to future emergencies, of which it had received $26.9 million by April 2016 (for 2017 disbursement).\nWHO has budgeted an additional $494 million for its [Health Emergencies Programme](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-emergencies-programme-who) in 2016–17, for which it had received $140 million by April 2016.\nThe program was aimed at rebuilding WHO capacity for direct action, which critics said had been lost due to budget cuts in the previous decade that had left the organization in an advisory role dependent on member states for on-the-ground activities.\nIn comparison, billions of dollars have been spent by developed countries on the 2013–2016 Ebola epidemic and 2015–16 Zika epidemic.\n\n#### Response to the COVID-19 pandemic\nThe WHO created an Incident Management Support Team on 1 January 2020, one day after Chinese health authorities notified the organization of a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown aetiology.\nOn 5 January the WHO notified all member states of the outbreak, and in subsequent days provided guidance to all countries on how to respond, and confirmed the first infection outside China.\nOn 14 January 2020, the WHO announced that preliminary investigations conducted by Chinese authorities had found no clear evidence of human-to-human transmission of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) identified in Wuhan.\nThe same day, the organization warned of limited human-to-human transmission, and confirmed human-to-human transmission one week later.\nOn 30 January the WHO declared a [Public Health Emergency of International Concern](https://bliptext.com/articles/public-health-emergency-of-international-concern) (PHEIC), considered a \"call to action\" and \"last resort\" measure for the international community and a [pandemic](https://bliptext.com/articles/pandemic) on 11 March.\nWhile organizing the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic and overseeing \"more than 35 emergency operations\" for cholera, measles and other epidemics internationally, the WHO has been criticized for praising China's public health response to the crisis while seeking to maintain a \"diplomatic balancing act\" between the United States and China.\n[David L. Heymann](https://bliptext.com/articles/david-l-heymann), professor of infectious disease epidemiology at the [London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine](https://bliptext.com/articles/london-school-of-hygiene-tropical-medicine), said that \"China has been very transparent and open in sharing its data... and they opened up all of their files with the WHO present.\"\nThe WHO faced criticism from the United States' [Trump administration](https://bliptext.com/articles/first-presidency-of-donald-trump) while \"guid[ing] the world in how to tackle the deadly\" [COVID-19 pandemic](https://bliptext.com/articles/covid-19-pandemic).\nOn 14 April 2020, United States president [Donald Trump](https://bliptext.com/articles/donald-trump) said that he would halt United States funding to the WHO while reviewing its role in \"severely mismanaging and covering up the spread of the coronavirus.\"\nWorld leaders and health experts largely condemned President Trump's announcement, which came amid criticism of his response to the outbreak in the United States.\nWHO called the announcement \"regrettable\" and defended its actions in alerting the world to the emergence of COVID-19.\nOn 8 May 2020, the United States blocked a vote on a U.N. Security Council resolution aimed at promoting nonviolent international cooperation during the pandemic, and mentioning the WHO.\nOn 7 July 2020, President Trump formally notified the UN of his intent to withdraw the United States from the WHO.\nHowever, Trump's successor, President [Joe Biden](https://bliptext.com/articles/joe-biden), cancelled the planned withdrawal and announced in January 2021 that the U.S. would resume funding the organization.\nIn May 2023, the WHO announced that COVID-19 was no longer a world-wide health emergency.\n# [Staffs of World Health Organization Bangladesh are in COVID vaccine program in Dhaka. | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/World///Health///Organization///Bangladesh.jpg]\n\n### Health policy\nWHO addresses government [health policy](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-policy) with two aims: firstly, \"to address the underlying social and economic determinants of health through policies and programmes that enhance health equity and integrate pro-poor, gender-responsive, and human rights-based approaches\" and secondly \"to promote a healthier environment, intensify primary prevention and influence public policies in all sectors so as to address the root causes of environmental threats to health\".\nThe organization develops and promotes the use of evidence-based tools, norms and standards to support member states to inform [health policy](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-policy) options.\nIt oversees the implementation of the [International Health Regulations](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-health-regulations), and publishes a series of [medical classifications](https://bliptext.com/articles/medical-classification); of these, three are over-reaching \"reference classifications\": the [International Statistical Classification of Diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-statistical-classification-of-diseases) (ICD), the [International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-classification-of-functioning-disability-and-health) (ICF) and the [International Classification of Health Interventions](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-classification-of-health-interventions) (ICHI).\nOther international policy frameworks produced by WHO include the [International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-code-of-marketing-of-breast-milk-substitutes) (adopted in 1981), [Framework Convention on Tobacco Control](https://bliptext.com/articles/framework-convention-on-tobacco-control) (adopted in 2003) the [Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-human-resources) (adopted in 2010) as well as the [WHO Model List of Essential Medicines](https://bliptext.com/articles/who-model-list-of-essential-medicines) and its [pediatric counterpart](https://bliptext.com/articles/who-model-list-of-essential-medicines-for-children).\nAn international convention on pandemic prevention and preparedness is being actively considered.\nIn terms of health services, WHO looks to improve \"governance, financing, staffing and management\" and the availability and quality of evidence and research to guide policy.\nIt also strives to \"ensure improved access, quality and use of medical products and technologies\".\nWHO – working with donor agencies and national governments – can improve their reporting about use of research evidence.\n\n### Digital Health\nOn Digital Health topics, WHO has existing Inter-Agency collaboration with the [International Telecommunication Union](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-telecommunication-union) (the UN Specialized Agency for [ICT](https://bliptext.com/articles/information-and-communications-technology)), including the Be Health, Be Mobile initiate and the ITU-WHO Focus Group on Artificial Intelligence for Health.\n# [World Health Organization, Bangladesh | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/World///Health///Organization%2C///Bangladesh.jpg]\n\n## Policy packages\nThe WHO has developed several technical policy packages to support countries to improve health:\n\n## Governance and support\nThe remaining two of WHO's thirteen identified policy areas relate to the role of WHO itself:\n\n### Partnerships\nThe WHO along with the [World Bank](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-bank) constitute the core team responsible for administering the [International Health Partnership](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-health-partnership) (IHP+).\nThe IHP+ is a group of partner governments, development agencies, civil society, and others committed to improving the health of citizens in [developing countries](https://bliptext.com/articles/developing-country).\nPartners work together to put international principles for [aid effectiveness](https://bliptext.com/articles/aid-effectiveness) and development co-operation into practice in the health sector.\nThe organization relies on contributions from renowned scientists and professionals to inform its work, such as the [WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization](https://bliptext.com/articles/who-expert-committee-on-biological-standardization), the [WHO Expert Committee on Leprosy](https://bliptext.com/articles/who-expert-committee-on-leprosy), and the [WHO Study Group on Interprofessional Education & Collaborative Practice](https://bliptext.com/articles/interprofessional-education).\nWHO runs the [Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research](https://bliptext.com/articles/alliance-for-health-policy-and-[systems](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-system)-research), targeted at improving [health policy](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-policy) and [systems](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-system).\nWHO also aims to improve access to health research and literature in developing countries such as through the [HINARI](https://bliptext.com/articles/hinari) network.\nWHO collaborates with [The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria](https://bliptext.com/articles/the-global-fund-to-fight-aids-tuberculosis-and-malaria), UNITAID, and the [United States](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-states) President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief to spearhead and fund the development of HIV programs.\nWHO created the Civil Society Reference Group on HIV, which brings together other networks that are involved in policymaking and the dissemination of guidelines.\nWHO, a sector of the United Nations, partners with UNAIDS to contribute to the development of HIV responses in different areas of the world.\nWHO facilitates technical partnerships through the Technical Advisory Committee on HIV, which they created to develop WHO guidelines and policies.\nIn 2014, WHO released the Global Atlas of Palliative Care at the End of Life in a joint publication with the [Worldwide Hospice Palliative Care Alliance](https://bliptext.com/articles/worldwide-hospice-palliative-care-alliance), an affiliated NGO working collaboratively with the WHO to promote [palliative care](https://bliptext.com/articles/palliative-care) in national and international [health policy](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-policy).\n\n### Public health education and action\nThe practice of empowering individuals to exert more control over and make improvements to their health is known as health education, as described by the WHO.\nIt shifts away from an emphasis on personal behaviour and toward a variety of societal and environmental solutions.\nEach year, the organization marks [World Health Day](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-day) and other observances focusing on a specific [health promotion](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-promotion) topic.\nWorld Health Day falls on 7 April each year, timed to match the anniversary of WHO's founding.\nRecent themes have been [vector-borne diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/vector-epidemiology) (2014), healthy ageing (2012) and [drug resistance](https://bliptext.com/articles/drug-resistance) (2011).\nThe other official global public health campaigns marked by WHO are [World Tuberculosis Day](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-tuberculosis-day), [World Immunization Week](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-immunization-week), [World Malaria Day](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-malaria-day), [World No Tobacco Day](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-no-tobacco-day), [World Blood Donor Day](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-blood-donor-day), [World Hepatitis Day](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-hepatitis-day), and [World AIDS Day](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-aids-day).\nAs part of the United Nations, the World Health Organization supports work towards the [Millennium Development Goals](https://bliptext.com/articles/millennium-development-goals).\nOf the eight Millennium Development Goals, three – reducing child mortality by two-thirds, to reduce maternal deaths by three-quarters, and to halt and begin to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS – relate directly to the WHO's scope; the other five inter-relate and affect world health.\n\n## Data handling and publications\nThe World Health Organization works to provide the needed health and well-being evidence through a variety of data collection platforms, including the World Health Survey covering almost 400,000 respondents from 70 countries, and the [Study on Global Aging and Adult Health](https://bliptext.com/articles/study-on-global-ageing-and-adult-health) (SAGE) covering over 50,000 persons over 50 years old in 23 countries.\nThe Country Health Intelligence Portal (CHIP), has also been developed to provide an access point to information about the health services that are available in different countries.\nThe information gathered in this portal is used by the countries to set priorities for future strategies or plans, implement, monitor, and evaluate it.\nThe WHO has published various tools for measuring and monitoring the capacity of national [health systems](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-system) and [health workforces](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-human-resources).\nThe Global Health Observatory (GHO) has been the WHO's main portal which provides access to data and analyses for key health themes by monitoring health situations around the globe.\nThe WHO Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems (WHO-AIMS), the WHO Quality of Life Instrument (WHOQOL), and the Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) provide guidance for data collection.\nCollaborative efforts between WHO and other agencies, such as through the [Health Metrics Network](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-metrics-network), also aim to provide sufficient high-quality information to assist governmental decision making.\nWHO promotes the development of capacities in member states to use and produce research that addresses their national needs, including through the [Evidence-Informed Policy Network](https://bliptext.com/articles/evidence-informed-policy-network) (EVIPNet).\nThe [Pan American Health Organization](https://bliptext.com/articles/pan-american-health-organization) (PAHO/AMRO) became the first region to develop and pass a policy on research for health approved in September 2009.\nOn 10 December 2013, a new WHO database, known as MiNDbank, went online.\nThe database was launched on [Human Rights Day](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-rights-day), and is part of WHO's QualityRights initiative, which aims to end human rights violations against people with mental health conditions.\nThe new database presents a great deal of information about mental health, substance abuse, disability, human rights, and the different policies, strategies, laws, and service standards being implemented in different countries.\nIt also contains important international documents and information.\nThe database allows visitors to access the health information of WHO member states and other partners.\nUsers can review policies, laws, and strategies and search for the best practices and success stories in the field of mental health.\nThe WHO regularly publishes a [World Health Report](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-report), its leading publication, including an expert assessment of a specific [global health](https://bliptext.com/articles/global-health) topic.