{"history":[],"article":{"id":"c150dda2-517a-4348-a06e-24c8c7d072e9","title":"Slovincian language","slug":"slovincian-language","content":":::summary\n**Name:** Slovincian \n**Nativename:** slôvjinskjy jãzëk \n**States:** [Poland](https://bliptext.com/articles/poland), [Germany](https://bliptext.com/articles/germany) \n**Region:** [Pomerania](https://bliptext.com/articles/pomerania) \n**Extinct:** 20th century \n**Familycolor:** Indo-European \n**Fam 2:** [Balto-Slavic](https://bliptext.com/articles/balto-slavic-languages) \n**Fam 3:** [Slavic](https://bliptext.com/articles/slavic-languages) \n**Fam 4:** [West Slavic](https://bliptext.com/articles/west-slavic-languages) \n**Fam 5:** [Lechitic](https://bliptext.com/articles/lechitic-languages) \n**Fam 6:** [Pomeranian](https://bliptext.com/articles/pomeranian-language) \n**Glotto:** slov1270 \n**Glottorefname:** Slovincian \n**Lingua:** 53-AAA-ca \n**Map:** Distribution of the Slovincian language in the 20th century, in red.png \n**Map 2:** Lang Status 01-EX.svg \n**Mapcaption:** The Slovincian ethnolect in the north west of the Kashubian region at the beginning of the 20th century \n**Mapcaption 2:** Slovincian is an extinct language according to the classification system of the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger \n:::\n\n# \n**Slovincian** (**Slovincian**: slôvjinskjy, ; ; ) is an extinct language formerly spoken by the **Slovincian**s living between lakes [Gardno](https://bliptext.com/articles/lake-gardno) and [Łebsko](https://bliptext.com/articles/lake-ebsko) near [Słupsk](https://bliptext.com/articles/s-upsk) in [Pomerania](https://bliptext.com/articles/pomerania).\nSlovincian is classified either as a language (first by [Friedrich Lorentz](https://bliptext.com/articles/friedrich-lorentz)), or as a [Kashubian](https://bliptext.com/articles/kashubian-language) dialect or variant.\nSlovincian and Kashubian are both classified as [Pomeranian](https://bliptext.com/articles/pomeranian-language).\nSee [below](https://bliptext.com/articles/).\nSlovincian became [extinct](https://bliptext.com/articles/extinct-language) in the early twentieth century ultimately due to stigmatization from Germans.\nHowever, individual words and expressions survived until after [World War II](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-war-ii), when the region [became Polish](https://bliptext.com/articles/former-eastern-territories-of-germany).\nSome Slovincians were [expelled along with the Germans](https://bliptext.com/articles/flight-and-expulsion-of-germans-from-poland-after-world-war-ii).\nOf those allowed to stay, a few elderly people had fragmentary knowledge of Slovincian until the 1950s.\nIt is disputed whether Slovincians actually used that name, given to them by the Russian academic [Aleksander Hilferding](https://bliptext.com/articles/aleksander-hilferding), for themselves.\nThe synonym Lebakaschuben ([Łebsko](https://bliptext.com/articles/ebsko-lake) Kashubians) is also used.\nSome scholars believe that Slovincians regarded themselves merely as Lutheran [Kashubians](https://bliptext.com/articles/kashubians) and their language as Kashubian.\nNevertheless, the name \"Slovincian\" prevails in literature and is also used officially, for example in Słowiński Park Narodowy ([Slovincian National Park](https://bliptext.com/articles/slovincian-national-park)), a protected area on the Polish Pomeranian coast.\n\n# Transcription\nBecause Slovincian was never a written language, many different notation systems have been used in dictionaries and grammars of this language.\nThis article will use a modified Kashubian orthography designed with northern dialects in mind used by some authors.\nThings such as voicing assimilation will not be accounted for to maintain an etymological spelling, as also such assimilation is predictable.