In mathematics, the tautological one-form is a special 1-form defined on the cotangent bundle T^{}Q of a manifold Q. In physics, it is used to create a correspondence between the velocity of a point in a mechanical system and its momentum, thus providing a bridge between Lagrangian mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics (on the manifold Q). The exterior derivative of this form defines a symplectic form giving T^{}Q the structure of a symplectic manifold. The tautological one-form plays an important role in relating the formalism of Hamiltonian mechanics and Lagrangian mechanics. The tautological one-form is sometimes also called the Liouville one-form, the Poincaré one-form, the canonical one-form, or the symplectic potential. A similar object is the canonical vector field on the tangent bundle.

Definition in coordinates

To define the tautological one-form, select a coordinate chart U on T^*Q and a canonical coordinate system on U. Pick an arbitrary point m \in T^*Q. By definition of cotangent bundle, m = (q,p), where q \in Q and The tautological one-form is given by with and being the coordinate representation of p. Any coordinates on T^*Q that preserve this definition, up to a total differential (exact form), may be called canonical coordinates; transformations between different canonical coordinate systems are known as canonical transformations. The canonical symplectic form, also known as the Poincaré two-form, is given by The extension of this concept to general fibre bundles is known as the solder form. By convention, one uses the phrase "canonical form" whenever the form has a unique, canonical definition, and one uses the term "solder form", whenever an arbitrary choice has to be made. In algebraic geometry and complex geometry the term "canonical" is discouraged, due to confusion with the canonical class, and the term "tautological" is preferred, as in tautological bundle.

Coordinate-free definition

The tautological 1-form can also be defined rather abstractly as a form on phase space. Let Q be a manifold and M=T^*Q be the cotangent bundle or phase space. Let be the canonical fiber bundle projection, and let be the induced tangent map. Let m be a point on M. Since M is the cotangent bundle, we can understand m to be a map of the tangent space at q=\pi(m): That is, we have that m is in the fiber of q. The tautological one-form \theta_m at point m is then defined to be It is a linear map and so

Symplectic potential

The symplectic potential is generally defined a bit more freely, and also only defined locally: it is any one-form \phi such that ; in effect, symplectic potentials differ from the canonical 1-form by a closed form.

Properties

The tautological one-form is the unique one-form that "cancels" pullback. That is, let \beta be a 1-form on Q. \beta is a section For an arbitrary 1-form \sigma on T^*Q, the pullback of \sigma by \beta is, by definition, Here, is the pushforward of \beta. Like \beta, is a 1-form on Q. The tautological one-form \theta is the only form with the property that for every 1-form \beta on Q. So, by the commutation between the pull-back and the exterior derivative,

Action

If H is a Hamiltonian on the cotangent bundle and X_H is its Hamiltonian vector field, then the corresponding action S is given by In more prosaic terms, the Hamiltonian flow represents the classical trajectory of a mechanical system obeying the Hamilton-Jacobi equations of motion. The Hamiltonian flow is the integral of the Hamiltonian vector field, and so one writes, using traditional notation for action-angle variables: with the integral understood to be taken over the manifold defined by holding the energy E constant:

On Riemannian and Pseudo-Riemannian Manifolds

If the manifold Q has a Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian metric g, then corresponding definitions can be made in terms of generalized coordinates. Specifically, if we take the metric to be a map then define and In generalized coordinates on TQ, one has and The metric allows one to define a unit-radius sphere in T^*Q. The canonical one-form restricted to this sphere forms a contact structure; the contact structure may be used to generate the geodesic flow for this metric.