\nOther publications of WHO include the [Bulletin of the World Health Organization](https://bliptext.com/articles/bulletin-of-the-world-health-organization), the [Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal](https://bliptext.com/articles/eastern-mediterranean-health-journal) (overseen by EMRO), the [Human Resources for Health](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-resources-for-health) (published in collaboration with [BioMed Central](https://bliptext.com/articles/biomed-central)), and the [Pan American Journal of Public Health](https://bliptext.com/articles/pan-american-journal-of-public-health) (overseen by PAHO/AMRO).\nIn 2016, the World Health Organization drafted a global health sector strategy on HIV.\nIn the draft, the World Health Organization outlines its commitment to ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030 with interim targets for the year 2020.\nTo make achievements towards these targets, the draft lists actions that countries and the WHO can take, such as a commitment to universal health coverage, medical accessibility, prevention and eradication of disease, and efforts to educate the public.\nSome notable points made in the draft include tailoring resources to mobilized regions where the health system may be compromised due to natural disasters, etc. Among the points made, it seems clear that although the prevalence of HIV transmission is declining, there is still a need for resources, health education, and global efforts to end this epidemic.\nThe WHO has a Framework Convention on Tobacco implementation database which is one of the few mechanisms to help enforce compliance with the FCTC.\nHowever, there have been reports of numerous discrepancies between it and national implementation reports on which it was built.\nAs researchers Hoffman and Rizvi report \"As of July 4, 2012, 361 (32·7%) of 1104 countries' responses were misreported: 33 (3·0%) were clear errors (e.g., database indicated 'yes' when report indicated 'no'), 270 (24·5%) were missing despite countries having submitted responses, and 58 (5·3%) were, in our opinion, misinterpreted by WHO staff\".\nWHO has been moving toward acceptance and integration of [traditional medicine](https://bliptext.com/articles/traditional-medicine) and [traditional Chinese medicine](https://bliptext.com/articles/traditional-chinese-medicine) (TCM).\nIn 2022, the new [International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-statistical-classification-of-diseases-and-related-health-problems), ICD-11, will attempt to enable classifications from traditional medicine to be integrated with classifications from [evidence-based medicine](https://bliptext.com/articles/evidence-based-medicine).\nThough Chinese authorities have pushed for the change, this and other support of the WHO for traditional medicine has been criticized by the medical and scientific community, due to lack of evidence and the risk of endangering wildlife hunted for traditional remedies.\nA WHO spokesman said that the inclusion was \"not an endorsement of the scientific validity of any Traditional Medicine practice or the efficacy of any Traditional Medicine intervention.\"\n\n### International Agency for Research on Cancer\nThe WHO sub-department, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), conducts and coordinates research into the causes of [cancer](https://bliptext.com/articles/cancer).\nIt also [collects](https://bliptext.com/articles/cancer-registry) and publishes [surveillance](https://bliptext.com/articles/disease-surveillance) data regarding the occurrence of cancer worldwide.\nIts [Monographs](https://bliptext.com/articles/monograph) Programme identifies carcinogenic [hazards](https://bliptext.com/articles/hazard) and evaluates environmental [causes of cancer](https://bliptext.com/articles/carcinogen) in humans.\n\n# Structure and governance\nThe World Health Organization is a member of the [United Nations Development Group](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-nations-development-group).\n\n## Membership\n, the WHO has 194 member states: all member states of the United Nations except for [Liechtenstein](https://bliptext.com/articles/liechtenstein) (192 countries), plus the [Cook Islands](https://bliptext.com/articles/cook-islands) and [Niue](https://bliptext.com/articles/niue).\nA state becomes a full member of WHO by ratifying the treaty known as the Constitution of the World Health Organization.\nAs of January 2021, it also had two associate members, [Puerto Rico](https://bliptext.com/articles/puerto-rico) and [Tokelau](https://bliptext.com/articles/tokelau).\nThe WHO two-year budget for 2022–2023 is paid by its 194 members and 2 associate members.\nSeveral other countries have been granted [observer status](https://bliptext.com/articles/observer-status).\n[Palestine](https://bliptext.com/articles/state-of-palestine) is an observer as a \"national liberation movement\" recognized by the [League of Arab States](https://bliptext.com/articles/league-of-arab-states) under United Nations Resolution 3118.\nThe [Sovereign Military Order of Malta](https://bliptext.com/articles/sovereign-military-order-of-malta) (or Order of Malta) also attends on an observer basis.\nThe [Holy See](https://bliptext.com/articles/holy-see) attends as an observer, and its participation as \"non-Member State Observer\" was formalized by an Assembly resolution in 2021.\nThe government of [Taiwan](https://bliptext.com/articles/taiwan) was allowed to participate under the designation \"[Chinese Taipei](https://bliptext.com/articles/chinese-taipei)\" as an observer from 2009 to 2016, but has not been invited again since.\nWHO member states appoint delegations to the [World Health Assembly](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-assembly), the WHO's supreme decision-making body.\nAll UN member states are eligible for WHO membership, and, according to the WHO website, \"other countries may be admitted as members when their application has been approved by a simple majority vote of the World Health Assembly\".\nThe World Health Assembly is attended by delegations from all member states, and determines the policies of the organization.\nThe executive board is composed of members technically qualified in health and gives effect to the decisions and policies of the World Health Assembly.\nIn addition, the UN observer organizations [International Committee of the Red Cross](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-committee-of-the-red-cross) and [International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-federation-of-red-cross-and-red-crescent-societies) have entered into \"official relations\" with WHO and are invited as observers.\nIn the [World Health Assembly](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-assembly), they are seated alongside the other NGOs.\n# [Countries by World Health Organization membership status | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/World///Health///Organization///membership///status///map.png]\n\n### Membership and participation of the Republic of China\nThe [Republic of China](https://bliptext.com/articles/republic-of-china-1912-1949) (ROC), which controlled [mainland China](https://bliptext.com/articles/mainland-china) from 1912 to 1949 and currently governs [Taiwan](https://bliptext.com/articles/taiwan) [since 1945](https://bliptext.com/articles/retrocession-of-taiwan) following World War II, was the founding member of WHO since its inception had represented \"China\" in the organization, but the representation was changed to the People's [Republic of China](https://bliptext.com/articles/republic-of-china-1912-1949) (PRC), [established](https://bliptext.com/articles/proclamation-of-the-people-s-republic-of-china) [in 1949](https://bliptext.com/articles/chinese-communist-revolution) by the [Chinese Communist Party](https://bliptext.com/articles/chinese-communist-party) (CCP), in 1971 that [expelled](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-nations-general-assembly-resolution-2758) the ROC from both WHO and the UN organs.\nSince that time, per the [One-China policy](https://bliptext.com/articles/one-china-policy), both the ROC and PRC [lay claims](https://bliptext.com/articles/two-chinas) of sovereignty to each other's territory.\nIn May 2009, the [Department of Health of the Republic of China](https://bliptext.com/articles/department-of-health-republic-of-china) was invited by the WHO to attend the 62nd [World Health Assembly](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-assembly) as an observer under the name \"[Chinese Taipei](https://bliptext.com/articles/chinese-taipei)\".\nThis was the ROC's first participation at WHO meetings since 1971, as a result of the improved [cross-strait relations](https://bliptext.com/articles/cross-strait-relations) since [Ma Ying-jeou](https://bliptext.com/articles/ma-ying-jeou) became the [president of the Republic of China](https://bliptext.com/articles/president-of-the-republic-of-china) a year before.\nIts participation with WHO ended due to diplomatic pressure from the PRC following the [election in 2016](https://bliptext.com/articles/2016-taiwanese-presidential-election) that brought the independence-minded [Democratic Progressive Party](https://bliptext.com/articles/democratic-progressive-party) back into power.\nPolitical pressure from the PRC has led to the ROC being barred from membership of the WHO and other UN-affiliated organizations, and in 2017 to 2020 the WHO refused to allow Taiwanese delegates to attend the [WHO annual assembly](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-assembly).\nAccording to Taiwanese publication [The News Lens](https://bliptext.com/articles/the-news-lens), on multiple occasions Taiwanese journalists have been denied access to report on the assembly.\nIn May 2018, the WHO denied access to its annual assembly by Taiwanese media, reportedly due to demands from the PRC.\nLater in May 172 members of the [United States House of Representatives](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-states-house-of-representatives) wrote to the director-general of the World Health Organization to argue for Taiwan's inclusion as an observer at the WHA.\nThe United States, Japan, Germany, and Australia all support Taiwan's inclusion in WHO.\nPressure to allow the ROC to participate in WHO increased as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic with Taiwan's exclusion from emergency meetings concerning the outbreak bringing a rare united front from Taiwan's diverse political parties.\nTaiwan's main opposition party, the [Kuomintang](https://bliptext.com/articles/kuomintang) (KMT, Chinese Nationalist Party), expressed their anger at being excluded arguing that disease respects neither politics nor geography.\nChina once again dismissed concerns over Taiwanese inclusion with the foreign minister claiming that no-one cares more about the health and wellbeing of the Taiwanese people than central government of the PRC.\nDuring the outbreak Canadian Prime Minister [Justin Trudeau](https://bliptext.com/articles/justin-trudeau) voiced his support for Taiwan's participation in WHO, as did Japanese Prime Minister [Shinzo Abe](https://bliptext.com/articles/shinzo-abe).\nIn January 2020 the [European Union](https://bliptext.com/articles/european-union), a WHO observer, backed Taiwan's participation in WHO meetings related to the coronavirus pandemic as well as their general participation.\nIn a 2020 interview, Assistant Director-General [Bruce Aylward](https://bliptext.com/articles/bruce-aylward) appeared to dodge a question from [RTHK](https://bliptext.com/articles/rthk) reporter Yvonne Tong about Taiwan's response to the pandemic and inclusion in the WHO, blaming internet connection issues.\nWhen the video chat was restarted, he was asked another question about Taiwan.\nHe responded by indicating that they had already discussed China and formally ended the interview.\nThis incident led to accusations about the PRC's political influence over the international organization.\nTaiwan's effective response to the 2019–20 [COVID-19 pandemic](https://bliptext.com/articles/covid-19-pandemic) has bolstered its case for WHO membership.\nTaiwan's response to the outbreak has been praised by a number of experts.\nIn early May 2020, [New Zealand Foreign Minister](https://bliptext.com/articles/minister-of-foreign-affairs-new-zealand) [Winston Peters](https://bliptext.com/articles/winston-peters) expressed support for the ROC's bid to rejoin the WHO during a media conference.\nThe New Zealand Government subsequently supporting Taiwan's bid to join the WHO, putting NZ alongside Australia and the United States who have taken similar positions.\nOn 9 May, Congressmen [Eliot Engel](https://bliptext.com/articles/eliot-engel), the [Democratic](https://bliptext.com/articles/democratic-party-united-states) chairman of the [United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-states-house-committee-on-foreign-affairs), [Michael McCaul](https://bliptext.com/articles/michael-mccaul), the House Committee's ranking [Republican](https://bliptext.com/articles/republican-party-united-states) member, Senator [Jim Risch](https://bliptext.com/articles/jim-risch), the [Republican](https://bliptext.com/articles/republican-party-united-states) chairman of the [United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-states-senate-committee-on-foreign-relations), and Senator [Bob Menendez](https://bliptext.com/articles/bob-menendez), the Senate Committee's ranking [Democratic](https://bliptext.com/articles/democratic-party-united-states) member, submitted a joint letter to nearly 60 \"like-minded\" countries including Canada, Thailand, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, and Australia, urging them to support ROC's participation in the World Health Organization.\nIn November 2020, the word \"Taiwan\" was blocked in comments on a livestream on the WHO's [Facebook](https://bliptext.com/articles/facebook) page.\n\n## World Health Assembly and Executive Board\nThe [World Health Assembly](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-assembly) (WHA) is the legislative and supreme body of the WHO.\nBased in Geneva, it typically meets yearly in May.\nIt appoints the director-general every five years and votes on matters of policy and finance of WHO, including the proposed budget.\nIt also reviews reports of the executive board and decides whether there are areas of work requiring further examination.\nThe Assembly elects 34 members, technically qualified in the field of health, to the executive board for three-year terms.\nThe main functions of the board are to carry out the decisions and policies of the Assembly, to advise it, and to facilitate its work.\nAs of June 2023, the chair of the executive board is Dr. Hanan Mohamed Al Kuwari of Qatar.\n# [WHO headquarters in Geneva | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/World///Health///Organisation///headquarters%2C///Geneva%2C///north///and///west///sides.jpg]\n\n## Director-General\nThe head of the organization is the director-general, elected by the [World Health Assembly](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-assembly).\nThe term lasts for five years, and directors-general are typically appointed in May, when the Assembly meets.\nThe current director-general is Dr. [Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus](https://bliptext.com/articles/tedros-adhanom-ghebreyesus), who was appointed on 1 July 2017.\n\n## Global institutions\nApart from regional, country, and liaison offices, the [World Health Assembly](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-assembly) has also established other institutions for promoting and carrying on research.\n\n## Personnel\nThe WHO employs 7,000 people in 149 countries and regions to carry out its principles.\nIn support of the principle of a tobacco-free work environment, the WHO does not recruit cigarette smokers.\nThe organization has previously instigated the [Framework Convention on Tobacco Control](https://bliptext.com/articles/framework-convention-on-tobacco-control) in 2003.\n\n## Goodwill Ambassadors\nThe WHO operates \"[Goodwill Ambassadors](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-organization-goodwill-ambassador)\"; members of the arts, sports, or other fields of public life aimed at drawing attention to the WHO's initiatives and projects.\nThere are currently five Goodwill Ambassadors ([Jet Li](https://bliptext.com/articles/jet-li), [Nancy Brinker](https://bliptext.com/articles/nancy-brinker), [Peng Liyuan](https://bliptext.com/articles/peng-liyuan), [Yohei Sasakawa](https://bliptext.com/articles/yohei-sasakawa) and the [Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra](https://bliptext.com/articles/vienna-philharmonic-orchestra)) and a further ambassador associated with a partnership project ([Craig David](https://bliptext.com/articles/craig-david)).\nOn 21 October 2017, the director-general [Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus](https://bliptext.com/articles/tedros-adhanom-ghebreyesus) appointed the then Zimbabwean president [Robert Mugabe](https://bliptext.com/articles/robert-mugabe) as a [WHO Goodwill Ambassador](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-organization-goodwill-ambassador) to help promote the fight against non-communicable diseases.\nThe appointment address praised Mugabe for his commitment to public health in Zimbabwe.\nThe appointment attracted widespread condemnation and criticism in WHO member states and international organizations due to Robert Mugabe's poor record on human rights and presiding over a decline in Zimbabwe's public health.\nDue to the outcry, the following day the appointment was revoked.\n\n## Medical Society of the World Health Organization\nSince the beginning, the WHO has had the Medical Society of the World Health Organization.\nIt has conducted lectures by noted researchers and published findings, recommendations.\nThe founder, Dr. [S. William A. Gunn](https://bliptext.com/articles/s-william-a-gunn) has been its president.\nIn 1983, [Murray Eden](https://bliptext.com/articles/murray-eden) was awarded the WHO Medical Society medal, for his work as consultant on research and development for WHO's director-general.\n\n## Financing and partnerships\nThe WHO is financed by contributions from member states and outside donors.\nIn 2020–21, the largest contributors were the [Germany](https://bliptext.com/articles/germany), [Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation](https://bliptext.com/articles/bill-melinda-gates-foundation), [United States](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-states), [United Kingdom](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-kingdom) and [European Commission](https://bliptext.com/articles/european-commission).\nThe WHO Executive Board formed a Working Group on Sustainable Financing in 2021, charged to rethink WHO's funding strategy and present recommendations.\nIts recommendations were adopted by the 2022 World Health Assembly, the key one being to raise compulsory member dues to a level equal to 50% of WHO's 2022–2023 base budget by the end of the 2020s.\n\n### Past\nAt the beginning of the 21st century, the WHO's work involved increasing collaboration with external bodies.\n, a total of 473 nongovernmental organizations (NGO) had some form of partnership with WHO.\nThere were 189 partnerships with international NGOs in formal \"official relations\" – the rest being considered informal in character.\nPartners include the [Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation](https://bliptext.com/articles/bill-and-melinda-gates-foundation) and the [Rockefeller Foundation](https://bliptext.com/articles/rockefeller-foundation).\n, the largest annual assessed contributions from member states came from the United States ($110 million), Japan ($58 million), Germany ($37 million), United Kingdom ($31 million) and France ($31 million).\nThe combined 2012–2013 budget proposed a total expenditure of $3,959 million, of which $944 million (24%) will come from assessed contributions.\nThis represented a significant fall in outlay compared to the previous 2009–2010 budget, adjusting to take account of previous underspends.\nAssessed contributions were kept the same.\nVoluntary contributions will account for $3,015 million (76%), of which $800 million is regarded as highly or moderately flexible funding, with the remainder tied to particular programmes or objectives.\nAccording to [The Associated Press](https://bliptext.com/articles/associated-press), the WHO routinely spends about $200 million a year on travel expenses, more than it spends to tackle mental health problems, [HIV/AIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-aids), [tuberculosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/tuberculosis) and [malaria](https://bliptext.com/articles/malaria) combined.\nIn 2016, [Margaret Chan](https://bliptext.com/articles/margaret-chan), director-general of WHO from January 2007 to June 2017, stayed in a $1000-per-night hotel room while visiting West Africa.\nThe biggest contributor used to be the United States, which gives over $400 million annually.\nU.S. contributions to the WHO are funded through the [U.S. State Department's](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-states-department-of-state) account for Contributions to International Organizations (CIO).\nIn April 2020, U.S. President [Donald Trump](https://bliptext.com/articles/donald-trump), with backing by members of his party, announced that his administration would halt funding to the WHO.\nFunds previously earmarked for the WHO were to be held for 60–90 days pending an investigation into the WHO's handling of the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://bliptext.com/articles/covid-19-pandemic), particularly in respect to the organization's purported relationship with China.\nThe announcement was immediately criticized by world leaders including [António Guterres](https://bliptext.com/articles/ant-nio-guterres), the secretary general of the United Nations; [Heiko Maas](https://bliptext.com/articles/heiko-maas), the German foreign minister; and [Moussa Faki Mahamat](https://bliptext.com/articles/moussa-faki), African Union chairman.\nDuring the first two years of the pandemic, American funding of the WHO declined by a quarter, although it is expected to increase during 2022 and 2023.\nOn 16 May 2020, the Trump Administration agreed to pay up to what China pays in assessed contributions, which is less than about one-tenth of its previous funding.\nBiennium 2018–2019 China paid in assessed contributions US$75,796K, in specified voluntary contributions US$10,184K, for a total US$85,980K.\n\n## WHO Public Health Prizes and Awards\nWorld Health Organization Prizes and Awards are given to recognize major achievements in public health.\nThe candidates are nominated and recommended by each prize and award selection panel.\nThe WHO Executive Board selects the winners, which are presented during the World Health Assembly.\n\n# World headquarters and offices\nThe seat of the organization is in [Geneva](https://bliptext.com/articles/geneva), Switzerland.\nIt was designed by Swiss architect [Jean Tschumi](https://bliptext.com/articles/jean-tschumi) and inaugurated in 1966.\nIn 2017, the organization launched an international competition to redesign and extend its headquarters.\n\n## Gallery of the WHO headquarters building\n\n## Country and liaison offices\nThe World Health Organization operates 150 country offices in six different regions.\nIt also operates several liaison offices, including those with the [European Union](https://bliptext.com/articles/european-union), United Nations and a single office covering the [World Bank](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-bank) and [International Monetary Fund](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-monetary-fund).\nIt also operates the [International Agency for Research on Cancer](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-agency-for-research-on-cancer) in [Lyon](https://bliptext.com/articles/lyon), France, and the [WHO Centre for Health Development](https://bliptext.com/articles/who-centre-for-health-development) in [Kobe](https://bliptext.com/articles/kobe), Japan.\nAdditional offices include those in [Pristina](https://bliptext.com/articles/pristina); the [West Bank](https://bliptext.com/articles/west-bank) and [Gaza](https://bliptext.com/articles/gaza-strip); the US-Mexico Border Field Office in [El Paso](https://bliptext.com/articles/el-paso-texas); the Office of the Caribbean Program Coordination in Barbados; and the Northern Micronesia office.\nThere will generally be one WHO country office in the capital, occasionally accompanied by satellite-offices in the provinces or sub-regions of the country in question.\nThe country office is headed by a WHO Representative (WR).\n, the only WHO Representative outside Europe to be a national of that country was for the [Libyan Arab Jamahiriya](https://bliptext.com/articles/libyan-arab-jamahiriya) (\"Libya\"); all other staff was international.\nWHO Representatives in the Region termed the Americas are referred to as PAHO/WHO Representatives.\nIn Europe, WHO Representatives also serve as head of the country office, and are nationals except for Serbia; there are also heads of the country office in Albania, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Uzbekistan.\nThe WR is a member of the [UN system](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-nations-system) country team which is coordinated by the UN System [Resident Coordinator](https://bliptext.com/articles/resident-coordinator).\nThe country office consists of the WR, and several health and other experts, both foreign and local, as well as the necessary support staff.\nThe main functions of WHO country offices include being the primary adviser of that country's government in matters of health and pharmaceutical policies.\n\n## Regional offices\nThe regional divisions of WHO were created between 1949 and 1952, following the model of the pre-existing [Pan American Health Organization](https://bliptext.com/articles/pan-american-health-organization), and are based on article 44 of the WHO's constitution, which allowed the WHO to \"establish a [single] regional organization to meet the special needs of [each defined] area\".\nMany decisions are made at the regional level, including important discussions over WHO's budget, and in deciding the members of the next assembly, which are designated by the regions.\nEach region has a regional committee, which generally meets once a year, normally in the autumn.\nRepresentatives attend from each member or associative member in each region, including those states that are not full members.\nFor example, [Palestine](https://bliptext.com/articles/state-of-palestine) attends meetings of the [Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office](https://bliptext.com/articles/eastern-mediterranean-regional-office-of-world-health-organization).\nEach region also has a regional office.\nEach regional office is headed by a director, who is elected by the Regional Committee.\nThe board must approve such appointments, although as of 2004, it had never over-ruled the preference of a regional committee.\nThe exact role of the board in the process has been a subject of debate, but the practical effect has always been small.\nSince 1999, regional directors serve for a once-renewable five-year term, and typically take their position on 1 February.\nEach regional committee of the WHO consists of all the Health Department heads, in all the governments of the countries that constitute the Region.\nAside from electing the regional director, the regional committee is also in charge of setting the guidelines for the implementation, within the region, of the health and other policies adopted by the [World Health Assembly](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-assembly).\nThe regional committee also serves as a progress review board for the actions of WHO within the Region.\nThe regional director is effectively the head of WHO for his or her region.\nThe RD manages and/or supervises a staff of health and other experts at the regional offices and in specialized centres.\nThe RD is also the direct supervising authority – concomitantly with the WHO Director-General – of all the heads of WHO country offices, known as WHO Representatives, within the region.\nThe strong position of the regional offices has been criticized in WHO history for undermining its effectiveness and led to unsuccessful attempts to integrate them more strongly within 'One WHO'.\nDisease specific programmes such as the smallpox eradication programme or the 1980s Global Programme on AIDS were set up with more direct, vertical structures that bypassed the regional offices.\n# [Map of the WHO's regional offices and their respective operating regions:\n{{legend|#80b0e8|Africa; HQ: Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo}}\n{{legend|#7ae6ce|Western Pacific; HQ: Manila, Philippines}}\n{{legend|#e7e763|Eastern Mediterranean; HQ: Cairo, Egypt}}\n{{legend|#9de678|South East Asia; HQ: New Delhi, India}}\n{{legend|#e078e6|Europe; HQ: Copenhagen, Denmark}}\n{{legend|#f67878|Americas; HQ: Washington, D.C., US}} | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/World///Health///Organisation///regional///offices.svg]\n\n# Private funding\nIn 2024 the [Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation](https://bliptext.com/articles/bill-melinda-gates-foundation) was the organization's major private contributor, funding 10% of its budget.","current_revision":null,"created_by":"kACnuQmH5k9Nr5VNVEpVeg7XpvUmMctD","created_at":"2025-01-25T17:31:11.606Z","updated_at":"2025-01-25T17:31:11.606Z","search_vector":"'health':2 'organ':3 'world':1","search_content":" \n \n**Name:** World Health Organization (WHO) \n**Logo Size:** 250px \n**Type:** [United Nations specialized agency](https://bliptext.com/articles/list-of-specialized-agencies-of-the-united-nations) \n**Abbreviation:** WHO \n**Pronounce:** Initialism (W-H-O) by WHO itself and governmental stakeholders \n**Leader Title:** [Director-General](https://bliptext.com/articles/director-general-of-the-world-health-organization) \n**Leader Name:** [Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus](https://bliptext.com/articles/tedros-adhanom-ghebreyesus) \n**Leader Title 2:** Deputy Director General \n**Leader Name 2:** [Michael Ryan](https://bliptext.com/articles/michael-j-ryan-doctor) \n**Status:** Active \n**Formation:** April 7, 1948 \n**Headquarters:** [Geneva](https://bliptext.com/articles/geneva), Switzerland · 46.23222°N, 6.13417°W \n**Website:** who.int \n**Parent Organization:** [United Nations Economic and Social Council](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-nations-economic-and-social-council) \n**Budget:** $6.83 billion (2024–25) \n \n\n# \nThe **World Health Organization** (**WHO**) is a [specialized agency](https://bliptext.com/articles/list-of-specialized-agencies-of-the-united-nations) of the [United Nations](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-nations) responsible for global [public health](https://bliptext.com/articles/public-health).\nIt is headquartered in [Geneva](https://bliptext.com/articles/geneva), Switzerland, and has six regional offices and 150 field offices worldwide.\nOnly sovereign states can participate, and it is the largest intergovernmental health organization at the international level.\nThe WHO's purpose is to achieve the highest possible level of health for all the world's people, defining health as \"a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.\"\nThe main functions of the World Health Organization include: to promote the control of epidemic and endemic diseases; to provide and improve the teaching and training in public health, the medical treatment of disease and related matters; and to promote the establishment of international standards for biological products.\nThe [WHO was established](https://bliptext.com/articles/establishment-of-the-world-health-organization) on April 7, 1948, and formally began its work on September 1, 1948.\nIt incorporated the assets, personnel, and duties of the [League of Nations](https://bliptext.com/articles/league-of-nations)' Health Organization and the Paris-based Office International d'Hygiène Publique, including the [International Classification of Diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-classification-of-diseases) (ICD).\nThe agency's work began in earnest in 1951 after a significant infusion of financial and technical resources.\nThe WHO's official mandate is to promote health and safety while helping the vulnerable worldwide.\nIt provides technical assistance to countries, sets international health standards, collects data on global health issues, and serves as a forum for scientific or policy discussions related to health.\nIts official publication, the [World Health Report](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-report), provides assessments of worldwide health topics.\nThe WHO has played a leading role in several public health achievements, most notably the [eradication](https://bliptext.com/articles/eradication-of-infectious-diseases) of [smallpox](https://bliptext.com/articles/smallpox), the near-[eradication](https://bliptext.com/articles/eradication-of-infectious-diseases) of polio, and the development of an [Ebola vaccine](https://bliptext.com/articles/ebola-vaccine).\nIts current priorities include [communicable diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/communicable-disease), such as [HIV/AIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-aids), [Ebola](https://bliptext.com/articles/ebola), [malaria](https://bliptext.com/articles/malaria) and [tuberculosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/tuberculosis); non-[communicable diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/communicable-disease) such as heart disease and [cancer](https://bliptext.com/articles/cancer); [healthy diet](https://bliptext.com/articles/healthy-eating), nutrition, and [food security](https://bliptext.com/articles/food-security); [occupational health](https://bliptext.com/articles/occupational-health); and [substance abuse](https://bliptext.com/articles/substance-abuse).\nThe agency advocates for [universal health care](https://bliptext.com/articles/universal-health-care) coverage, engagement with the monitoring of [public health](https://bliptext.com/articles/public-health) risks, coordinating responses to health emergencies, and promoting health and [well-being](https://bliptext.com/articles/well-being) generally.\nThe WHO is governed by the [World Health Assembly](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-assembly) (WHA), which is composed of its 194 member states.\nThe WHA elects and advises an executive board made up of 34 health specialists; selects the WHO's chief administrator, the director-general (currently [Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus](https://bliptext.com/articles/tedros-adhanom-ghebreyesus) of [Ethiopia](https://bliptext.com/articles/ethiopia)); sets goals and priorities; and approves the budget and activities.\nThe WHO is funded primarily by contributions from member states (both assessed and voluntary), followed by private donors.\nIts total approved budget for 2020–2021 is over $7.2 billion, while the approved budget for 2022–2023 is over $6.2 billion.\nThe budget is $6.83 billion for 2024–2025.\n\n# History\n\n## Origin and founding\nThe [International Sanitary Conferences](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-sanitary-conferences) (ISC), the first of which was held on 23 June 1851, were a series of conferences that took place until 1938, about 87 years.\nThe first conference, in Paris, was almost solely concerned with [cholera](https://bliptext.com/articles/cholera), which would remain the disease of major concern for the ISC for most of the 19th century.\nWith the [cause](https://bliptext.com/articles/cause-medicine), origin, and communicability of many epidemic diseases still uncertain and a matter of scientific argument, international agreement on appropriate measures was difficult to reach.\nSeven of these international conferences, spanning 41 years, were convened before any resulted in a multi-state international agreement.\nThe seventh conference, in Venice in 1892, finally resulted in a convention.\nIt was concerned only with the sanitary control of shipping traversing the [Suez Canal](https://bliptext.com/articles/suez-canal), and was an effort to guard against importation of cholera.\nFive years later, in 1897, a convention concerning the [bubonic plague](https://bliptext.com/articles/bubonic-plague) was signed by sixteen of the nineteen states attending the Venice conference.\nWhile [Denmark](https://bliptext.com/articles/denmark), [Sweden-Norway](https://bliptext.com/articles/sweden-norway), and the US did not sign this convention, it was unanimously agreed that the work of the prior conferences should be codified for implementation.\nSubsequent conferences, from 1902 until the final one in 1938, widened the diseases of concern for the ISC, and included discussions of responses to [yellow fever](https://bliptext.com/articles/yellow-fever), [brucellosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/brucellosis), [leprosy](https://bliptext.com/articles/leprosy), [tuberculosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/tuberculosis), and [typhoid](https://bliptext.com/articles/typhoid).\nIn part as a result of the successes of the Conferences, the [Pan-American Sanitary Bureau](https://bliptext.com/articles/pan-american-sanitary-bureau) (1902), and the Office International d'Hygiène Publique or \"[International office of Public Hygiene](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-office-of-public-hygiene)\" in english(1907) were soon founded.\nWhen the [League of Nations](https://bliptext.com/articles/league-of-nations) was formed in 1920, it established the Health Organization of the [League of Nations](https://bliptext.com/articles/league-of-nations).\nAfter [World War II](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-war-ii), the [United Nations](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-nations) absorbed all the other health organizations, to form the WHO.\n\n## Establishment\nDuring the 1945 United Nations Conference on International Organization, [Szeming Sze](https://bliptext.com/articles/szeming-sze), a delegate from China, conferred with Norwegian and Brazilian delegates on creating an international health organization under the auspices of the new United Nations.\nAfter failing to get a resolution passed on the subject, [Alger Hiss](https://bliptext.com/articles/alger-hiss), the secretary general of the conference, recommended using a declaration to establish such an organization.\nSze and other delegates lobbied and a declaration passed calling for an international conference on health.\nThe use of the word \"world\", rather than \"international\", emphasized the truly global nature of what the organization was seeking to achieve.\nThe constitution of the World Health Organization was signed by all 51 countries of the United Nations, and by 10 other countries, on 22 July 1946.\nIt thus became the first specialized agency of the United Nations to which every member subscribed.\nIts constitution formally came into force on the first [World Health Day](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-day) on 7 April 1948, when it was ratified by the 26th member state.\nThe WHO formally began its work in September 1, 1948.\nThe first meeting of the [World Health Assembly](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-assembly) finished on 24 July 1948, having secured a budget of US$5 million (then GB£1250000) for the 1949 year.\n[G. Brock Chisholm](https://bliptext.com/articles/g-brock-chisholm) was appointed director-general of the WHO, having served as executive secretary and a founding member during the planning stages, while [Andrija Štampar](https://bliptext.com/articles/andrija-tampar) was the assembly's first president.\nIts first priorities were to control the spread of [malaria](https://bliptext.com/articles/malaria), [tuberculosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/tuberculosis) and [sexually transmitted infections](https://bliptext.com/articles/sexually-transmitted-infection), and to improve [maternal](https://bliptext.com/articles/maternal-health) and [child health](https://bliptext.com/articles/child-health), nutrition and environmental hygiene.\nIts first legislative act was concerning the compilation of accurate statistics on the spread and morbidity of disease.\nThe logo of the World Health Organization features the [Rod of Asclepius](https://bliptext.com/articles/rod-of-asclepius) as a symbol for healing.\nIn 1959, the WHO signed Agreement WHA 12–40 with the [International Atomic Energy Agency](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-atomic-energy-agency) (IAEA), which says:\nThe nature of this statement has led some groups and activists including [Women in Europe for a Common Future](https://bliptext.com/articles/women-in-europe-for-a-common-future) to claim that the WHO is restricted in its ability to investigate the [effects on human health of radiation](https://bliptext.com/articles/acute-radiation-syndrome) caused by the use of [nuclear power](https://bliptext.com/articles/nuclear-power) and the continuing effects of [nuclear disasters](https://bliptext.com/articles/lists-of-nuclear-disasters-and-radioactive-incidents) in [Chernobyl](https://bliptext.com/articles/chernobyl-disaster) and [Fukushima](https://bliptext.com/articles/fukushima-nuclear-disaster).\nThey believe WHO must regain what they see as independence.\nIndependent WHO held a weekly vigil from 2007 to 2017 in front of WHO headquarters.\nHowever, as pointed out by Foreman in clause 2 it states:\nThe key text is highlighted in bold, the agreement in clause 2 states that the WHO is free to perform any health-related work.\n\n## Operational history\n1947: The WHO established an [epidemiological](https://bliptext.com/articles/epidemiology) information service via [telex](https://bliptext.com/articles/telex).\n1949: The [Soviet Union](https://bliptext.com/articles/soviet-union) and its constituent republics quit the WHO over the organization's unwillingness to share the [penicillin](https://bliptext.com/articles/penicillin) recipe.\nThey would not return until 1956.\n1950: A mass [tuberculosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/tuberculosis) inoculation drive using the [BCG vaccine](https://bliptext.com/articles/bcg-vaccine) gets under way.\n1955: The malaria eradication programme was launched, although objectives were later modified.\n(In most areas, the programme goals became control instead of eradication.)\n1958: [Viktor Zhdanov](https://bliptext.com/articles/viktor-zhdanov), Deputy Minister of Health for the [USSR](https://bliptext.com/articles/soviet-union), called on the [World Health Assembly](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-assembly) to undertake a global initiative to [eradicate](https://bliptext.com/articles/eradication-of-infectious-diseases) smallpox, resulting in Resolution WHA11.54.\n1965: The first report on [diabetes mellitus](https://bliptext.com/articles/diabetes-mellitus) and the creation of the [International Agency for Research on Cancer](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-agency-for-research-on-cancer).\n1966: The WHO moved its headquarters from the Ariana wing at the [Palace of Nations](https://bliptext.com/articles/palace-of-nations) to a newly constructed headquarters elsewhere in Geneva.\n1967: The WHO intensified the global [smallpox](https://bliptext.com/articles/smallpox) eradication campaign by contributing $2.4 million annually to the effort and adopted a new [disease surveillance](https://bliptext.com/articles/disease-surveillance) method, at a time when 2 million people were dying from [smallpox](https://bliptext.com/articles/smallpox) per year.\nThe initial problem the WHO team faced was inadequate reporting of smallpox cases.\nWHO established a network of consultants who assisted countries in setting up surveillance and containment activities.\nThe WHO also helped contain the last European [outbreak in Yugoslavia in 1972](https://bliptext.com/articles/1972-yugoslav-smallpox-outbreak).\nAfter over two decades of fighting smallpox, a Global Commission declared in 1979 that the disease had been eradicated – the first disease in history to be eliminated by human effort.\n1974: The [Expanded Programme on Immunization](https://bliptext.com/articles/expanded-programme-on-immunization) and the control programme of [onchocerciasis](https://bliptext.com/articles/onchocerciasis) was started, an important partnership between the [Food and Agriculture Organization](https://bliptext.com/articles/food-and-agriculture-organization) (FAO), the [United Nations Development Programme](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-nations-development-programme) (UNDP), and the [World Bank](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-bank).\n1975: The WHO launched the [Special Programme for Research and Training](https://bliptext.com/articles/tropical-disease) in [Tropical diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/tropical-disease) (the TDR).\nCo-sponsored by [UNICEF](https://bliptext.com/articles/unicef), UNDP, and the World Bank, it was established in response to a 1974 request from the WHA for an intensive effort to develop improved control of tropical diseases.\nThe TDR's goals are, firstly, to support and coordinate international research into diagnosis, treatment and control of tropical diseases; and, secondly, to strengthen research capabilities within endemic countries.\n1976: The WHA enacted a resolution on [disability](https://bliptext.com/articles/disability) prevention and [rehabilitation](https://bliptext.com/articles/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation), with a focus on community-driven care.\n1977 and 1978: The first list of [essential medicines](https://bliptext.com/articles/essential-medicines) was drawn up, and a year later the ambitious goal of \"[Health For All](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-for-all)\" was declared.\n1986: The WHO began its global programme on [HIV/AIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-aids).\nTwo years later preventing discrimination against patients was attended to and in 1996 the [Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/joint-united-nations-programme-on-hiv-aids) (UNAIDS) was formed.\n1988: The [Global Polio Eradication Initiative](https://bliptext.com/articles/global-polio-eradication-initiative) was established.\n1995: The WHO established an independent International Commission for the Certification of [Dracunculiasis Eradication](https://bliptext.com/articles/eradication-of-dracunculiasis) (Guinea worm disease eradication; ICCDE).\nThe ICCDE recommends to the WHO which countries fulfil requirements for certification.\nIt also has role in advising on progress made towards elimination of transmission and processes for verification.\n1998: The WHO's director-general highlighted gains in child survival, reduced [infant mortality](https://bliptext.com/articles/infant-mortality), increased [life expectancy](https://bliptext.com/articles/life-expectancy) and reduced rates of \"scourges\" such as smallpox and [polio](https://bliptext.com/articles/polio) on the fiftieth anniversary of WHO's founding.\nHe, did, however, accept that more had to be done to assist maternal health and that progress in this area had been slow.\n2000: The [Stop TB Partnership](https://bliptext.com/articles/stop-tb-partnership) was created along with the UN's formulation of the [Millennium Development Goals](https://bliptext.com/articles/millennium-development-goals).\n2001: The [measles](https://bliptext.com/articles/measles) initiative was formed, and credited with reducing global deaths from the disease by 68% by 2007.\n2002: [The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria](https://bliptext.com/articles/the-global-fund-to-fight-aids-tuberculosis-and-malaria) was drawn up to improve the resources available.\n2005: The WHO revises [International Health Regulations](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-health-regulations) (IHR) in light of emerging health threats and the experience of the [2002/3 SARS epidemic](https://bliptext.com/articles/2002-2004-sars-outbreak), authorizing WHO, among other things, to declare a health threat a [Public Health Emergency of International Concern](https://bliptext.com/articles/public-health-emergency-of-international-concern).\n2006: The WHO endorsed the world's first official HIV/AIDS Toolkit for Zimbabwe, which formed the basis for global prevention, treatment, and support the plan to fight the [AIDS pandemic](https://bliptext.com/articles/aids-pandemic).\n2006: The WHO launches the [Global action plan for influenza vaccines](https://bliptext.com/articles/global-action-plan-for-influenza-vaccines)\n2016: The [Global action plan for influenza vaccines](https://bliptext.com/articles/global-action-plan-for-influenza-vaccines) ends with a report which concludes that while substantial progress has been made over the 10 years of the Plan, the world is still not ready to respond to an influenza pandemic.\n2016: Following the perceived failure of the response to the [West Africa Ebola outbreak](https://bliptext.com/articles/western-african-ebola-virus-epidemic), the World Health Emergencies programme was formed, changing the WHO from just being a \"normative\" agency to one that responds operationally to health emergencies.\n2020: the World Health Organization announced that it had classified the [novel coronavirus outbreak](https://bliptext.com/articles/covid-19-pandemic) as a public health emergency of international concern.\nThe [novel [coronavirus](https://bliptext.com/articles/coronavirus)](https://bliptext.com/articles/novel-[coronavirus](https://bliptext.com/articles/coronavirus)) was a new strain of [coronavirus](https://bliptext.com/articles/coronavirus) that had never been detected in humans before.\nThe WHO named this new coronavirus \"[COVID-19](https://bliptext.com/articles/covid-19)\" or \"2019-nCov\".\n2022: The WHO suggests formation of a Global Health Emergency Council, with a new global health emergency workforce, and recommends revision of the International Health Regulations.\n2024: WHO has declared the spread of [mpox](https://bliptext.com/articles/mpox) (formerly monkeypox) in several African countries a [public health emergency](https://bliptext.com/articles/public-health-emergency-of-international-concern) of international concern, marking the second such declaration in the last two years due to the virus's transmission.\n# [Three former directors of the Global Smallpox Eradication Programme read the news that smallpox had been globally eradicated, 1980. | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Directors///of///Global///Smallpox///Eradication///Program.jpg]\n# [Alexey Yablokov (left) and Vassili Nesterenko (farthest right) protesting in front of the World Health Organization headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, in 2008 | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Alexei///Yablokov%2C///Rosa///Goncharova%2C///Vassili///Nesterenko.jpg]\n# [WHO Representative to India & EMT Team with Dr. Edmond Fernandes at a policy meeting | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Dr///Edmond///Fernandes///and///WHO///Representative///to///India.jpg]\n\n# Policies and objectives\n\n## Overall focus\nThe WHO's Constitution states that its objective \"is the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health\".\nThe WHO fulfils this objective through its functions as defined in its Constitution:\n \n To act as the directing and coordinating authority on international health work; \n To establish and maintain effective collaboration with the United Nations, specialized agencies, governmental health administrations, professional groups and such other organizations as may be deemed appropriate; \n To assist Governments, upon request, in strengthening health services; \n To furnish appropriate technical assistance and, in emergencies, necessary aid upon the request or acceptance of Governments; \n To provide or assist in providing, upon the request of the United Nations, health services and facilities to special groups, such as the peoples of trust territories; \n To establish and maintain such administrative and technical services as may be required, including epidemiological and statistical services; \n To stimulate and advance work to eradicate epidemic, endemic and other diseases; \n To promote, in co-operation with other specialized agencies where necessary, the prevention of accidental injuries; \n To promote, in co-operation with other specialized agencies where necessary, the improvement of nutrition, housing, sanitation, recreation, economic or working conditions and other aspects of environmental hygiene; \n To promote co-operation among scientific and professional groups which contribute to the advancement of health; \n To propose conventions, agreements and regulations, and make recommendations with respect to international health matters and to perform (Article 2 of the Constitution). \n \n, the WHO has defined its role in [public health](https://bliptext.com/articles/public-health) as follows:\nSince the late 20th century, the rise of new actors engaged in global health—such as the [World Bank](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-bank), the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ([PEPFAR](https://bliptext.com/articles/president-s-emergency-plan-for-aids-relief)) and dozens of public-private partnerships for global health—have weakened the WHO's role as a coordinator and policy leader in the field; subsequently, there are various proposals to reform or reorient the WHO's role and priorities in public health, ranging from narrowing its mandate to strengthening its independence and authority.\n\n### Communicable diseases\nDuring the 1970s, WHO had dropped its commitment to a global malaria eradication campaign as too ambitious, it retained a strong commitment to malaria control.\nWHO's Global Malaria Programme works to keep track of [malaria](https://bliptext.com/articles/malaria) cases, and future problems in [malaria](https://bliptext.com/articles/malaria) control schemes.\nAs of 2012, the WHO was to report as to whether [RTS,S](https://bliptext.com/articles/rts-s)/AS01, were a viable [malaria vaccine](https://bliptext.com/articles/malaria-vaccine).\nFor the time being, [insecticide](https://bliptext.com/articles/insecticide)-treated [mosquito nets](https://bliptext.com/articles/mosquito-net) and [insecticide](https://bliptext.com/articles/insecticide) sprays are used to prevent the spread of malaria, as are [antimalarial drugs](https://bliptext.com/articles/antimalarial-drugs) – particularly to vulnerable people such as pregnant women and young children.\nIn 1988, WHO launched the Global Polio Eradication Initiative to eradicate [polio](https://bliptext.com/articles/polio).\nIt has also been successful in helping to reduce cases by 99% since WHO partnered with [Rotary International](https://bliptext.com/articles/rotary-international), the [US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](https://bliptext.com/articles/us-centers-for-disease-control-and-prevention) (CDC), the [United Nations Children's Fund](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-nations-children-s-fund) (UNICEF), and smaller organizations.\n, it has been working to immunize young children and prevent the re-emergence of cases in countries declared \"polio-free\".\nIn 2017, a study was conducted as to why Polio Vaccines may not be enough to eradicate the Virus & conduct new technology.\nPolio is now on the verge of extinction, thanks to a Global Vaccination Drive.\nThe World Health Organization (WHO) stated the eradication programme has saved millions from deadly disease.\nBetween 1990 and 2010, WHO's help has contributed to a 40% decline in the number of deaths from tuberculosis, and since 2005, over 46 million people have been treated and an estimated 7 million lives saved through practices advocated by WHO.\nThese include engaging national governments and their financing, early diagnosis, standardising treatment, monitoring of the spread and effect of tuberculosis, and stabilising the drug supply.\nIt has also recognized the vulnerability of victims of HIV/AIDS to tuberculosis.\nIn 2003, the WHO denounced the [Roman Curia](https://bliptext.com/articles/roman-curia)'s health department's opposition to the use of [condoms](https://bliptext.com/articles/condom), saying: \"These incorrect statements about [condoms](https://bliptext.com/articles/condom) and HIV are dangerous when we are facing a global pandemic which has already killed more than 20 million people, and currently affects at least 42 million.\"\n, the [Catholic Church remains opposed to increasing the use of contraception to combat HIV/AIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/roman-catholic-church-and-aids).\nAt the time, the World Health Assembly president, Guyana's Health Minister [Leslie Ramsammy](https://bliptext.com/articles/leslie-ramsammy), condemned [Pope Benedict's](https://bliptext.com/articles/pope-benedict-xvi) opposition to contraception, saying he was trying to \"create confusion\" and \"impede\" proven strategies in the battle against the disease.\nIn 2007, the WHO organized work on pandemic [influenza vaccine](https://bliptext.com/articles/influenza-vaccine) development through [clinical trials](https://bliptext.com/articles/clinical-trial) in collaboration with many experts and health officials.\n[A pandemic](https://bliptext.com/articles/2009-swine-flu-pandemic) involving the [H1N1 influenza virus](https://bliptext.com/articles/pandemic-h1n1-09-virus) was declared by the then director-general [Margaret Chan](https://bliptext.com/articles/margaret-chan) in April 2009.\nMargret Chan declared in 2010 that the H1N1 has moved into the post-pandemic period.\nBy the post-pandemic period, critics claimed the WHO had exaggerated the danger, spreading \"fear and confusion\" rather than \"immediate information\".\nIndustry experts countered that the 2009 pandemic had led to \"unprecedented collaboration between global health authorities, scientists and manufacturers, resulting in the most comprehensive pandemic response ever undertaken, with a number of vaccines approved for use three months after the pandemic declaration. This response was only possible because of the extensive preparations undertaken during the last decade\".\nThe 2012–2013 WHO budget identified five areas among which funding was distributed.\nTwo of those five areas related to [communicable diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/communicable-diseases): the first, to reduce the \"health, social and economic burden\" of [communicable diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/communicable-diseases) in general; the second to combat [HIV/AIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-aids), [malaria](https://bliptext.com/articles/malaria) and [tuberculosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/tuberculosis) in particular.\n, the World Health Organization has worked within the [UNAIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/unaids) network and strives to involve sections of society other than health to help deal with the economic and social effects of [HIV/AIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-aids).\nIn line with UNAIDS, WHO has set itself the interim task between 2009 and 2015 of reducing the number of those aged 15–24 years who are infected by 50%; reducing new HIV infections in children by 90%; and reducing HIV-related deaths by 25%.\nThe World Health Organization's definition of neglected tropical disease has been criticised to be restrictive (focusing only on communicable diseases) and described as a form of epistemic injustice, where conditions like snakebite are forced to be framed as a medical problem.\n\n### Non-communicable diseases\nOne of the thirteen WHO priority areas is aimed at the prevention and reduction of \"disease, disability and premature deaths from chronic [noncommunicable diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/noncommunicable-disease), [mental disorders](https://bliptext.com/articles/mental-disorder), violence and [injuries](https://bliptext.com/articles/injury-prevention), and [visual impairment](https://bliptext.com/articles/visual-impairment) which are collectively responsible for almost 71% of all deaths worldwide\".\nThe Division of Noncommunicable Diseases for Promoting Health through the Reproductive Health has published the magazine, Entre Nous, across Europe since 1983.\nWHO is mandated under two of the [international [drug control](https://bliptext.com/articles/drug-policy) conventions](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-nations-drug-control-conventions) ([Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961](https://bliptext.com/articles/single-convention-on-narcotic-drugs) and [Convention on Psychotropic Substances](https://bliptext.com/articles/convention-on-psychotropic-substances), 1971) to carry out scientific assessments of substances for international [drug control](https://bliptext.com/articles/drug-policy).\nThrough the [WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (ECDD)](https://bliptext.com/articles/who-expert-committee-on-drug-dependence-ecdd), it can recommend changes to scheduling of substances to the [United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-nations-commission-on-narcotic-drugs).\nThe ECDD is in charge of evaluating \"the impact of psychoactive substances on public health\" and \"their dependence producing properties and potential harm to health, as well as considering their potential medical benefits and therapeutic applications.\"\n\n### Environmental health\nThe WHO estimates that 12.6 million people died as a result of living or working in an unhealthy environment in 2012 – this accounts for nearly 1 in 4 of total global deaths.\nEnvironmental risk factors, such as air, water, and [soil pollution](https://bliptext.com/articles/soil-pollution), chemical exposures, climate change, and ultraviolet radiation, contribute to more than 100 diseases and injuries.\nThis can result in a number of [pollution-related diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/list-of-pollution-related-diseases).\n\n### Life course and lifestyle\nWHO works to \"reduce [morbidity](https://bliptext.com/articles/morbidity) and [mortality](https://bliptext.com/articles/death) and improve health during key stages of life, including pregnancy, childbirth, the [neonatal period](https://bliptext.com/articles/infant), [childhood](https://bliptext.com/articles/childhood) and adolescence, and improve [sexual](https://bliptext.com/articles/sexual-health) and [reproductive health](https://bliptext.com/articles/reproductive-health) and promote active and healthy aging for all individuals\", for instance with the [Special Programme on Human Reproduction](https://bliptext.com/articles/special-programme-on-human-reproduction).\nIt also tries to prevent or reduce risk factors for \"health conditions associated with use of tobacco, alcohol, drugs and other psychoactive substances, unhealthy diets and physical inactivity and [unsafe sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/unsafe-sex)\".\nThe WHO works to improve nutrition, [food safety](https://bliptext.com/articles/food-safety) and [food security](https://bliptext.com/articles/food-security) and to ensure this has a positive effect on [public health](https://bliptext.com/articles/public-health) and [sustainable development](https://bliptext.com/articles/sustainable-development).