\nAdditionally, [breve](https://bliptext.com/articles/breve) ⟨˘⟩ is used for [short vowels](https://bliptext.com/articles/vowel-length) that appear in some loanwords, and [macron](https://bliptext.com/articles/macron-diacritic) ⟨¯⟩ is used to indicate length in one set of words.\nStress is marked with ⟨ˈ⟩.\n\n# Phonology\n\n## Vowel length, pitch, and stress\nSlovincian native vowels do not show any phonemic difference in length except in one set of words; however, loanwords show unpredictability as to whether the given vowel will be long or short, giving a series of long or short loan-phonemes, existing only in loanwords.\nIt was originally posited that Slovincian had [pitch](https://bliptext.com/articles/pitch-accent-language), but it was later shown to be entirely dependent on stress, and thus, non-phonemic.\nHowever, stress itself is phonemic and can appear on any syllable.\nThere is a tendency to place the accent on the first syllable in polysyllabic stems, especially in noun inflections and, more rarely, in verbal inflections.\n\n## Notable allophony and other phonetic processes\nUnstressed word-final ⟨e⟩ has an [archiphoneme](https://bliptext.com/articles/archiphoneme) of ⟨ë⟩.\nThe pronouns tewa, jewa, czewa, njewa, etc., are subject to irregular phonetic reduction and can be realized with either ⟨ë⟩ or ⟨e⟩, with an ultimate underlying ⟨e⟩.\n⟨ë⟩ is phonemically /ə/; regionally, it may be [æ].\n⟨o⟩ can be realized as a diphthong [ɔu̯] when stressed in open medial syllables, and in closed syllables and ultima.\n⟨ó⟩ can be a diphthong [ou̯] when stressed.\n[ou̯] and [o] are neutralized to /o/ in unstressed position before ⟨r⟩ and ⟨rz⟩.\nDiphthongs or triphthongs whose elements end in ⟨j⟩ or ⟨ù⟩ will never have a diphthongized first element, even when stressed.\nSome numerals show an irregular positional lengthening of ⟨y⟩ before word-final ⟨-nc⟩, represented as /i/.\nIt has been claimed that ⟨y⟩ and ⟨i⟩ are allophones appearing after hard or soft consonants, respectively; however, minimal pairs exist, for example:\nThe distinction between the two is neutralized after all consonants word-finally except after ⟨j, s, z, cz, dż⟩.\n⟨ô⟩ can be diphthongized to [ʉɵ] when stressed and realized as [ɵ] when unstressed.\n/ɵ/ can optionally be stressed in a few monosyllabic, common words, resulting from a reduction due to rapid speech and frequent use.\n⟨e⟩ diphthongizes to [ɛj] when stressed.\n⟨é⟩ diphthongizes to [ej] when stressed except word-finally, where it remains phonetic /ej/.\n⟨ó⟩ is the archiphoneme of ⟨o⟩ and ⟨ó⟩ before ⟨i⟩.\nNasal vowels can lose nasality when in coda position and unstressed.\n⟨a⟩ before nasal consonants and when stressed has an allophone ⟨ã⟩, and becomes [ã] again in the same position when unstressed as an alternative, non-phonemic pronunciation.\n⟨o⟩ also can undergo non-phonemic nasalization to ⟨õ⟩ in the same position.\nIn Kluki, all vowels in such position could non-phonemically nasalize.\nProclitics do not affect nasality.\nRegionally, ⟨v⟩ and ⟨f⟩ can allophonically be [w] and [ʍ] in word-final position.\n⟨j⟩ has an allophone [xʲ] after /p/.\nSlovincian displays a [voicing assimilation](https://bliptext.com/articles/voicing-assimilation) system similar to the one found in Polish.\n⟨kj⟩, ⟨gj⟩, ⟨chj⟩, and ⟨ghj⟩ can be phonetically realized as [c͡ç], [ɟ͡ʝ], [ç], and [ʝ], respectively.\nCertain affixes can cause secondary stress (and, in some cases, secondary stress causes the appearance of non-phonemic diphthongs).\n\n# Development from Proto-Slavic\nSlovincian shares many similar [developements as Kashubian](https://bliptext.com/articles/kashubian-language), with some notable differences being:\nLong *a, often from being with a tautosyllabic voiced consonants, became usually and <ó> (via ) before nasals.\nOtherwise, *a remained .\nLong Proto-Slavic *u fronts to <ú>.\nInitial *u also has a prothetic inserted.\nShort Proto-Slavic *o fronts to <ô>.\nInitial *o also has a prothetic inserted.\nShort o raises to <ó> before liquids.\nProto-Slavic *e shifts to <ê> (which diphthongizes when stressed).