The Sayings of the Desert Fathers is the name given to various textual collections consisting of stories and sayings attributed to the Desert Fathers from approximately the 5th century AD. The collections consist of wisdom stories describing the spiritual practices and experiences of early Christian hermits living in the desert of Egypt. They are typically in the form of a conversation between a younger monk and his spiritual father, or as advice given to visitors. Beginning as an oral tradition in the Coptic language, they were only later written down as Greek text. The stories were extremely popular among early Christian monks, and appeared in various forms and collections. The original sayings were passed down from monk to monk, though in their current version most simply describe the stories in the form of "Abba X said ..." The early Desert Fathers also received many visitors seeking counseling, typically by asking "Give me a word, abba" or "Speak a word, abba, how can I be saved?" Some of the sayings are responses to those seeking guidance. Many notable Desert Fathers are mentioned in the collections, including Anthony the Great, Abba Arsenius, Abba Poemen, Abba Macarius of Egypt, Abba Pachomius the Great, Abba Amoun the Hermit and Abba Moses the Black. The sayings also include those of three different ammas, most notably Syncletica of Alexandria. Sayings of the Desert Fathers influenced many notable theologians, including Saint Jerome and Saint Augustine.

History of the text

The Desert Fathers spoke Coptic, the latest stage of ancient Egyptian. The sayings were originally passed on orally in Coptic, but the original written version was Greek. The earliest written record of the sayings appears to be from the end of the 4th century AD. Two versions from the 5th century, the Collectio Monastica, written in Ethiopic, and the Asceticon of Isaiah of Scetis, written in Greek, show how the oral tradition became the written collections. There are surviving fragments of the Sayings in both the Sahidic and Bohairic dialects of Coptic, but they represent back-translations from Greek. They were collected and published by Marius Chaîne. The Sayings have been translated in whole or in part several times. Pelagius and John the Deacon made the first translations into Latin. Martin of Braga also translated some of the Sayings into Latin, followed by a more extensive translation by Paschasius of Dumium in approximately 555. That work may contain only one fifth of the original Greek text. In the 17th century, the Dutch Jesuit Heribert Rosweyde compiled and translated all the available sources on the Desert Fathers and published them in Latin as the Vitae patrum. Two translations in Aramaic were made: the Nestorian monk Ânân Îshô's translation into Classical Syriac from the early 7th century, known as the Paradise of the Fathers; and a Christian Palestinian Aramaic translation known from dispersed fragments for the early transmission (6th to 7th century AD) as well as a fragmentary version for the later period (ca. 10th to 11th century AD), originating from or still housed at the Monastery of St Catherine, Mount Sinai There are also Armenian translations of both the Alphabetical and Systematic collections. In the period 867–872, Methodius of Thessaloniki translated the text into Old Church Slavonic, of which the original was lost in the 14th century, but several dozen copies of the Paterik' (Патерікъ) survived. Some of the Sayings are preserved in Arabic and Georgian translations. Through the Asceticon, some of the Sayings made their way into Sogdian. Helen Waddell translated a selection of elements from the Vitae patrum into English in the early 20th century. The first complete translation of the alphabetical "apophthegmata" into English is that of Benedicta Ward (1975). English translations of the alphabetical, systematic, and anonymous collections were also later published by John Wortley from 2012 to 2014. The most comprehensive critical edition of the alphabetical "apophthegmata" was published by Tim Vivian in two volumes (2021, 2023).

Examples

Collections

Different Sayings collections include the Alphabetic Sayings, the Systematic Sayings, and the Anonymous Sayings.

Anonymous Sayings

The sections of the Anonymous Sayings (Wortley 2013) are: Wortley's Greek text of the Anonymous Sayings is based on the following manuscripts.

Alphabetical Sayings

The Alphabetical Sayings (Ward 1984) list the sayings of 131 Desert Fathers and Desert Mothers. Although some of the Desert Fathers quoted in the collection are well known, other names are obscure and difficult to identify. • Anthony the Great • Arsenius • Agathon • Ammonas • Achilles • Ammoes • Amoun of Nitria • Anoub • Abraham of Scetes • Ares • Alonius • Apphy • Apollo the Shepherd • Andrew • Aio • Ammonathas • Basil the Great • Bessarion of Egypt • Benjamin • Biare (or Biares) • Gregory the Theologian • Gelasius of Nilopolis • Gerontius of Petra • Daniel • Dioscorus • Doulas • Epiphanius of Salamis, Bishop of Cyprus • Ephrem the Syrian • Eucharistus the Secular • Eulogius the Priest • Euprepius of Egypt • Helladius • Evagrius Ponticus • Eudaemon • Zeno of Gaza • Zachariah the Recluse • Isaiah of Gaza • Elias the Hermit • Heraclides • Theodore of Pherme • Theodore of Enaton • Theodore of Scetis • Theodore of Eleutheropolis • Theonas • Theophilus the Archbishop • Theodora of Alexandria • John the Dwarf • John the Cenobite • Isidore the Priest • Isidore of Pelusium • Isaac of the Cells • Joseph of Panephysis • James • Hierax • John the Eunuch • John of the Cells • John of the Thebaid • John the Persian • John the Theban • John, disciple of Abba Paul • Isaac the Theban • Joseph of Thebes • Hilarion • Ischyrion • Cassian • Cronius of Nitria • Carion the Egyptian • Copres • Cyrus • Lucius • Lot • Longinus • Macarius the Great • Moses the Black • Matoes • Mark, disciple of Abba Silvanus • Milesius (or Miles ) • Motius • Megethius • Mius of Belos • Mark the Egyptian • Macarius of Alexandria • Nilus • Nisterus • Nisterus the Cenobite • Nicon • Netras • Nicetas • Xoius • Xanthias • Olympius • Orsisius • Poemen (called the Shepherd) • Pambo • Pistus • Pior • Pityrion • Pistamon • Peter the Pionite • Paphnutius the Ascetic • Paul • Paul the Barber • Paul the Great • Paul the Simple • Peter of Dios • an Abba of Rome (most likely Arsenius) • Rufus • Romanus • Sisoes the Great • Silvanus • Simon • Sopatrus • Sarmatas • Serapion of Nitria • Serinus • Spyridon • Saius • Sarah of the Desert • Syncletica • Tithoes • Timothy • Hyperechios • Phocas • Felix • Philagrius • Phortas • Chomas • Chaeremon • Psenthaisius • Or

Systematic Sayings

The 20 chapters of the Systematic Sayings (Wortley 2012) are:

Versions

There are four major versions of the Systematic Collection, in Greek, Latin, Syriac, and Armenian. The earliest Greek manuscript of the Systematic Sayings is MS Athos Lavra B 37 (copied in 970 AD). The contents of each are: