In linear algebra, the transpose of a linear map between two vector spaces, defined over the same field, is an induced map between the dual spaces of the two vector spaces. The transpose or algebraic adjoint of a linear map is often used to study the original linear map. This concept is generalised by adjoint functors.

Definition

Let X^{#} denote the algebraic dual space of a vector space X. Let X and Y be vector spaces over the same field If u : X \to Y is a linear map, then its algebraic adjoint or dual, is the map defined by The resulting functional is called the pullback of f by u. The continuous dual space of a topological vector space (TVS) X is denoted by X^{\prime}. If X and Y are TVSs then a linear map u : X \to Y is weakly continuous if and only if in which case we let denote the restriction of {}^{#} u to Y^{\prime}. The map {}^t u is called the transpose or algebraic adjoint of u. The following identity characterizes the transpose of u: where is the natural pairing defined by

Properties

The assignment produces an injective linear map between the space of linear operators from X to Y and the space of linear operators from Y^{#} to X^{#}. If X = Y then the space of linear maps is an algebra under composition of maps, and the assignment is then an antihomomorphism of algebras, meaning that In the language of category theory, taking the dual of vector spaces and the transpose of linear maps is therefore a contravariant functor from the category of vector spaces over \mathcal{K} to itself. One can identify with u using the natural injection into the double dual. and if the linear operator u : X \to Y is bounded then the operator norm of {}^t u is equal to the norm of u; that is and moreover,

Polars

Suppose now that u : X \to Y is a weakly continuous linear operator between topological vector spaces X and Y with continuous dual spaces X^{\prime} and Y^{\prime}, respectively. Let denote the canonical dual system, defined by where x and x^{\prime} are said to be if For any subsets and let denote the (resp. ). and

Annihilators

Suppose X and Y are topological vector spaces and u : X \to Y is a weakly continuous linear operator (so ). Given subsets and define their (with respect to the canonical dual system) by and

Duals of quotient spaces

Let M be a closed vector subspace of a Hausdorff locally convex space X and denote the canonical quotient map by Assume X / M is endowed with the quotient topology induced by the quotient map Then the transpose of the quotient map is valued in M^{\bot} and is a TVS-isomorphism onto M^{\bot}. If X is a Banach space then is also an isometry. Using this transpose, every continuous linear functional on the quotient space X / M is canonically identified with a continuous linear functional in the annihilator M^{\bot} of M.

Duals of vector subspaces

Let M be a closed vector subspace of a Hausdorff locally convex space X. If and if is a continuous linear extension of m^{\prime} to X then the assignment induces a vector space isomorphism which is an isometry if X is a Banach space. Denote the inclusion map by The transpose of the inclusion map is whose kernel is the annihilator and which is surjective by the Hahn–Banach theorem. This map induces an isomorphism of vector spaces

Representation as a matrix

If the linear map u is represented by the matrix A with respect to two bases of X and Y, then {}^t u is represented by the transpose matrix A^T with respect to the dual bases of Y^{\prime} and X^{\prime}, hence the name. Alternatively, as u is represented by A acting to the right on column vectors, {}^t u is represented by the same matrix acting to the left on row vectors. These points of view are related by the canonical inner product on \R^n, which identifies the space of column vectors with the dual space of row vectors.

Relation to the Hermitian adjoint

The identity that characterizes the transpose, that is, is formally similar to the definition of the Hermitian adjoint, however, the transpose and the Hermitian adjoint are not the same map. The transpose is a map and is defined for linear maps between any vector spaces X and Y, without requiring any additional structure. The Hermitian adjoint maps Y \to X and is only defined for linear maps between Hilbert spaces, as it is defined in terms of the inner product on the Hilbert space. The Hermitian adjoint therefore requires more mathematical structure than the transpose. However, the transpose is often used in contexts where the vector spaces are both equipped with a nondegenerate bilinear form such as the Euclidean dot product or another inner product. In this case, the nondegenerate bilinear form is often used implicitly to map between the vector spaces and their duals, to express the transposed map as a map Y \to X. For a complex Hilbert space, the inner product is sesquilinear and not bilinear, and these conversions change the transpose into the adjoint map. More precisely: if X and Y are Hilbert spaces and u : X \to Y is a linear map then the transpose of u and the Hermitian adjoint of u, which we will denote respectively by {}^t u and u^{}, are related. Denote by and the canonical antilinear isometries of the Hilbert spaces X and Y onto their duals. Then u^{} is the following composition of maps:

Applications to functional analysis

Suppose that X and Y are topological vector spaces and that u : X \to Y is a linear map, then many of u's properties are reflected in {}^t u.