{"history":[],"article":{"id":"a8f4d498-30c9-4f0f-92d1-e2248f86c47a","title":"Vaccination schedule","slug":"vaccination-schedule","content":":::summary\n:::\n\n# \nA **vaccination schedule** is a series of [vaccinations](https://bliptext.com/articles/vaccination), including the timing of all doses, which may be either recommended or compulsory, depending on the country of residence.\nA [vaccine](https://bliptext.com/articles/vaccine) is an [antigenic](https://bliptext.com/articles/antigen) preparation used to produce active immunity to a [disease](https://bliptext.com/articles/disease), in order to prevent or reduce the effects of [infection](https://bliptext.com/articles/infection) by any natural or \"wild\" [pathogen](https://bliptext.com/articles/pathogen).\nVaccines go through multiple phases of trials to ensure safety and effectiveness.\nMany vaccines require multiple doses for maximum effectiveness, either to produce sufficient initial immune response or to boost response that fades over time.\nFor example, tetanus vaccine boosters are often recommended every 10 years.\nVaccine schedules are developed by governmental agencies or physicians groups to achieve maximum effectiveness using required and recommended vaccines for a locality while minimizing the number of health care system interactions.\nOver the past two decades, the recommended vaccination schedule has grown rapidly and become more complicated as many new vaccines have been developed.\nSome vaccines are recommended only in certain areas (countries, sub national areas, or at-risk populations) where a disease is common.\nFor instance, [yellow fever](https://bliptext.com/articles/yellow-fever) vaccination is on the routine vaccine schedule of French Guiana, is recommended in certain regions of Brazil but in the United States is only given to travelers heading to countries with a history of the disease.\nIn developing countries, vaccine recommendations also take into account the level of health care access, the cost of vaccines and issues with vaccine availability and storage.\nSample vaccination schedules discussed by the [World Health Organization](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-organization) show a developed country using a schedule which extends over the first five years of a child's life and uses vaccines which cost over $700 including administration costs while a developing country uses a schedule providing vaccines in the first 9 months of life and costing only $25.\nThis difference is due to the lower cost of health care, the lower cost of many vaccines provided to developing nations, and that more expensive vaccines, often for less common diseases, are not utilized.\n# [Example Polish call for vaccination against Diphtheria and Tetanus. | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Polish///call///for///vaccination.png]\n# [Global vaccination coverage 1980 to 2019 among one year olds | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Global-vaccination-coverage.png]\n\n# Worldwide\nThe [World Health Organization](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-organization) monitors vaccination schedules across the world, noting what vaccines are included in each country's program, the coverage rates achieved and various auditing measures.\nThe table below shows the types of vaccines given in example countries.\nThe WHO publishes on its website current vaccination schedules for all WHO member states.\nAdditional vaccines are given to individuals more likely to come into contact with specific diseases through work or travel (e.g. military), or after potentially infectious exposure.\nExamples include [rabies](https://bliptext.com/articles/rabies-vaccine), [anthrax](https://bliptext.com/articles/anthrax-vaccine), [cholera](https://bliptext.com/articles/cholera-vaccine) and [smallpox](https://bliptext.com/articles/smallpox-vaccine).\n\n# By country\n\n## Australia\nThe Immunise Australia Program implements the National Immunization Program (NIP) Schedule.\nAll vaccines available under the Australian immunization schedule are free of charge under the [Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme](https://bliptext.com/articles/pharmaceutical-benefits-scheme).\n

\n\n## Austria\nAustrian vaccine recommendations are developed by the National Vaccination Board, which is part of the [Federal Ministry of Social Affairs, Health, Care and Consumer Protection](https://bliptext.com/articles/federal-ministry-of-social-affairs-health-care-and-consumer-protection).\nChildren aged 14 and older can be vaccinated without parental consent.\n\n## Brazil\nAll recommended vaccines are provide free of charge by the public health services.

\n\n## Canada\nIn Canada, publicly funded immunization schedules may vary from province or territory.\n\n### Alberta\n

\n\n### British Columbia\n

\n\n### New Brunswick\n

\n\n### Ontario\n

\n\n### Quebec\n

\n\n## Finland\n

\n\n## France\n

\n\n## Germany\nIn Germany, a vaccination schedule is developed by the [Standing Committee on Vaccination](https://bliptext.com/articles/standing-committee-on-vaccination) (STIKO), which operates as part of the [Robert Koch Institute](https://bliptext.com/articles/robert-koch-institute).\nThe recommendations are generally adopted by the [Federal Joint Committee](https://bliptext.com/articles/federal-joint-committee-germany).\n

