Sambalpuri is an Indo-Aryan language variety spoken in western Odisha, India. It is alternatively known as Western Odia, and as Kosali (with variants Kosli, Koshal and Koshali), a recently popularised but controversial term, which draws on an association with the historical region of Dakshina Kosala, whose territories also included the present-day Sambalpur region. Its speakers usually perceive it as a separate language, while outsiders have seen it as a dialect of Odia, and standard Odia is used by Sambalpuri speakers for formal communication. A 2006 survey of the varieties spoken in four villages found out that they share three-quarters of their basic vocabulary with Standard Odia.

Geographical Distribution

There were million people in India who declared their language to be Sambalpuri at the 2011 census, almost all of them residents in Odisha. These speakers were mostly concentrated in the districts of Bargarh ( speakers), Subarnapur, Balangir , Sambalpur , Jharsuguda , Nuapada , Baudh , and Sundargarh.

Script

The inscriptions and literary works from the Western Odisha region used the Odia script, which is attested through the inscriptions like the Stambeswari stone inscription of 1268 CE laid by the Eastern Ganga monarch Bhanu Deva I at Sonepur and the Meghla grant and Gobindpur charter of Raja Prithvi Sing of Sonepur State and also through the major epic Kosalananda Kavya composed during the 17th century Chauhan rule under Raja Baliar Singh of the Sambalpur State, which was written in Sanskrit in Odia script. The Devanagari script may have been used in the past, (the Hindi language was mandated in administration and education in Sambalpur for the brief period 1895–1901)

Phonology

Sambalpuri has 28 consonant phonemes, 2 semivowel phonemes and 5 vowel phonemes. There are no long vowels in Sambalpuri just like Standard Odia. Sambalpuri shows the loss of retroflex consonant like voiced retroflex lateral approximant ( ଳ ) which are present in Standard Odia, and a limited usage of retroflex unaspirated nasal (voiced retroflex nasal) ( ଣ ).

Characteristics

The following is a list of features and comparison with Standard Odia: Some key features include- Voiced retroflex consonant Word Medial Vowel Deletion: Syncope Exceptions to Word Medial Vowel Deletion: seen in '-ai' diphthongs Vowel Harmony: 'o' to 'u' phoneme shift, feature also seen in Baleswari Odia dialect Lengthening of Vowel Sound: vowels which appear in between consonants take their longer counterpart **Consonant shift- shift of 'ḷ' phoneme to 'l' ** Word Final Vowel Deletion(Schwa deletion Apocope)- a characteristic feature of Sambalpuri Sambalpuri words

Language movement

There has been a language movement campaigning for the recognition of the language. Its main objective has been the inclusion of the language into the 8th schedule of the Indian constitution.

Literature

External links and further reading