{"history":[],"article":{"id":"761ebe75-7a0d-43bf-b995-f0e557daf7a0","title":"Qʼanjobʼal language","slug":"q-anjob-al-language","content":":::summary\n**Name:** Qʼanjobʼal \n**Nativename:** Kanjobal \n**States:** [Mexico](https://bliptext.com/articles/mexico), [Guatemala](https://bliptext.com/articles/guatemala) \n**Region:** [Chiapas](https://bliptext.com/articles/chiapas), [Huehuetenango](https://bliptext.com/articles/huehuetenango-department) \n**Ethnicity:** 208,000 [Qʼanjobʼal](https://bliptext.com/articles/q-anjob-al-people) in Guatemala (2019 census) \n**Speakers:** 180,000: in Guatemala \n**Date:** 2015 – 2019 census \n**Ref:** e24 \n**Speakers 2:** in Mexico (2020 census) \n**Familycolor:** American \n**Fam 1:** [Mayan](https://bliptext.com/articles/mayan-languages) \n**Fam 2:** Western Mayan \n**Fam 3:** [Qʼanjobalan](https://bliptext.com/articles/q-anjobalan-languages) \n**Fam 4:** Qʼanjobalan \n**Fam 5:** Kanjobal–Jacaltec \n**Iso 3:** kjb \n**Glotto:** qanj1241 \n**Glottorefname:** Qʼanjobʼal \n**Nation:** 🇲🇽 [Mexico](https://bliptext.com/articles/mexico) \n**Agency:** [Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas](https://bliptext.com/articles/instituto-nacional-de-lenguas-ind-genas) \n**Script:** Latin \n:::\n\n# \n**Qʼanjobʼal** (also **Kanjobal**) is a [Mayan language](https://bliptext.com/articles/mayan-language) from the [Q'anjobalan](https://bliptext.com/articles/q-anjobalan-languages) branch spoken primarily in [Guatemala](https://bliptext.com/articles/guatemala) and part of [Mexico](https://bliptext.com/articles/mexico).\nAccording to 1998 estimates compiled by [SIL International](https://bliptext.com/articles/sil-international) in [Ethnologue](https://bliptext.com/articles/ethnologue), there were approximately 77,700 native speakers, primarily in the [Huehuetenango](https://bliptext.com/articles/huehuetenango-department) Department of Guatemala.\nIn [Chiapas](https://bliptext.com/articles/chiapas), Mexico, municipalities where the Qʼanjobʼal language is spoken include [Catazajá](https://bliptext.com/articles/catazaj), [Amatenango de la Frontera](https://bliptext.com/articles/amatenango-de-la-frontera), [La Trinitaria](https://bliptext.com/articles/la-trinitaria-chiapas), [Bella Vista](https://bliptext.com/articles/bella-vista-municipality), [Frontera Comalapa](https://bliptext.com/articles/frontera-comalapa), [Las Margaritas](https://bliptext.com/articles/las-margaritas-chiapas) and [Maravilla Tenejapa](https://bliptext.com/articles/maravilla-tenejapa).\nIn Huehuetenango, the municipalities where the language is spoken are [San Juan Ixcoy](https://bliptext.com/articles/san-juan-ixcoy) (Yich Kʼox), [San Pedro Soloma](https://bliptext.com/articles/san-pedro-soloma) (Tzʼulumaʼ ), [Santa Eulalia](https://bliptext.com/articles/santa-eulalia-huehuetenango) (Jolom Konobʼ ), [Santa Cruz Barillas](https://bliptext.com/articles/santa-cruz-barillas) (Yalmotx), [San Rafael La Independencia](https://bliptext.com/articles/san-rafael-la-independencia), and [San Miguel Acatán](https://bliptext.com/articles/san-miguel-acat-n) (Pedro Mateo Pedro 2010).\nQʼanjobʼal is taught in public schools through [Guatemala's intercultural bilingual education programs](https://bliptext.com/articles/intercultural-bilingual-education-in-guatemala).\n\n# Classification\nQʼanjobʼal is a member of the Qʼanjobʼalan branch of the Mayan language family.\nThe Mayan language family includes 31 languages, two of which are now extinct.