\n\n## Hong Kong\nIn Hong Kong, [Department of Health](https://bliptext.com/articles/department-of-health-hong-kong) is responsible for providing free vaccinations from newborns up to primary school students.\n\n## India\nIn India, the standard vaccination schedule is recommended by the [Indian Academy of Paediatrics](https://bliptext.com/articles/indian-academy-of-pediatrics)(IAP).\nThe latest schedule was the one given in 2016.\n

\n\n## Italy\n

\n\n## Japan\nThe vaccination schedule in Japan is defined and partially recommended by Immunization Act (Japan) and its related Cabinet order (Japan).\nBy the combined laws, infections are categorized into two groups: Category A is recommended for vaccination to prevent pandemic whereas Category B is only for a personal care purpose.\nAs of January 2020, fourteen infections are Category A diseases and two are Category B on the legal lists.\nThe Act and the Order were enacted for mandatory vaccination in 1948 with punitive clauses, only the clauses were repealed in 1976 and eventually vaccination has become non-mandatory since 1994.\n

\nOnly in the legal term in Japan, citizens get old one day before their birthdays.\nIf a person was born on January 1, 2020, and Immunization Act specifies vaccine against measles could be received from age 12 months to 24 months, vaccination shall be practiced between December 31, 2020, and December 31, 2021 (not between January 2021 and January 2022.) Some vaccinations are scheduled in line with the school year system, which starts from April 1 in Japan.\nAs explained, those who born on April 1 and on April 2 get old legally on March 31 and April 1, respectively.\nThus, these two people are in different school years and thereby they may take vaccines in different calendar years.\n

\n\n## New Zealand\n

\nMajor additions, replacements and removals from the New Zealand Immunization Schedule include:\n\n## Nigeria\nAll recommended vaccines are provide free of charge by the Federal Ministry of Health.\n

\n\n## Spain\n

\n\n## United Kingdom\nThe United Kingdom childhood vaccination schedule is recommended by the Department of Health and [National Health Service](https://bliptext.com/articles/national-health-service), and uses combination immunisations where available.\n

\n\n### Non-routine vaccinations\nSome children may receive vaccines in addition to those listed in the table:\n\n### Adult vaccinations\nThe five scheduled childhood tetanus vaccinations are thought to generally confer lifelong immunity; thus, no routine [booster doses](https://bliptext.com/articles/booster-dose) are given in adulthood.\nThose adults at risk of contaminated cuts (e.g., gardeners) may have booster tetanus vaccination every ten years.\n[Pneumococcus](https://bliptext.com/articles/pneumococcus) vaccinations (pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine/PPV) are recommended for those over 65 and for people without a functional spleen ([asplenia](https://bliptext.com/articles/asplenia)), either because the spleen has been removed or does not work properly.\n[Flu vaccine](https://bliptext.com/articles/flu-vaccine) is recommended for anyone who is aged 65 years and over, people with certain long-term medical conditions, health and social care professionals, pregnant women, and [poultry](https://bliptext.com/articles/poultry) workers.\nThe shingles vaccine is recommended for those over 70.\nAdditionally, pregnant women are advised to have the pertussis vaccine.\n\n## United States\nThe most up-to-date schedules are available from CDC's [National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/national-center-for-immunization-and-respiratory-diseases).\nIn the US, the [National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act](https://bliptext.com/articles/national-childhood-vaccine-injury-act) requires all health-care providers to provide parents or patients with copies of Vaccine Information Statements before administering vaccines.\n

\n\n### During pregnancy\nThe CDC recommends pregnant women receive some vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine a month or more before pregnancy.\nThe Tdap vaccine (to help protect against whooping cough) is recommended **during** pregnancy.\nOther vaccines, like the flu shot, can be given before or during pregnancy, depending on whether or not it is flu season.\nVaccination is safe right after giving birth, even while breastfeeding.\n\n# History\nIn 1900, the [smallpox vaccine](https://bliptext.com/articles/smallpox-vaccine) was the only one administered to children.\nBy the early 1950s, children routinely received three vaccines, for protection against [diphtheria](https://bliptext.com/articles/diphtheria), [pertussis](https://bliptext.com/articles/pertussis), [tetanus](https://bliptext.com/articles/tetanus), and [smallpox](https://bliptext.com/articles/smallpox), and as many as five shots by two years of age.\nSince the mid-1980s, many vaccines have been added to the schedule.\nIn 2009, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended [vaccination](https://bliptext.com/articles/vaccination) against at least fourteen diseases.\nBy two years of age, U.S. children receive as many as 24 vaccine injections, and might receive up to five shots during one visit to the doctor.\nThe use of combination vaccine products means that,, the United Kingdom's immunization program consists of nine injections by the age of two, rather than 22 if vaccination for each disease was given as a separate injection.","current_revision":null,"created_by":"kACnuQmH5k9Nr5VNVEpVeg7XpvUmMctD","created_at":"2025-01-26T06:54:25.756Z","updated_at":"2025-01-26T06:54:25.756Z","search_vector":"'schedul':2 'vaccin':1","search_content":" \n \n\n# \nA **vaccination schedule** is a series of [vaccinations](https://bliptext.com/articles/vaccination), including the timing of all doses, which may be either recommended or compulsory, depending on the country of residence.\nA [vaccine](https://bliptext.com/articles/vaccine) is an [antigenic](https://bliptext.com/articles/antigen) preparation used to produce active immunity to a [disease](https://bliptext.com/articles/disease), in order to prevent or reduce the effects of [infection](https://bliptext.com/articles/infection) by any natural or \"wild\" [pathogen](https://bliptext.com/articles/pathogen).\nVaccines go through multiple phases of trials to ensure safety and effectiveness.\nMany vaccines require multiple doses for maximum effectiveness, either to produce sufficient initial immune response or to boost response that fades over time.\nFor example, tetanus vaccine boosters are often recommended every 10 years.\nVaccine schedules are developed by governmental agencies or physicians groups to achieve maximum effectiveness using required and recommended vaccines for a locality while minimizing the number of health care system interactions.\nOver the past two decades, the recommended vaccination schedule has grown rapidly and become more complicated as many new vaccines have been developed.\nSome vaccines are recommended only in certain areas (countries, sub national areas, or at-risk populations) where a disease is common.\nFor instance, [yellow fever](https://bliptext.com/articles/yellow-fever) vaccination is on the routine vaccine schedule of French Guiana, is recommended in certain regions of Brazil but in the United States is only given to travelers heading to countries with a history of the disease.\nIn developing countries, vaccine recommendations also take into account the level of health care access, the cost of vaccines and issues with vaccine availability and storage.\nSample vaccination schedules discussed by the [World Health Organization](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-organization) show a developed country using a schedule which extends over the first five years of a child's life and uses vaccines which cost over $700 including administration costs while a developing country uses a schedule providing vaccines in the first 9 months of life and costing only $25.\nThis difference is due to the lower cost of health care, the lower cost of many vaccines provided to developing nations, and that more expensive vaccines, often for less common diseases, are not utilized.\n# [Example Polish call for vaccination against Diphtheria and Tetanus. | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Polish///call///for///vaccination.png]\n# [Global vaccination coverage 1980 to 2019 among one year olds | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Global-vaccination-coverage.png]\n\n# Worldwide\nThe [World Health Organization](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-organization) monitors vaccination schedules across the world, noting what vaccines are included in each country's program, the coverage rates achieved and various auditing measures.\nThe table below shows the types of vaccines given in example countries.\nThe WHO publishes on its website current vaccination schedules for all WHO member states.\nAdditional vaccines are given to individuals more likely to come into contact with specific diseases through work or travel (e.g. military), or after potentially infectious exposure.\nExamples include [rabies](https://bliptext.com/articles/rabies-vaccine), [anthrax](https://bliptext.com/articles/anthrax-vaccine), [cholera](https://bliptext.com/articles/cholera-vaccine) and [smallpox](https://bliptext.com/articles/smallpox-vaccine).\n\n# By country\n\n## Australia\nThe Immunise Australia Program implements the National Immunization Program (NIP) Schedule.\nAll vaccines available under the Australian immunization schedule are free of charge under the [Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme](https://bliptext.com/articles/pharmaceutical-benefits-scheme).\n \n\n## Austria\nAustrian vaccine recommendations are developed by the National Vaccination Board, which is part of the [Federal Ministry of Social Affairs, Health, Care and Consumer Protection](https://bliptext.com/articles/federal-ministry-of-social-affairs-health-care-and-consumer-protection).\nChildren aged 14 and older can be vaccinated without parental consent.