\nIn April 2019, the WHO released new recommendations stating that children between the ages of two and five should spend no more than one hour per day engaging in sedentary behaviour in front of a screen and that children under two should not be permitted any sedentary screen time.\n\n### Surgery and trauma care\nThe World Health Organization promotes road safety as a means to reduce traffic-related injuries.\nIt has also worked on global initiatives in surgery, including emergency and essential surgical care, trauma care, and safe surgery.\nThe [WHO Surgical Safety Checklist](https://bliptext.com/articles/who-surgical-safety-checklist) is in current use worldwide in the effort to improve patient safety.\n\n### Emergency work\nThe World Health Organization's primary objective in natural and man-made emergencies is to coordinate with member states and other stakeholders to \"reduce avoidable loss of life and the burden of disease and disability.\"\nOn 5 May 2014, WHO announced that the spread of [polio](https://bliptext.com/articles/poliomyelitis) was a world health emergency – outbreaks of the disease in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East were considered \"extraordinary\".\nOn 8 August 2014, WHO declared that the spread of [Ebola](https://bliptext.com/articles/ebola) was a public health emergency; an outbreak which was believed to have started in Guinea had spread to other nearby countries such as Liberia and Sierra Leone.\nThe situation in West Africa was considered very serious.\n\n#### Reform efforts following the Ebola outbreak\nFollowing the [2014 Ebola outbreak](https://bliptext.com/articles/2014-ebola-outbreak) in West Africa, the organization was heavily criticized for its bureaucracy, insufficient financing, regional structure, and staffing profile.\nAn internal WHO report on the Ebola response pointed to underfunding and the lack of \"core capacity\" in health systems in developing countries as the primary weaknesses of the existing system.\nAt the annual World Health Assembly in 2015, Director-General Margaret Chan announced a $100 million Contingency Fund for rapid response to future emergencies, of which it had received $26.9 million by April 2016 (for 2017 disbursement).\nWHO has budgeted an additional $494 million for its [Health Emergencies Programme](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-emergencies-programme-who) in 2016–17, for which it had received $140 million by April 2016.\nThe program was aimed at rebuilding WHO capacity for direct action, which critics said had been lost due to budget cuts in the previous decade that had left the organization in an advisory role dependent on member states for on-the-ground activities.\nIn comparison, billions of dollars have been spent by developed countries on the 2013–2016 Ebola epidemic and 2015–16 Zika epidemic.\n\n#### Response to the COVID-19 pandemic\nThe WHO created an Incident Management Support Team on 1 January 2020, one day after Chinese health authorities notified the organization of a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown aetiology.\nOn 5 January the WHO notified all member states of the outbreak, and in subsequent days provided guidance to all countries on how to respond, and confirmed the first infection outside China.\nOn 14 January 2020, the WHO announced that preliminary investigations conducted by Chinese authorities had found no clear evidence of human-to-human transmission of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) identified in Wuhan.\nThe same day, the organization warned of limited human-to-human transmission, and confirmed human-to-human transmission one week later.\nOn 30 January the WHO declared a [Public Health Emergency of International Concern](https://bliptext.com/articles/public-health-emergency-of-international-concern) (PHEIC), considered a \"call to action\" and \"last resort\" measure for the international community and a [pandemic](https://bliptext.com/articles/pandemic) on 11 March.\nWhile organizing the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic and overseeing \"more than 35 emergency operations\" for cholera, measles and other epidemics internationally, the WHO has been criticized for praising China's public health response to the crisis while seeking to maintain a \"diplomatic balancing act\" between the United States and China.\n[David L. Heymann](https://bliptext.com/articles/david-l-heymann), professor of infectious disease epidemiology at the [London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine](https://bliptext.com/articles/london-school-of-hygiene-tropical-medicine), said that \"China has been very transparent and open in sharing its data... and they opened up all of their files with the WHO present.\"\nThe WHO faced criticism from the United States' [Trump administration](https://bliptext.com/articles/first-presidency-of-donald-trump) while \"guid[ing] the world in how to tackle the deadly\" [COVID-19 pandemic](https://bliptext.com/articles/covid-19-pandemic).\nOn 14 April 2020, United States president [Donald Trump](https://bliptext.com/articles/donald-trump) said that he would halt United States funding to the WHO while reviewing its role in \"severely mismanaging and covering up the spread of the coronavirus.\"\nWorld leaders and health experts largely condemned President Trump's announcement, which came amid criticism of his response to the outbreak in the United States.\nWHO called the announcement \"regrettable\" and defended its actions in alerting the world to the emergence of COVID-19.\nOn 8 May 2020, the United States blocked a vote on a U.N. Security Council resolution aimed at promoting nonviolent international cooperation during the pandemic, and mentioning the WHO.\nOn 7 July 2020, President Trump formally notified the UN of his intent to withdraw the United States from the WHO.\nHowever, Trump's successor, President [Joe Biden](https://bliptext.com/articles/joe-biden), cancelled the planned withdrawal and announced in January 2021 that the U.S. would resume funding the organization.\nIn May 2023, the WHO announced that COVID-19 was no longer a world-wide health emergency.\n# [Staffs of World Health Organization Bangladesh are in COVID vaccine program in Dhaka. | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/World///Health///Organization///Bangladesh.jpg]\n\n### Health policy\nWHO addresses government [health policy](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-policy) with two aims: firstly, \"to address the underlying social and economic determinants of health through policies and programmes that enhance health equity and integrate pro-poor, gender-responsive, and human rights-based approaches\" and secondly \"to promote a healthier environment, intensify primary prevention and influence public policies in all sectors so as to address the root causes of environmental threats to health\".\nThe organization develops and promotes the use of evidence-based tools, norms and standards to support member states to inform [health policy](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-policy) options.\nIt oversees the implementation of the [International Health Regulations](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-health-regulations), and publishes a series of [medical classifications](https://bliptext.com/articles/medical-classification); of these, three are over-reaching \"reference classifications\": the [International Statistical Classification of Diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-statistical-classification-of-diseases) (ICD), the [International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-classification-of-functioning-disability-and-health) (ICF) and the [International Classification of Health Interventions](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-classification-of-health-interventions) (ICHI).\nOther international policy frameworks produced by WHO include the [International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-code-of-marketing-of-breast-milk-substitutes) (adopted in 1981), [Framework Convention on Tobacco Control](https://bliptext.com/articles/framework-convention-on-tobacco-control) (adopted in 2003) the [Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-human-resources) (adopted in 2010) as well as the [WHO Model List of Essential Medicines](https://bliptext.com/articles/who-model-list-of-essential-medicines) and its [pediatric counterpart](https://bliptext.com/articles/who-model-list-of-essential-medicines-for-children).\nAn international convention on pandemic prevention and preparedness is being actively considered.\nIn terms of health services, WHO looks to improve \"governance, financing, staffing and management\" and the availability and quality of evidence and research to guide policy.\nIt also strives to \"ensure improved access, quality and use of medical products and technologies\".\nWHO – working with donor agencies and national governments – can improve their reporting about use of research evidence.\n\n### Digital Health\nOn Digital Health topics, WHO has existing Inter-Agency collaboration with the [International Telecommunication Union](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-telecommunication-union) (the UN Specialized Agency for [ICT](https://bliptext.com/articles/information-and-communications-technology)), including the Be Health, Be Mobile initiate and the ITU-WHO Focus Group on Artificial Intelligence for Health.\n# [World Health Organization, Bangladesh | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/World///Health///Organization%2C///Bangladesh.jpg]\n\n## Policy packages\nThe WHO has developed several technical policy packages to support countries to improve health:\n\n## Governance and support\nThe remaining two of WHO's thirteen identified policy areas relate to the role of WHO itself:\n\n### Partnerships\nThe WHO along with the [World Bank](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-bank) constitute the core team responsible for administering the [International Health Partnership](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-health-partnership) (IHP+).\nThe IHP+ is a group of partner governments, development agencies, civil society, and others committed to improving the health of citizens in [developing countries](https://bliptext.com/articles/developing-country).\nPartners work together to put international principles for [aid effectiveness](https://bliptext.com/articles/aid-effectiveness) and development co-operation into practice in the health sector.\nThe organization relies on contributions from renowned scientists and professionals to inform its work, such as the [WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization](https://bliptext.com/articles/who-expert-committee-on-biological-standardization), the [WHO Expert Committee on Leprosy](https://bliptext.com/articles/who-expert-committee-on-leprosy), and the [WHO Study Group on Interprofessional Education & Collaborative Practice](https://bliptext.com/articles/interprofessional-education).\nWHO runs the [Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research](https://bliptext.com/articles/alliance-for-health-policy-and-[systems](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-system)-research), targeted at improving [health policy](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-policy) and [systems](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-system).\nWHO also aims to improve access to health research and literature in developing countries such as through the [HINARI](https://bliptext.com/articles/hinari) network.\nWHO collaborates with [The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria](https://bliptext.com/articles/the-global-fund-to-fight-aids-tuberculosis-and-malaria), UNITAID, and the [United States](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-states) President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief to spearhead and fund the development of HIV programs.\nWHO created the Civil Society Reference Group on HIV, which brings together other networks that are involved in policymaking and the dissemination of guidelines.\nWHO, a sector of the United Nations, partners with UNAIDS to contribute to the development of HIV responses in different areas of the world.\nWHO facilitates technical partnerships through the Technical Advisory Committee on HIV, which they created to develop WHO guidelines and policies.\nIn 2014, WHO released the Global Atlas of Palliative Care at the End of Life in a joint publication with the [Worldwide Hospice Palliative Care Alliance](https://bliptext.com/articles/worldwide-hospice-palliative-care-alliance), an affiliated NGO working collaboratively with the WHO to promote [palliative care](https://bliptext.com/articles/palliative-care) in national and international [health policy](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-policy).\n\n### Public health education and action\nThe practice of empowering individuals to exert more control over and make improvements to their health is known as health education, as described by the WHO.\nIt shifts away from an emphasis on personal behaviour and toward a variety of societal and environmental solutions.\nEach year, the organization marks [World Health Day](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-day) and other observances focusing on a specific [health promotion](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-promotion) topic.\nWorld Health Day falls on 7 April each year, timed to match the anniversary of WHO's founding.\nRecent themes have been [vector-borne diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/vector-epidemiology) (2014), healthy ageing (2012) and [drug resistance](https://bliptext.com/articles/drug-resistance) (2011).\nThe other official global public health campaigns marked by WHO are [World Tuberculosis Day](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-tuberculosis-day), [World Immunization Week](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-immunization-week), [World Malaria Day](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-malaria-day), [World No Tobacco Day](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-no-tobacco-day), [World Blood Donor Day](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-blood-donor-day), [World Hepatitis Day](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-hepatitis-day), and [World AIDS Day](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-aids-day).\nAs part of the United Nations, the World Health Organization supports work towards the [Millennium Development Goals](https://bliptext.com/articles/millennium-development-goals).\nOf the eight Millennium Development Goals, three – reducing child mortality by two-thirds, to reduce maternal deaths by three-quarters, and to halt and begin to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS – relate directly to the WHO's scope; the other five inter-relate and affect world health.\n\n## Data handling and publications\nThe World Health Organization works to provide the needed health and well-being evidence through a variety of data collection platforms, including the World Health Survey covering almost 400,000 respondents from 70 countries, and the [Study on Global Aging and Adult Health](https://bliptext.com/articles/study-on-global-ageing-and-adult-health) (SAGE) covering over 50,000 persons over 50 years old in 23 countries.\nThe Country Health Intelligence Portal (CHIP), has also been developed to provide an access point to information about the health services that are available in different countries.\nThe information gathered in this portal is used by the countries to set priorities for future strategies or plans, implement, monitor, and evaluate it.\nThe WHO has published various tools for measuring and monitoring the capacity of national [health systems](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-system) and [health workforces](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-human-resources).