\nProto-Slavic *ň hardens to (/nj/) medially and initially, and becomes /n/ finally.\nFor the spelling of <ń>, see the [transcription](https://bliptext.com/articles/slovincian-language) of Slovinician\nA lack of further palatalization of soft *k and *g.\n[Bëlaczenié](https://bliptext.com/articles/l-merger).\nNumerous other changes exist, usually occurring within individual words.\nA retention of the dual.\nA reduction of the suffix -ôwac (From *-ovati) to -ac.\n\n# Grammar\nSlovincian grammar displays typical Slavic features, including declinable nouns, adjectives, verbs, pronouns, and numerals, as well as comparative and superlative forms, but notably retains a [dual number](https://bliptext.com/articles/dual-grammatical-number).\nMany of its grammatical endings differ from those in [Kashubian](https://bliptext.com/articles/kashubian-grammar).\n\n# History\nThe ancestors of the Slovincians, the [West Slavic](https://bliptext.com/articles/west-slavs) [Pomeranians](https://bliptext.com/articles/pomeranians-slavic-tribe), moved in after the [Migration Period](https://bliptext.com/articles/migration-period).\nFollowing the [Ostsiedlung](https://bliptext.com/articles/ostsiedlung), the Slovincians, like most of the other [Wends](https://bliptext.com/articles/wends), gradually became Germanized.\nThe [adoption of Lutheranism](https://bliptext.com/articles/protestant-reformation) in the [Duchy of Pomerania](https://bliptext.com/articles/duchy-of-pomerania) in 1534 distinguished the Slovincians from the [Kashubes](https://bliptext.com/articles/kashubes) in [Pomerelia](https://bliptext.com/articles/pomerelia), who remained [Roman Catholic](https://bliptext.com/articles/roman-catholic).\nIn the 16th century, \"Slovincian\" was also applied to the Slavic speakers in the [Bytów](https://bliptext.com/articles/byt-w) (Bütow) region further south.\nIn the 16th and 17th century, [Michael Brüggemann](https://bliptext.com/articles/michael-br-ggemann) (also known as Pontanus or Michał Mostnik), Simon Krofey (Szimon Krofej), and J.M. Sporgius introduced Kashubian into the Lutheran Church.\nKrofey, [pastor](https://bliptext.com/articles/pastor) in [Bytów](https://bliptext.com/articles/byt-w) (Bütow), published a religious song book in 1586, written in Polish but also containing some Kashubian words.\nBrüggemann, pastor in [Schmolsin](https://bliptext.com/articles/schmolsin), published a Polish translation of some works of [Martin Luther](https://bliptext.com/articles/martin-luther) and biblical texts, also containing Kashubian elements.\nOther biblical texts were published in 1700 by Sporgius, pastor in Schmolsin.\nHis Schmolsiner Perikopen, most of which is written in the same Polish-Kashubian style of Krofey's and Brüggemann's books, also contain small passages (\"6th Sunday after Epiphanias\") written in pure Kashubian.\nHilferding (1862) and [Parczewski](https://bliptext.com/articles/parczewski) (1896) confirmed a progressive language shift in the Kashubian population from their Slavonic vernacular to the local German dialect ([Low German](https://bliptext.com/articles/low-german) [Ostpommersch](https://bliptext.com/articles/ostpommersch) or [High German](https://bliptext.com/articles/high-german), in eastern Kashubian areas also [Low German](https://bliptext.com/articles/low-german) [Low Prussian](https://bliptext.com/articles/low-prussian)).\nBy the 1920s, the Slovincian villages had become linguistically German, though a Slovincian consciousness remained.\nThe area remained within the borders of Germany until becoming part of Poland after World War II ended in 1945 and [the area became Polish](https://bliptext.com/articles/history-of-pomerania-1945-present).\nSome Slovincians were [expelled along with the German population](https://bliptext.com/articles/flight-and-expulsion-of-germans-from-poland-during-and-after-world-war-ii), some were allowed to remain.