\n\n## Brazil\nAll recommended vaccines are provide free of charge by the public health services. \n\n## Canada\nIn Canada, publicly funded immunization schedules may vary from province or territory.\n\n### Alberta\n \n\n### British Columbia\n \n\n### New Brunswick\n \n\n### Ontario\n \n\n### Quebec\n \n\n## Finland\n \n\n## France\n \n\n## Germany\nIn Germany, a vaccination schedule is developed by the [Standing Committee on Vaccination](https://bliptext.com/articles/standing-committee-on-vaccination) (STIKO), which operates as part of the [Robert Koch Institute](https://bliptext.com/articles/robert-koch-institute).\nThe recommendations are generally adopted by the [Federal Joint Committee](https://bliptext.com/articles/federal-joint-committee-germany).\n \n\n## Hong Kong\nIn Hong Kong, [Department of Health](https://bliptext.com/articles/department-of-health-hong-kong) is responsible for providing free vaccinations from newborns up to primary school students.\n\n## India\nIn India, the standard vaccination schedule is recommended by the [Indian Academy of Paediatrics](https://bliptext.com/articles/indian-academy-of-pediatrics)(IAP).\nThe latest schedule was the one given in 2016.\n \n\n## Italy\n \n\n## Japan\nThe vaccination schedule in Japan is defined and partially recommended by Immunization Act (Japan) and its related Cabinet order (Japan).\nBy the combined laws, infections are categorized into two groups: Category A is recommended for vaccination to prevent pandemic whereas Category B is only for a personal care purpose.\nAs of January 2020, fourteen infections are Category A diseases and two are Category B on the legal lists.\nThe Act and the Order were enacted for mandatory vaccination in 1948 with punitive clauses, only the clauses were repealed in 1976 and eventually vaccination has become non-mandatory since 1994.\n \nOnly in the legal term in Japan, citizens get old one day before their birthdays.\nIf a person was born on January 1, 2020, and Immunization Act specifies vaccine against measles could be received from age 12 months to 24 months, vaccination shall be practiced between December 31, 2020, and December 31, 2021 (not between January 2021 and January 2022.) Some vaccinations are scheduled in line with the school year system, which starts from April 1 in Japan.\nAs explained, those who born on April 1 and on April 2 get old legally on March 31 and April 1, respectively.\nThus, these two people are in different school years and thereby they may take vaccines in different calendar years.\n \n\n## New Zealand\n \nMajor additions, replacements and removals from the New Zealand Immunization Schedule include:\n\n## Nigeria\nAll recommended vaccines are provide free of charge by the Federal Ministry of Health.\n \n\n## Spain\n \n\n## United Kingdom\nThe United Kingdom childhood vaccination schedule is recommended by the Department of Health and [National Health Service](https://bliptext.com/articles/national-health-service), and uses combination immunisations where available.\n \n\n### Non-routine vaccinations\nSome children may receive vaccines in addition to those listed in the table:\n\n### Adult vaccinations\nThe five scheduled childhood tetanus vaccinations are thought to generally confer lifelong immunity; thus, no routine [booster doses](https://bliptext.com/articles/booster-dose) are given in adulthood.\nThose adults at risk of contaminated cuts (e.g., gardeners) may have booster tetanus vaccination every ten years.\n[Pneumococcus](https://bliptext.com/articles/pneumococcus) vaccinations (pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine/PPV) are recommended for those over 65 and for people without a functional spleen ([asplenia](https://bliptext.com/articles/asplenia)), either because the spleen has been removed or does not work properly.\n[Flu vaccine](https://bliptext.com/articles/flu-vaccine) is recommended for anyone who is aged 65 years and over, people with certain long-term medical conditions, health and social care professionals, pregnant women, and [poultry](https://bliptext.com/articles/poultry) workers.\nThe shingles vaccine is recommended for those over 70.\nAdditionally, pregnant women are advised to have the pertussis vaccine.\n\n## United States\nThe most up-to-date schedules are available from CDC's [National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/national-center-for-immunization-and-respiratory-diseases).\nIn the US, the [National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act](https://bliptext.com/articles/national-childhood-vaccine-injury-act) requires all health-care providers to provide parents or patients with copies of Vaccine Information Statements before administering vaccines.\n \n\n### During pregnancy\nThe CDC recommends pregnant women receive some vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine a month or more before pregnancy.\nThe Tdap vaccine (to help protect against whooping cough) is recommended **during** pregnancy.\nOther vaccines, like the flu shot, can be given before or during pregnancy, depending on whether or not it is flu season.\nVaccination is safe right after giving birth, even while breastfeeding.\n\n# History\nIn 1900, the [smallpox vaccine](https://bliptext.com/articles/smallpox-vaccine) was the only one administered to children.\nBy the early 1950s, children routinely received three vaccines, for protection against [diphtheria](https://bliptext.com/articles/diphtheria), [pertussis](https://bliptext.com/articles/pertussis), [tetanus](https://bliptext.com/articles/tetanus), and [smallpox](https://bliptext.com/articles/smallpox), and as many as five shots by two years of age.\nSince the mid-1980s, many vaccines have been added to the schedule.\nIn 2009, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended [vaccination](https://bliptext.com/articles/vaccination) against at least fourteen diseases.\nBy two years of age, U.S. children receive as many as 24 vaccine injections, and might receive up to five shots during one visit to the doctor.\nThe use of combination vaccine products means that,, the United Kingdom's immunization program consists of nine injections by the age of two, rather than 22 if vaccination for each disease was given as a separate injection.","revisionCount":0},"hasMore":false,"nextCursor":null}