The Scoliidae, the scoliid wasps, are a family of wasps comprising about 560 species worldwide. They tend to be black, often marked with yellow or orange, and their wing tips are distinctively corrugated. Males are more slender and elongated than females, with significantly longer antennae, but the sexual dimorphism is not as apparent as in many of the Tiphiidae and Thynnidae.

Biology

Scoliid wasps are solitary parasitoids of scarab beetle larvae. Female scoliids burrow into the ground in search of these larvae and then use their sting to paralyze them. They sometimes excavate a chamber and move the paralyzed beetle larva into it before depositing an egg. Scoliid wasps act as important biocontrol agents, as many of the beetles they parasitize are pests, including the Japanese beetle. Male scoliids patrol territories, ready to mate with females emerging from the ground. Adult wasps may be minor pollinators of some plants and can be found on many wildflowers in the late summer. Scoliidae has at least one species known to engage in pseudocopulation with an orchid. Flowers of the orchid Bipinnula penicillata in subtropical South America resemble females of Pygodasis bistrimaculata, tricking male wasps into attempting to mate and, in the process, provide pollination. Scoliids include some of the largest wasps in the world, such as Megascolia procer.

Taxonomy

Living scoliidae genera are classified as follows:

[Face of a scoliid wasp in coded color, illustrating the main features:

{{legend|#000000|ocellar pits}} {{legend|#40A3E4|ocellar furrow}} {{legend|#F8F8FA|three simple eyes}} {{legend|#BDC8CE|two compound eyes}} {{legend|#C97B8B|vertex, above curved carina frontalis}} {{legend|#A76571|frons, below curved carina frontalis and bisected by fissura frontalis}} {{legend|#6D3B3C|scrobe}} {{legend|#FFB5CF|area frontalis}} {{legend|#B446B7|clypeus}} {{legend|#8D37F2|anterior margin of clypeus}} {{legend|#FF0000|mandibles}} {{legend|#F4E729|antennal scapes}} {{legend|#FF5E32|lamina frontalis}} {{legend|#FCA931|spatium frontale or frontal space}} Adapted from K. V. Krombein (1978) | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Scoliidae-wespe%2C///gesig%2C///gewysig///van///Karl///V///Krombein///%281978%29.jpg]

Subfamily: Proscoliinae

Subfamily: Scoliinae

Tribe: Campsomerini

Tribe: Scoliini

Subfamily †Archaeoscoliinae

The subfamily Archaeoscoliinae is known exclusively from the fossil record, with the largest diversity having lived during the Cretaceous (Barremian) before going extinct by the late Eocene (Priabonian). Three additional undescribed specimens from the Ypresian Eocene Okanagan Highlands were referred to the subfamily by S. Bruce Archibald et al. (2018). The two fossils from the Klondike Mountain Formation of Northeastern Washington state, and one fossil from the Allenby Formation of South central British Columbia were mentioned briefly but no specific commentary on placement or finer taxonomic detail was presented in the paper.

History

In 1847 and 1849 Eduard Eversmann published his "Fauna Hymenopterologica Volgo-Uralensis—exhibiting the species of Hymenoptera which he observed and described in the provinces situated between the Volga river and the Ural mountains." He placed the Scoliadae as a subfamily of the Sphegidae He mentions the genus Scolia with 13 species, the genus Tiphia with 3 species, and the genus Meria, with only the species Meria sexpunctata.

North American species list

There are 36 species of Scoliidae reported to occur in North America. Two additional species, Campsomeriella annulata (Fabricius, 1793) and Micromeriella marginella (Klug, 1810), were introduced to the United States but failed to become established.