\nIn the 1950s, mainly in the village of [Kluki](https://bliptext.com/articles/kluki-pomeranian-voivodeship) (formerly Klucken), a few elderly people still remembered fragments of Slovincian.\nSlovincians began to ask for the right to emigrate to West Germany, and virtually all of the remaining Slovincian families had emigrated there by the 1980s.\n\n# Dialects\nSlovincian can be divided into two major dialects, East and West, each with subdialects, with a third transitional dialect.\nThe dialect in Kluki is often considered the main form of Slovincian, as it was the longest to continue to speak Slovincian.\nThe eastern dialect stretches from [Smołdzino](https://bliptext.com/articles/smo-dzino-s-upsk-county) to [Stojcino](https://bliptext.com/articles/stojcino).\nThe western dialect includes the territory by Lake Gardno (Gardna Wielka and Gardna Mała) excluding Stojcino, as Stojcino had more economic and religious ties with Smołdzino.\nMajor differences between East and West include:\nEastern has the subdialects of:\nWestern has the subdialects of:\nThere existed a dialect in [Rowy](https://bliptext.com/articles/rowy-pomeranian-voivodeship), extinct already in the 19th century, some of whose toponyms have been preserved.\n[Stowięcino](https://bliptext.com/articles/stowi-cino) has a transitional subdialect between East and West.\nLorentz claims that [a] here is more back than in Kluki, while Rudnicki claims it is more front.\nThe use of ⟨-aja-⟩ and ⟨-owa-⟩ for ⟨-owac⟩ verbs could have been common to all three villages, but might have been absent in Witkowo.\n\n# Classification\nLorentz points to shared features between Slovincian and Kashubian such as ⟨ë⟩ for old short *i, *y, *u, and [Kashubization](https://bliptext.com/articles/csb-kasz-bieni) pointed to five features distinguishing Slovincian as a language distinct from Kashubian:\nNitsch made the following counterarguments to each point:\nSince then, most scholars have classified Slovincian as a dialect of Kashubian.","current_revision":null,"created_by":"kACnuQmH5k9Nr5VNVEpVeg7XpvUmMctD","created_at":"2025-01-25T18:21:47.686Z","updated_at":"2025-01-25T18:21:47.686Z","search_vector":"'languag':2 'slovincian':1","search_content":" \n**Name:** Slovincian \n**Nativename:** slôvjinskjy jãzëk \n**States:** [Poland](https://bliptext.com/articles/poland), [Germany](https://bliptext.com/articles/germany) \n**Region:** [Pomerania](https://bliptext.com/articles/pomerania) \n**Extinct:** 20th century \n**Familycolor:** Indo-European \n**Fam 2:** [Balto-Slavic](https://bliptext.com/articles/balto-slavic-languages) \n**Fam 3:** [Slavic](https://bliptext.com/articles/slavic-languages) \n**Fam 4:** [West Slavic](https://bliptext.com/articles/west-slavic-languages) \n**Fam 5:** [Lechitic](https://bliptext.com/articles/lechitic-languages) \n**Fam 6:** [Pomeranian](https://bliptext.com/articles/pomeranian-language) \n**Glotto:** slov1270 \n**Glottorefname:** Slovincian \n**Lingua:** 53-AAA-ca \n**Map:** Distribution of the Slovincian language in the 20th century, in red.png \n**Map 2:** Lang Status 01-EX.svg \n**Mapcaption:** The Slovincian ethnolect in the north west of the Kashubian region at the beginning of the 20th century \n**Mapcaption 2:** Slovincian is an extinct language according to the classification system of the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger \n \n\n# \n**Slovincian** (**Slovincian**: slôvjinskjy, ; ; ) is an extinct language formerly spoken by the **Slovincian**s living between lakes [Gardno](https://bliptext.com/articles/lake-gardno) and [Łebsko](https://bliptext.com/articles/lake-ebsko) near [Słupsk](https://bliptext.com/articles/s-upsk) in [Pomerania](https://bliptext.com/articles/pomerania).\nSlovincian is classified either as a language (first by [Friedrich Lorentz](https://bliptext.com/articles/friedrich-lorentz)), or as a [Kashubian](https://bliptext.com/articles/kashubian-language) dialect or variant.\nSlovincian and Kashubian are both classified as [Pomeranian](https://bliptext.com/articles/pomeranian-language).