\nThe Global Health Observatory (GHO) has been the WHO's main portal which provides access to data and analyses for key health themes by monitoring health situations around the globe.\nThe WHO Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems (WHO-AIMS), the WHO Quality of Life Instrument (WHOQOL), and the Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) provide guidance for data collection.\nCollaborative efforts between WHO and other agencies, such as through the [Health Metrics Network](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-metrics-network), also aim to provide sufficient high-quality information to assist governmental decision making.\nWHO promotes the development of capacities in member states to use and produce research that addresses their national needs, including through the [Evidence-Informed Policy Network](https://bliptext.com/articles/evidence-informed-policy-network) (EVIPNet).\nThe [Pan American Health Organization](https://bliptext.com/articles/pan-american-health-organization) (PAHO/AMRO) became the first region to develop and pass a policy on research for health approved in September 2009.\nOn 10 December 2013, a new WHO database, known as MiNDbank, went online.\nThe database was launched on [Human Rights Day](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-rights-day), and is part of WHO's QualityRights initiative, which aims to end human rights violations against people with mental health conditions.\nThe new database presents a great deal of information about mental health, substance abuse, disability, human rights, and the different policies, strategies, laws, and service standards being implemented in different countries.\nIt also contains important international documents and information.\nThe database allows visitors to access the health information of WHO member states and other partners.\nUsers can review policies, laws, and strategies and search for the best practices and success stories in the field of mental health.\nThe WHO regularly publishes a [World Health Report](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-report), its leading publication, including an expert assessment of a specific [global health](https://bliptext.com/articles/global-health) topic.\nOther publications of WHO include the [Bulletin of the World Health Organization](https://bliptext.com/articles/bulletin-of-the-world-health-organization), the [Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal](https://bliptext.com/articles/eastern-mediterranean-health-journal) (overseen by EMRO), the [Human Resources for Health](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-resources-for-health) (published in collaboration with [BioMed Central](https://bliptext.com/articles/biomed-central)), and the [Pan American Journal of Public Health](https://bliptext.com/articles/pan-american-journal-of-public-health) (overseen by PAHO/AMRO).\nIn 2016, the World Health Organization drafted a global health sector strategy on HIV.\nIn the draft, the World Health Organization outlines its commitment to ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030 with interim targets for the year 2020.\nTo make achievements towards these targets, the draft lists actions that countries and the WHO can take, such as a commitment to universal health coverage, medical accessibility, prevention and eradication of disease, and efforts to educate the public.\nSome notable points made in the draft include tailoring resources to mobilized regions where the health system may be compromised due to natural disasters, etc. Among the points made, it seems clear that although the prevalence of HIV transmission is declining, there is still a need for resources, health education, and global efforts to end this epidemic.\nThe WHO has a Framework Convention on Tobacco implementation database which is one of the few mechanisms to help enforce compliance with the FCTC.\nHowever, there have been reports of numerous discrepancies between it and national implementation reports on which it was built.\nAs researchers Hoffman and Rizvi report \"As of July 4, 2012, 361 (32·7%) of 1104 countries' responses were misreported: 33 (3·0%) were clear errors (e.g., database indicated 'yes' when report indicated 'no'), 270 (24·5%) were missing despite countries having submitted responses, and 58 (5·3%) were, in our opinion, misinterpreted by WHO staff\".\nWHO has been moving toward acceptance and integration of [traditional medicine](https://bliptext.com/articles/traditional-medicine) and [traditional Chinese medicine](https://bliptext.com/articles/traditional-chinese-medicine) (TCM).\nIn 2022, the new [International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-statistical-classification-of-diseases-and-related-health-problems), ICD-11, will attempt to enable classifications from traditional medicine to be integrated with classifications from [evidence-based medicine](https://bliptext.com/articles/evidence-based-medicine).\nThough Chinese authorities have pushed for the change, this and other support of the WHO for traditional medicine has been criticized by the medical and scientific community, due to lack of evidence and the risk of endangering wildlife hunted for traditional remedies.\nA WHO spokesman said that the inclusion was \"not an endorsement of the scientific validity of any Traditional Medicine practice or the efficacy of any Traditional Medicine intervention.\"\n\n### International Agency for Research on Cancer\nThe WHO sub-department, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), conducts and coordinates research into the causes of [cancer](https://bliptext.com/articles/cancer).\nIt also [collects](https://bliptext.com/articles/cancer-registry) and publishes [surveillance](https://bliptext.com/articles/disease-surveillance) data regarding the occurrence of cancer worldwide.\nIts [Monographs](https://bliptext.com/articles/monograph) Programme identifies carcinogenic [hazards](https://bliptext.com/articles/hazard) and evaluates environmental [causes of cancer](https://bliptext.com/articles/carcinogen) in humans.\n\n# Structure and governance\nThe World Health Organization is a member of the [United Nations Development Group](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-nations-development-group).\n\n## Membership\n, the WHO has 194 member states: all member states of the United Nations except for [Liechtenstein](https://bliptext.com/articles/liechtenstein) (192 countries), plus the [Cook Islands](https://bliptext.com/articles/cook-islands) and [Niue](https://bliptext.com/articles/niue).\nA state becomes a full member of WHO by ratifying the treaty known as the Constitution of the World Health Organization.\nAs of January 2021, it also had two associate members, [Puerto Rico](https://bliptext.com/articles/puerto-rico) and [Tokelau](https://bliptext.com/articles/tokelau).\nThe WHO two-year budget for 2022–2023 is paid by its 194 members and 2 associate members.\nSeveral other countries have been granted [observer status](https://bliptext.com/articles/observer-status).\n[Palestine](https://bliptext.com/articles/state-of-palestine) is an observer as a \"national liberation movement\" recognized by the [League of Arab States](https://bliptext.com/articles/league-of-arab-states) under United Nations Resolution 3118.\nThe [Sovereign Military Order of Malta](https://bliptext.com/articles/sovereign-military-order-of-malta) (or Order of Malta) also attends on an observer basis.\nThe [Holy See](https://bliptext.com/articles/holy-see) attends as an observer, and its participation as \"non-Member State Observer\" was formalized by an Assembly resolution in 2021.\nThe government of [Taiwan](https://bliptext.com/articles/taiwan) was allowed to participate under the designation \"[Chinese Taipei](https://bliptext.com/articles/chinese-taipei)\" as an observer from 2009 to 2016, but has not been invited again since.\nWHO member states appoint delegations to the [World Health Assembly](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-assembly), the WHO's supreme decision-making body.\nAll UN member states are eligible for WHO membership, and, according to the WHO website, \"other countries may be admitted as members when their application has been approved by a simple majority vote of the World Health Assembly\".\nThe World Health Assembly is attended by delegations from all member states, and determines the policies of the organization.\nThe executive board is composed of members technically qualified in health and gives effect to the decisions and policies of the World Health Assembly.\nIn addition, the UN observer organizations [International Committee of the Red Cross](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-committee-of-the-red-cross) and [International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-federation-of-red-cross-and-red-crescent-societies) have entered into \"official relations\" with WHO and are invited as observers.\nIn the [World Health Assembly](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-assembly), they are seated alongside the other NGOs.\n# [Countries by World Health Organization membership status | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/World///Health///Organization///membership///status///map.png]\n\n### Membership and participation of the Republic of China\nThe [Republic of China](https://bliptext.com/articles/republic-of-china-1912-1949) (ROC), which controlled [mainland China](https://bliptext.com/articles/mainland-china) from 1912 to 1949 and currently governs [Taiwan](https://bliptext.com/articles/taiwan) [since 1945](https://bliptext.com/articles/retrocession-of-taiwan) following World War II, was the founding member of WHO since its inception had represented \"China\" in the organization, but the representation was changed to the People's [Republic of China](https://bliptext.com/articles/republic-of-china-1912-1949) (PRC), [established](https://bliptext.com/articles/proclamation-of-the-people-s-republic-of-china) [in 1949](https://bliptext.com/articles/chinese-communist-revolution) by the [Chinese Communist Party](https://bliptext.com/articles/chinese-communist-party) (CCP), in 1971 that [expelled](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-nations-general-assembly-resolution-2758) the ROC from both WHO and the UN organs.\nSince that time, per the [One-China policy](https://bliptext.com/articles/one-china-policy), both the ROC and PRC [lay claims](https://bliptext.com/articles/two-chinas) of sovereignty to each other's territory.\nIn May 2009, the [Department of Health of the Republic of China](https://bliptext.com/articles/department-of-health-republic-of-china) was invited by the WHO to attend the 62nd [World Health Assembly](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-assembly) as an observer under the name \"[Chinese Taipei](https://bliptext.com/articles/chinese-taipei)\".\nThis was the ROC's first participation at WHO meetings since 1971, as a result of the improved [cross-strait relations](https://bliptext.com/articles/cross-strait-relations) since [Ma Ying-jeou](https://bliptext.com/articles/ma-ying-jeou) became the [president of the Republic of China](https://bliptext.com/articles/president-of-the-republic-of-china) a year before.\nIts participation with WHO ended due to diplomatic pressure from the PRC following the [election in 2016](https://bliptext.com/articles/2016-taiwanese-presidential-election) that brought the independence-minded [Democratic Progressive Party](https://bliptext.com/articles/democratic-progressive-party) back into power.\nPolitical pressure from the PRC has led to the ROC being barred from membership of the WHO and other UN-affiliated organizations, and in 2017 to 2020 the WHO refused to allow Taiwanese delegates to attend the [WHO annual assembly](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-assembly).\nAccording to Taiwanese publication [The News Lens](https://bliptext.com/articles/the-news-lens), on multiple occasions Taiwanese journalists have been denied access to report on the assembly.\nIn May 2018, the WHO denied access to its annual assembly by Taiwanese media, reportedly due to demands from the PRC.\nLater in May 172 members of the [United States House of Representatives](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-states-house-of-representatives) wrote to the director-general of the World Health Organization to argue for Taiwan's inclusion as an observer at the WHA.\nThe United States, Japan, Germany, and Australia all support Taiwan's inclusion in WHO.\nPressure to allow the ROC to participate in WHO increased as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic with Taiwan's exclusion from emergency meetings concerning the outbreak bringing a rare united front from Taiwan's diverse political parties.\nTaiwan's main opposition party, the [Kuomintang](https://bliptext.com/articles/kuomintang) (KMT, Chinese Nationalist Party), expressed their anger at being excluded arguing that disease respects neither politics nor geography.\nChina once again dismissed concerns over Taiwanese inclusion with the foreign minister claiming that no-one cares more about the health and wellbeing of the Taiwanese people than central government of the PRC.\nDuring the outbreak Canadian Prime Minister [Justin Trudeau](https://bliptext.com/articles/justin-trudeau) voiced his support for Taiwan's participation in WHO, as did Japanese Prime Minister [Shinzo Abe](https://bliptext.com/articles/shinzo-abe).\nIn January 2020 the [European Union](https://bliptext.com/articles/european-union), a WHO observer, backed Taiwan's participation in WHO meetings related to the coronavirus pandemic as well as their general participation.\nIn a 2020 interview, Assistant Director-General [Bruce Aylward](https://bliptext.com/articles/bruce-aylward) appeared to dodge a question from [RTHK](https://bliptext.com/articles/rthk) reporter Yvonne Tong about Taiwan's response to the pandemic and inclusion in the WHO, blaming internet connection issues.\nWhen the video chat was restarted, he was asked another question about Taiwan.\nHe responded by indicating that they had already discussed China and formally ended the interview.\nThis incident led to accusations about the PRC's political influence over the international organization.\nTaiwan's effective response to the 2019–20 [COVID-19 pandemic](https://bliptext.com/articles/covid-19-pandemic) has bolstered its case for WHO membership.\nTaiwan's response to the outbreak has been praised by a number of experts.\nIn early May 2020, [New Zealand Foreign Minister](https://bliptext.com/articles/minister-of-foreign-affairs-new-zealand) [Winston Peters](https://bliptext.com/articles/winston-peters) expressed support for the ROC's bid to rejoin the WHO during a media conference.\nThe New Zealand Government subsequently supporting Taiwan's bid to join the WHO, putting NZ alongside Australia and the United States who have taken similar positions.\nOn 9 May, Congressmen [Eliot Engel](https://bliptext.com/articles/eliot-engel), the [Democratic](https://bliptext.com/articles/democratic-party-united-states) chairman of the [United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-states-house-committee-on-foreign-affairs), [Michael McCaul](https://bliptext.com/articles/michael-mccaul), the House Committee's ranking [Republican](https://bliptext.com/articles/republican-party-united-states) member, Senator [Jim Risch](https://bliptext.com/articles/jim-risch), the [Republican](https://bliptext.com/articles/republican-party-united-states) chairman of the [United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-states-senate-committee-on-foreign-relations), and Senator [Bob Menendez](https://bliptext.com/articles/bob-menendez), the Senate Committee's ranking [Democratic](https://bliptext.com/articles/democratic-party-united-states) member, submitted a joint letter to nearly 60 \"like-minded\" countries including Canada, Thailand, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, and Australia, urging them to support ROC's participation in the World Health Organization.