\nSee [below](https://bliptext.com/articles/).\nSlovincian became [extinct](https://bliptext.com/articles/extinct-language) in the early twentieth century ultimately due to stigmatization from Germans.\nHowever, individual words and expressions survived until after [World War II](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-war-ii), when the region [became Polish](https://bliptext.com/articles/former-eastern-territories-of-germany).\nSome Slovincians were [expelled along with the Germans](https://bliptext.com/articles/flight-and-expulsion-of-germans-from-poland-after-world-war-ii).\nOf those allowed to stay, a few elderly people had fragmentary knowledge of Slovincian until the 1950s.\nIt is disputed whether Slovincians actually used that name, given to them by the Russian academic [Aleksander Hilferding](https://bliptext.com/articles/aleksander-hilferding), for themselves.\nThe synonym Lebakaschuben ([Łebsko](https://bliptext.com/articles/ebsko-lake) Kashubians) is also used.\nSome scholars believe that Slovincians regarded themselves merely as Lutheran [Kashubians](https://bliptext.com/articles/kashubians) and their language as Kashubian.\nNevertheless, the name \"Slovincian\" prevails in literature and is also used officially, for example in Słowiński Park Narodowy ([Slovincian National Park](https://bliptext.com/articles/slovincian-national-park)), a protected area on the Polish Pomeranian coast.\n\n# Transcription\nBecause Slovincian was never a written language, many different notation systems have been used in dictionaries and grammars of this language.\nThis article will use a modified Kashubian orthography designed with northern dialects in mind used by some authors.\nThings such as voicing assimilation will not be accounted for to maintain an etymological spelling, as also such assimilation is predictable.\nAdditionally, [breve](https://bliptext.com/articles/breve) ⟨˘⟩ is used for [short vowels](https://bliptext.com/articles/vowel-length) that appear in some loanwords, and [macron](https://bliptext.com/articles/macron-diacritic) ⟨¯⟩ is used to indicate length in one set of words.\nStress is marked with ⟨ˈ⟩.\n\n# Phonology\n\n## Vowel length, pitch, and stress\nSlovincian native vowels do not show any phonemic difference in length except in one set of words; however, loanwords show unpredictability as to whether the given vowel will be long or short, giving a series of long or short loan-phonemes, existing only in loanwords.\nIt was originally posited that Slovincian had [pitch](https://bliptext.com/articles/pitch-accent-language), but it was later shown to be entirely dependent on stress, and thus, non-phonemic.\nHowever, stress itself is phonemic and can appear on any syllable.\nThere is a tendency to place the accent on the first syllable in polysyllabic stems, especially in noun inflections and, more rarely, in verbal inflections.\n\n## Notable allophony and other phonetic processes\nUnstressed word-final ⟨e⟩ has an [archiphoneme](https://bliptext.com/articles/archiphoneme) of ⟨ë⟩.\nThe pronouns tewa, jewa, czewa, njewa, etc., are subject to irregular phonetic reduction and can be realized with either ⟨ë⟩ or ⟨e⟩, with an ultimate underlying ⟨e⟩.\n⟨ë⟩ is phonemically /ə/; regionally, it may be [æ].\n⟨o⟩ can be realized as a diphthong [ɔu̯] when stressed in open medial syllables, and in closed syllables and ultima.\n⟨ó⟩ can be a diphthong [ou̯] when stressed.\n[ou̯] and [o] are neutralized to /o/ in unstressed position before ⟨r⟩ and ⟨rz⟩.\nDiphthongs or triphthongs whose elements end in ⟨j⟩ or ⟨ù⟩ will never have a diphthongized first element, even when stressed.\nSome numerals show an irregular positional lengthening of ⟨y⟩ before word-final ⟨-nc⟩, represented as /i/.\nIt has been claimed that ⟨y⟩ and ⟨i⟩ are allophones appearing after hard or soft consonants, respectively; however, minimal pairs exist, for example:\nThe distinction between the two is neutralized after all consonants word-finally except after ⟨j, s, z, cz, dż⟩.\n⟨ô⟩ can be diphthongized to [ʉɵ] when stressed and realized as [ɵ] when unstressed.\n/ɵ/ can optionally be stressed in a few monosyllabic, common words, resulting from a reduction due to rapid speech and frequent use.\n⟨e⟩ diphthongizes to [ɛj] when stressed.\n⟨é⟩ diphthongizes to [ej] when stressed except word-finally, where it remains phonetic /ej/.\n⟨ó⟩ is the archiphoneme of ⟨o⟩ and ⟨ó⟩ before ⟨i⟩.\nNasal vowels can lose nasality when in coda position and unstressed.\n⟨a⟩ before nasal consonants and when stressed has an allophone ⟨ã⟩, and becomes [ã] again in the same position when unstressed as an alternative, non-phonemic pronunciation.\n⟨o⟩ also can undergo non-phonemic nasalization to ⟨õ⟩ in the same position.\nIn Kluki, all vowels in such position could non-phonemically nasalize.\nProclitics do not affect nasality.\nRegionally, ⟨v⟩ and ⟨f⟩ can allophonically be [w] and [ʍ] in word-final position.\n⟨j⟩ has an allophone [xʲ] after /p/.\nSlovincian displays a [voicing assimilation](https://bliptext.com/articles/voicing-assimilation) system similar to the one found in Polish.\n⟨kj⟩, ⟨gj⟩, ⟨chj⟩, and ⟨ghj⟩ can be phonetically realized as [c͡ç], [ɟ͡ʝ], [ç], and [ʝ], respectively.\nCertain affixes can cause secondary stress (and, in some cases, secondary stress causes the appearance of non-phonemic diphthongs).\n\n# Development from Proto-Slavic\nSlovincian shares many similar [developements as Kashubian](https://bliptext.com/articles/kashubian-language), with some notable differences being:\nLong *a, often from being with a tautosyllabic voiced consonants, became usually and (via ) before nasals.\nOtherwise, *a remained .\nLong Proto-Slavic *u fronts to .\nInitial *u also has a prothetic inserted.\nShort Proto-Slavic *o fronts to .\nInitial *o also has a prothetic inserted.\nShort o raises to before liquids.\nProto-Slavic *e shifts to (which diphthongizes when stressed).\nProto-Slavic *ň hardens to (/nj/) medially and initially, and becomes /n/ finally.\nFor the spelling of , see the [transcription](https://bliptext.com/articles/slovincian-language) of Slovinician\nA lack of further palatalization of soft *k and *g.\n[Bëlaczenié](https://bliptext.com/articles/l-merger).\nNumerous other changes exist, usually occurring within individual words.\nA retention of the dual.\nA reduction of the suffix -ôwac (From *-ovati) to -ac.\n\n# Grammar\nSlovincian grammar displays typical Slavic features, including declinable nouns, adjectives, verbs, pronouns, and numerals, as well as comparative and superlative forms, but notably retains a [dual number](https://bliptext.com/articles/dual-grammatical-number).\nMany of its grammatical endings differ from those in [Kashubian](https://bliptext.com/articles/kashubian-grammar).\n\n# History\nThe ancestors of the Slovincians, the [West Slavic](https://bliptext.com/articles/west-slavs) [Pomeranians](https://bliptext.com/articles/pomeranians-slavic-tribe), moved in after the [Migration Period](https://bliptext.com/articles/migration-period).\nFollowing the [Ostsiedlung](https://bliptext.com/articles/ostsiedlung), the Slovincians, like most of the other [Wends](https://bliptext.com/articles/wends), gradually became Germanized.\nThe [adoption of Lutheranism](https://bliptext.com/articles/protestant-reformation) in the [Duchy of Pomerania](https://bliptext.com/articles/duchy-of-pomerania) in 1534 distinguished the Slovincians from the [Kashubes](https://bliptext.com/articles/kashubes) in [Pomerelia](https://bliptext.com/articles/pomerelia), who remained [Roman Catholic](https://bliptext.com/articles/roman-catholic).\nIn the 16th century, \"Slovincian\" was also applied to the Slavic speakers in the [Bytów](https://bliptext.com/articles/byt-w) (Bütow) region further south.\nIn the 16th and 17th century, [Michael Brüggemann](https://bliptext.com/articles/michael-br-ggemann) (also known as Pontanus or Michał Mostnik), Simon Krofey (Szimon Krofej), and J.M. Sporgius introduced Kashubian into the Lutheran Church.\nKrofey, [pastor](https://bliptext.com/articles/pastor) in [Bytów](https://bliptext.com/articles/byt-w) (Bütow), published a religious song book in 1586, written in Polish but also containing some Kashubian words.\nBrüggemann, pastor in [Schmolsin](https://bliptext.com/articles/schmolsin), published a Polish translation of some works of [Martin Luther](https://bliptext.com/articles/martin-luther) and biblical texts, also containing Kashubian elements.\nOther biblical texts were published in 1700 by Sporgius, pastor in Schmolsin.\nHis Schmolsiner Perikopen, most of which is written in the same Polish-Kashubian style of Krofey's and Brüggemann's books, also contain small passages (\"6th Sunday after Epiphanias\") written in pure Kashubian.\nHilferding (1862) and [Parczewski](https://bliptext.com/articles/parczewski) (1896) confirmed a progressive language shift in the Kashubian population from their Slavonic vernacular to the local German dialect ([Low German](https://bliptext.com/articles/low-german) [Ostpommersch](https://bliptext.com/articles/ostpommersch) or [High German](https://bliptext.com/articles/high-german), in eastern Kashubian areas also [Low German](https://bliptext.com/articles/low-german) [Low Prussian](https://bliptext.com/articles/low-prussian)).\nBy the 1920s, the Slovincian villages had become linguistically German, though a Slovincian consciousness remained.\nThe area remained within the borders of Germany until becoming part of Poland after World War II ended in 1945 and [the area became Polish](https://bliptext.com/articles/history-of-pomerania-1945-present).\nSome Slovincians were [expelled along with the German population](https://bliptext.com/articles/flight-and-expulsion-of-germans-from-poland-during-and-after-world-war-ii), some were allowed to remain.\nIn the 1950s, mainly in the village of [Kluki](https://bliptext.com/articles/kluki-pomeranian-voivodeship) (formerly Klucken), a few elderly people still remembered fragments of Slovincian.\nSlovincians began to ask for the right to emigrate to West Germany, and virtually all of the remaining Slovincian families had emigrated there by the 1980s.\n\n# Dialects\nSlovincian can be divided into two major dialects, East and West, each with subdialects, with a third transitional dialect.\nThe dialect in Kluki is often considered the main form of Slovincian, as it was the longest to continue to speak Slovincian.\nThe eastern dialect stretches from [Smołdzino](https://bliptext.com/articles/smo-dzino-s-upsk-county) to [Stojcino](https://bliptext.com/articles/stojcino).\nThe western dialect includes the territory by Lake Gardno (Gardna Wielka and Gardna Mała) excluding Stojcino, as Stojcino had more economic and religious ties with Smołdzino.\nMajor differences between East and West include:\nEastern has the subdialects of:\nWestern has the subdialects of:\nThere existed a dialect in [Rowy](https://bliptext.com/articles/rowy-pomeranian-voivodeship), extinct already in the 19th century, some of whose toponyms have been preserved.\n[Stowięcino](https://bliptext.com/articles/stowi-cino) has a transitional subdialect between East and West.\nLorentz claims that [a] here is more back than in Kluki, while Rudnicki claims it is more front.\nThe use of ⟨-aja-⟩ and ⟨-owa-⟩ for ⟨-owac⟩ verbs could have been common to all three villages, but might have been absent in Witkowo.\n\n# Classification\nLorentz points to shared features between Slovincian and Kashubian such as ⟨ë⟩ for old short *i, *y, *u, and [Kashubization](https://bliptext.com/articles/csb-kasz-bieni) pointed to five features distinguishing Slovincian as a language distinct from Kashubian:\nNitsch made the following counterarguments to each point:\nSince then, most scholars have classified Slovincian as a dialect of Kashubian.","revisionCount":0},"hasMore":false,"nextCursor":null}