\nIn November 2020, the word \"Taiwan\" was blocked in comments on a livestream on the WHO's [Facebook](https://bliptext.com/articles/facebook) page.\n\n## World Health Assembly and Executive Board\nThe [World Health Assembly](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-assembly) (WHA) is the legislative and supreme body of the WHO.\nBased in Geneva, it typically meets yearly in May.\nIt appoints the director-general every five years and votes on matters of policy and finance of WHO, including the proposed budget.\nIt also reviews reports of the executive board and decides whether there are areas of work requiring further examination.\nThe Assembly elects 34 members, technically qualified in the field of health, to the executive board for three-year terms.\nThe main functions of the board are to carry out the decisions and policies of the Assembly, to advise it, and to facilitate its work.\nAs of June 2023, the chair of the executive board is Dr. Hanan Mohamed Al Kuwari of Qatar.\n# [WHO headquarters in Geneva | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/World///Health///Organisation///headquarters%2C///Geneva%2C///north///and///west///sides.jpg]\n\n## Director-General\nThe head of the organization is the director-general, elected by the [World Health Assembly](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-assembly).\nThe term lasts for five years, and directors-general are typically appointed in May, when the Assembly meets.\nThe current director-general is Dr. [Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus](https://bliptext.com/articles/tedros-adhanom-ghebreyesus), who was appointed on 1 July 2017.\n\n## Global institutions\nApart from regional, country, and liaison offices, the [World Health Assembly](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-assembly) has also established other institutions for promoting and carrying on research.\n\n## Personnel\nThe WHO employs 7,000 people in 149 countries and regions to carry out its principles.\nIn support of the principle of a tobacco-free work environment, the WHO does not recruit cigarette smokers.\nThe organization has previously instigated the [Framework Convention on Tobacco Control](https://bliptext.com/articles/framework-convention-on-tobacco-control) in 2003.\n\n## Goodwill Ambassadors\nThe WHO operates \"[Goodwill Ambassadors](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-organization-goodwill-ambassador)\"; members of the arts, sports, or other fields of public life aimed at drawing attention to the WHO's initiatives and projects.\nThere are currently five Goodwill Ambassadors ([Jet Li](https://bliptext.com/articles/jet-li), [Nancy Brinker](https://bliptext.com/articles/nancy-brinker), [Peng Liyuan](https://bliptext.com/articles/peng-liyuan), [Yohei Sasakawa](https://bliptext.com/articles/yohei-sasakawa) and the [Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra](https://bliptext.com/articles/vienna-philharmonic-orchestra)) and a further ambassador associated with a partnership project ([Craig David](https://bliptext.com/articles/craig-david)).\nOn 21 October 2017, the director-general [Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus](https://bliptext.com/articles/tedros-adhanom-ghebreyesus) appointed the then Zimbabwean president [Robert Mugabe](https://bliptext.com/articles/robert-mugabe) as a [WHO Goodwill Ambassador](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-organization-goodwill-ambassador) to help promote the fight against non-communicable diseases.\nThe appointment address praised Mugabe for his commitment to public health in Zimbabwe.\nThe appointment attracted widespread condemnation and criticism in WHO member states and international organizations due to Robert Mugabe's poor record on human rights and presiding over a decline in Zimbabwe's public health.\nDue to the outcry, the following day the appointment was revoked.\n\n## Medical Society of the World Health Organization\nSince the beginning, the WHO has had the Medical Society of the World Health Organization.\nIt has conducted lectures by noted researchers and published findings, recommendations.\nThe founder, Dr. [S. William A. Gunn](https://bliptext.com/articles/s-william-a-gunn) has been its president.\nIn 1983, [Murray Eden](https://bliptext.com/articles/murray-eden) was awarded the WHO Medical Society medal, for his work as consultant on research and development for WHO's director-general.\n\n## Financing and partnerships\nThe WHO is financed by contributions from member states and outside donors.\nIn 2020–21, the largest contributors were the [Germany](https://bliptext.com/articles/germany), [Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation](https://bliptext.com/articles/bill-melinda-gates-foundation), [United States](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-states), [United Kingdom](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-kingdom) and [European Commission](https://bliptext.com/articles/european-commission).\nThe WHO Executive Board formed a Working Group on Sustainable Financing in 2021, charged to rethink WHO's funding strategy and present recommendations.\nIts recommendations were adopted by the 2022 World Health Assembly, the key one being to raise compulsory member dues to a level equal to 50% of WHO's 2022–2023 base budget by the end of the 2020s.\n\n### Past\nAt the beginning of the 21st century, the WHO's work involved increasing collaboration with external bodies.\n, a total of 473 nongovernmental organizations (NGO) had some form of partnership with WHO.\nThere were 189 partnerships with international NGOs in formal \"official relations\" – the rest being considered informal in character.\nPartners include the [Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation](https://bliptext.com/articles/bill-and-melinda-gates-foundation) and the [Rockefeller Foundation](https://bliptext.com/articles/rockefeller-foundation).\n, the largest annual assessed contributions from member states came from the United States ($110 million), Japan ($58 million), Germany ($37 million), United Kingdom ($31 million) and France ($31 million).\nThe combined 2012–2013 budget proposed a total expenditure of $3,959 million, of which $944 million (24%) will come from assessed contributions.\nThis represented a significant fall in outlay compared to the previous 2009–2010 budget, adjusting to take account of previous underspends.\nAssessed contributions were kept the same.\nVoluntary contributions will account for $3,015 million (76%), of which $800 million is regarded as highly or moderately flexible funding, with the remainder tied to particular programmes or objectives.\nAccording to [The Associated Press](https://bliptext.com/articles/associated-press), the WHO routinely spends about $200 million a year on travel expenses, more than it spends to tackle mental health problems, [HIV/AIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-aids), [tuberculosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/tuberculosis) and [malaria](https://bliptext.com/articles/malaria) combined.\nIn 2016, [Margaret Chan](https://bliptext.com/articles/margaret-chan), director-general of WHO from January 2007 to June 2017, stayed in a $1000-per-night hotel room while visiting West Africa.\nThe biggest contributor used to be the United States, which gives over $400 million annually.\nU.S. contributions to the WHO are funded through the [U.S. State Department's](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-states-department-of-state) account for Contributions to International Organizations (CIO).\nIn April 2020, U.S. President [Donald Trump](https://bliptext.com/articles/donald-trump), with backing by members of his party, announced that his administration would halt funding to the WHO.\nFunds previously earmarked for the WHO were to be held for 60–90 days pending an investigation into the WHO's handling of the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://bliptext.com/articles/covid-19-pandemic), particularly in respect to the organization's purported relationship with China.\nThe announcement was immediately criticized by world leaders including [António Guterres](https://bliptext.com/articles/ant-nio-guterres), the secretary general of the United Nations; [Heiko Maas](https://bliptext.com/articles/heiko-maas), the German foreign minister; and [Moussa Faki Mahamat](https://bliptext.com/articles/moussa-faki), African Union chairman.\nDuring the first two years of the pandemic, American funding of the WHO declined by a quarter, although it is expected to increase during 2022 and 2023.\nOn 16 May 2020, the Trump Administration agreed to pay up to what China pays in assessed contributions, which is less than about one-tenth of its previous funding.\nBiennium 2018–2019 China paid in assessed contributions US$75,796K, in specified voluntary contributions US$10,184K, for a total US$85,980K.\n\n## WHO Public Health Prizes and Awards\nWorld Health Organization Prizes and Awards are given to recognize major achievements in public health.\nThe candidates are nominated and recommended by each prize and award selection panel.\nThe WHO Executive Board selects the winners, which are presented during the World Health Assembly.\n\n# World headquarters and offices\nThe seat of the organization is in [Geneva](https://bliptext.com/articles/geneva), Switzerland.\nIt was designed by Swiss architect [Jean Tschumi](https://bliptext.com/articles/jean-tschumi) and inaugurated in 1966.\nIn 2017, the organization launched an international competition to redesign and extend its headquarters.\n\n## Gallery of the WHO headquarters building\n\n## Country and liaison offices\nThe World Health Organization operates 150 country offices in six different regions.\nIt also operates several liaison offices, including those with the [European Union](https://bliptext.com/articles/european-union), United Nations and a single office covering the [World Bank](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-bank) and [International Monetary Fund](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-monetary-fund).\nIt also operates the [International Agency for Research on Cancer](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-agency-for-research-on-cancer) in [Lyon](https://bliptext.com/articles/lyon), France, and the [WHO Centre for Health Development](https://bliptext.com/articles/who-centre-for-health-development) in [Kobe](https://bliptext.com/articles/kobe), Japan.\nAdditional offices include those in [Pristina](https://bliptext.com/articles/pristina); the [West Bank](https://bliptext.com/articles/west-bank) and [Gaza](https://bliptext.com/articles/gaza-strip); the US-Mexico Border Field Office in [El Paso](https://bliptext.com/articles/el-paso-texas); the Office of the Caribbean Program Coordination in Barbados; and the Northern Micronesia office.\nThere will generally be one WHO country office in the capital, occasionally accompanied by satellite-offices in the provinces or sub-regions of the country in question.\nThe country office is headed by a WHO Representative (WR).\n, the only WHO Representative outside Europe to be a national of that country was for the [Libyan Arab Jamahiriya](https://bliptext.com/articles/libyan-arab-jamahiriya) (\"Libya\"); all other staff was international.\nWHO Representatives in the Region termed the Americas are referred to as PAHO/WHO Representatives.\nIn Europe, WHO Representatives also serve as head of the country office, and are nationals except for Serbia; there are also heads of the country office in Albania, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Uzbekistan.\nThe WR is a member of the [UN system](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-nations-system) country team which is coordinated by the UN System [Resident Coordinator](https://bliptext.com/articles/resident-coordinator).\nThe country office consists of the WR, and several health and other experts, both foreign and local, as well as the necessary support staff.\nThe main functions of WHO country offices include being the primary adviser of that country's government in matters of health and pharmaceutical policies.\n\n## Regional offices\nThe regional divisions of WHO were created between 1949 and 1952, following the model of the pre-existing [Pan American Health Organization](https://bliptext.com/articles/pan-american-health-organization), and are based on article 44 of the WHO's constitution, which allowed the WHO to \"establish a [single] regional organization to meet the special needs of [each defined] area\".\nMany decisions are made at the regional level, including important discussions over WHO's budget, and in deciding the members of the next assembly, which are designated by the regions.\nEach region has a regional committee, which generally meets once a year, normally in the autumn.\nRepresentatives attend from each member or associative member in each region, including those states that are not full members.\nFor example, [Palestine](https://bliptext.com/articles/state-of-palestine) attends meetings of the [Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office](https://bliptext.com/articles/eastern-mediterranean-regional-office-of-world-health-organization).\nEach region also has a regional office.\nEach regional office is headed by a director, who is elected by the Regional Committee.\nThe board must approve such appointments, although as of 2004, it had never over-ruled the preference of a regional committee.\nThe exact role of the board in the process has been a subject of debate, but the practical effect has always been small.\nSince 1999, regional directors serve for a once-renewable five-year term, and typically take their position on 1 February.\nEach regional committee of the WHO consists of all the Health Department heads, in all the governments of the countries that constitute the Region.\nAside from electing the regional director, the regional committee is also in charge of setting the guidelines for the implementation, within the region, of the health and other policies adopted by the [World Health Assembly](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-assembly).\nThe regional committee also serves as a progress review board for the actions of WHO within the Region.\nThe regional director is effectively the head of WHO for his or her region.\nThe RD manages and/or supervises a staff of health and other experts at the regional offices and in specialized centres.\nThe RD is also the direct supervising authority – concomitantly with the WHO Director-General – of all the heads of WHO country offices, known as WHO Representatives, within the region.\nThe strong position of the regional offices has been criticized in WHO history for undermining its effectiveness and led to unsuccessful attempts to integrate them more strongly within 'One WHO'.\nDisease specific programmes such as the smallpox eradication programme or the 1980s Global Programme on AIDS were set up with more direct, vertical structures that bypassed the regional offices.\n# [Map of the WHO's regional offices and their respective operating regions:\n{{legend|#80b0e8|Africa; HQ: Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo}}\n{{legend|#7ae6ce|Western Pacific; HQ: Manila, Philippines}}\n{{legend|#e7e763|Eastern Mediterranean; HQ: Cairo, Egypt}}\n{{legend|#9de678|South East Asia; HQ: New Delhi, India}}\n{{legend|#e078e6|Europe; HQ: Copenhagen, Denmark}}\n{{legend|#f67878|Americas; HQ: Washington, D.C., US}} | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/World///Health///Organisation///regional///offices.svg]\n\n# Private funding\nIn 2024 the [Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation](https://bliptext.com/articles/bill-melinda-gates-foundation) was the organization's major private contributor, funding 10% of its budget.","revisionCount":0},"hasMore":false,"nextCursor":null}