\nThe Qʼanjobʼalan branch includes not only Qʼanjobʼal itself but also [Chuj](https://bliptext.com/articles/chuj-language), [Akatek](https://bliptext.com/articles/akatek-language), and [Jakaltek](https://bliptext.com/articles/jakaltek-language), also spoken in Mexico and Guatemala.\nThe Qʼanjobʼalan languages are noted for being among the most conservative of the Mayan language family, although they do include some interesting innovations.\n\n# Phonology\nQʼanjobʼal consists of 26 consonant sounds and 5 vowel sounds.\nThe letters of the alphabet are as follows:\na, bʼ, ch, chʼ, e, h, i, j, k, kʼ, l, m, n, o, p, q, qʼ, r, s, t, tʼ, tx, txʼ, tz, tzʼ, u, w, x, xh, y, and ʼ (glottal stop).\nThe in chʼ, kʼ, qʼ, tʼ, txʼ, and tzʼ represents an ejective or glottalic egressive, i.e., the consonant is accompanied by a puff of air from the glottis.\nThe letter r in Qʼanjobʼal has a limited distribution.\nIt is used mostly in borrowings, primarily in words borrowed from Spanish, such as roxax, rose, from Spanish rosa.\nIt is also used in affect and positional words like kʼarari 'noise of an old engine or the like', jeran 'to be in a broken position/form'.\nThe letters tx and x represent [retroflex consonants](https://bliptext.com/articles/retroflex-consonant), pronounced with the tongue curled backward in the mouth.\nIt is believed such retroflection in Qʼanjobʼal is an influence from the [Mamean Mayan languages](https://bliptext.com/articles/mam-language).\n\n## Stress\nPrimary stress in Qʼanjobʼal is fairly simple.\nWords in isolation and in final phrase boundaries bear stress on the last syllable.\nHowever, words within a phrasal unit (not in final phrase boundary) bear stress on their first syllable.\n\n# Morphology and syntax\n\n## Verbs\nAs in all Mayan languages, Qʼanjobʼal classifies all [verbs](https://bliptext.com/articles/verb) as either inherently intransitive (calling up only one argument) or as inherently transitive (calling up two arguments).\nQʼanjobʼal is an [ergative–absolutive language](https://bliptext.com/articles/ergative-absolutive-language), in which the [subject](https://bliptext.com/articles/subject-grammar) of a [transitive verb](https://bliptext.com/articles/transitive-verb) takes an ergative affix, while the [subject](https://bliptext.com/articles/subject-grammar) of an in[transitive verb](https://bliptext.com/articles/transitive-verb), as well as the [object](https://bliptext.com/articles/object-grammar) of a [transitive verb](https://bliptext.com/articles/transitive-verb), takes an absolutive affix.\nThere are two sets of [affixes](https://bliptext.com/articles/affix) for ergative: the first set is used for those verbal roots beginning with a consonant, and the second set is used for those beginning with a vowel.\nX-Ø-inmaqʼ naq winaq.\nCOMP-A3S-E1S-hit CL:masc man\n'I hit the man.' (Mateo 2008: p.c.)\nErgative affixes are also used for [possession](https://bliptext.com/articles/possession-grammar).\nw-aqan\nE1S-foot\n'my foot'\ns-qʼab\nE3S-hand\n'his/her hand'\nThere is only one set of absolutive affixes with two variations: pronounced like free words or attached to something else.\nThe third person absolutive affix is Ø, i.e., unmarked or empty.\nX-in way-i.\nCOMP-A1S sleep-STAT\n'I slept.' (Mateo 2008: p.c.)\nHowever, while verbs are classified as either ergative or absolutive and take their own respective sets of pronoun affixes, this rule is altered in certain cases, such as when a verb becomes progressive:\nCh-in kuy-w-i.\nINC-A1S study-SFX-STAT\n'I study'.\nbut,\nIpan hin-kuy-w-i.\nPROG E1S-study-SFX-STAT\n'I am studying'.\n\n## Aspect\nIn Qʼanjobʼal, [aspect](https://bliptext.com/articles/grammatical-aspect) (whether an action has been completed or not) is more important than [tense](https://bliptext.com/articles/grammatical-tense).\nThus, in most utterances, one will indicate whether the action is incompletive, or whether it is completed, or may happen in the future, in which case it is considered 'unreal', or of [irrealis mood](https://bliptext.com/articles/irrealis-mood), the event still only in the realm of thought or imagination.\n\n### Incompletive\nCh(i) is used to indicate that an event is incomplete or ongoing at some time:\nChi-Ø toj naq unin bʼay y-atut-al kuy-oj.\nINC-A3S go CL:masc child to E3S-house-ABS study-NZR\n'The boy goes to school'.\n\n### Completive\nMax or x- (both forms are used in free variation) are used to indicate that an event is complete:\nMax-ex mulnaj-i.\nCOM-A2P work-STAT\n'You (pl.) worked.'\nX-Ø way-i.\nCOM-A3S sleep-STAT\n'He/she slept.'\n\n### Future/Irrealis\nThe prefix hoq- with the suffix -oq are used to indicate that the event spoken of has not yet happened, but remains only in the realm of the 'unreal' with only the potential for occurrence in the future:\nHoq-Ø saqch-oq heb'.\nIRR-A3 play-IRR A3P\n'They will play.'\n\n### Negative\nNegative particles include kʼam and manaq:\nKʼam chi-Ø y-oche-j.\nNEG INC-A3S E3S-want-SFX\n'He/she doesn't want it.'\nManaq ix chi-Ø toj kuy-oj.\nNEG she INC-A3S go study-NOM\n'It is not she who goes to study.'\n\n### Interrogative\nQuestions can be formed simply by using rising intonation with declarative syntax:\nCh-Ø-oche-j cha-ch kanal-w-i w-etoq?\nINC-A3S-E2S-SFX INC-A2S dance-SFX-STAT E1S-with\n'Do you want to dance with me?'\nThere is also a question particle, mi:\nWatxʼ mi ha-kul?\ngood INTER E2S-stomach\n'Is your stomach good?'\n(Used as common form of greeting, like English 'How are you?')\n\n## Affixation\nMany different affixes are used in Qʼanjobʼal, both prefixes and suffixes.\nAmong these are aj-, used to denote the doer or leader of an action: ajtzʼibʼ, ʼwriterʼ (< tzʼibʼ 'write'), ajbʼe, 'spiritual guide' (< bʼe 'road'); -bʼal, used to indicate the location where something happens: tzombʼal 'market' (< tzon 'buy'); -al, -alil, -il, used to derive abstract nouns from adjectives, adverbs, numerals, transitive verb roots, and nouns: syalixhal 'his/her smallness' (< yalixh 'small'); swinaqil 'husband' (< winaq 'man'); -kʼulal, to derive nouns from intransitive verbs, adjectives, other nouns, etc.: watxkʼulal 'friendliness'; -oj, nominalizer, turning verbs into nouns: kuyoj 'studying' (< kuy 'study').\n\n## Word order\nQʼanjobʼal has a fixed [word order](https://bliptext.com/articles/word-order).\nIt follows a [verb–subject–object](https://bliptext.com/articles/verb-subject-object) (VSO) word order.\nAll changes to this word order are driven by pragmatic or syntactic factors like focus, negation, interrogation, relativization, etc.\nThese are subject to an ergative–absolutive pattern where arguments cross-referenced by ergative affixes must become absolutives prior to their fronting (focus, negation, etc.).\nThis results in some possible subject–verb (SV), [object–verb–subject](https://bliptext.com/articles/object-verb-subject) (OVS) orders.\nHowever SVO, SOV and OSV are not possible (or, at least, not attested in any known corpus).\nThe apparent exception is in reflexives and reflexive possessives, where the reflexive phrase ERG-bʼa (noun) or reflexive possessive ERG-noun appears directly following the verb.\n\n## Classifiers\nSome Qʼanjobʼal nouns require that certain classifiers be used with them.\nAmong these are no' (animals), te (trees/wood), ix (female), naq (male), chʼen (stone/metal), xim (corn), and an (plants).\nnoʼ jun chej\nCL:animal one horse\n'the horse'\nteʼ na\nCL:wood house\n'the house'\nix unin\nCL:fem child\n'the girl'\nnaq unin\nCL:masc child\n'the boy'\nchʼen tumin\nCL:metal money\n'the money'\nan kaq\nCL:plant flower\n'the flower'\n\n## Reduplication\nReduplication, or duplication of a root word, is a minor process in the formation of Qʼanjobʼal vocabulary, as in the following:\npux-pux\n'belly of animal'\ntxʼa-txʼa\n'chewing gum'\n\n# Vocabulary\nQʼanjobʼal consists of groups of [roots](https://bliptext.com/articles/root) that can take affixes.\nWords are traditionally classified as [nouns](https://bliptext.com/articles/nouns), [adjectives](https://bliptext.com/articles/adjectives), [adverbs](https://bliptext.com/articles/ad[verbs](https://bliptext.com/articles/verb)), [intransitive](https://bliptext.com/articles/in[transitive](https://bliptext.com/articles/transitive-verb)-verb) and [transitive](https://bliptext.com/articles/transitive-verb) [verbs](https://bliptext.com/articles/verb), [particles](https://bliptext.com/articles/grammatical-particle), and positionals.\nPositionals are a group of roots which cannot function as words on their own; in combination with affixes they are used to describe relationships of position and location.\nParticles are words that do not take affixes; they mostly function in adverbial roles, and include such things as [interrogative particles](https://bliptext.com/articles/interrogative-particle), affirmative/negative words, markers of time and location, [conjunctions](https://bliptext.com/articles/grammatical-conjunction), [prepositions](https://bliptext.com/articles/preposition) and [demonstratives](https://bliptext.com/articles/demonstrative).\n[Locatives](https://bliptext.com/articles/locative) are often formed by placing a noun after a possessed body-part term: s-ti bʼe, 'edge of the road' < 'its-mouth road' and s-jolom witz, 'mountaintop' or 'summit' < 'its-head mountain'.\nSimilarly, compound nouns may be formed by placing a noun after another possessed noun: y-atutal kuyoj, 'school' < 'its-house studying'.\n\n## Numbers\n\n## Common words\n\n# Abbreviations used\nABS abstractivizer\nCL classifier\nCOM complete\nINC incomplete\nINT interrogative\nIRR irrealis\nNEG negative\nNZR nominalizer\nPL plural\nPROG progressive\nSFX suffix\nSTAT status\n

\nCOMPL:completive\nCOM:Completive\nA3S:Third-person singular absolutive\nE1S:First-person singular ergative\nA1S:First-person singular absolutive\nE3S:Third-person singular ergative\nSFX:Status suffix\nINC:Incompletive\nA2S: Second-person singular absolutive\nE2S: Second-person singular ergative\nA3: Third-person absolutive\nINTER:Interrogative\nA2P: Second-person plural absolutive\nA3P: Third-person plural absolutive\nNZR:Nominalizer\n

","current_revision":null,"created_by":"kACnuQmH5k9Nr5VNVEpVeg7XpvUmMctD","created_at":"2025-01-26T08:56:21.878Z","updated_at":"2025-01-26T08:56:21.878Z","search_vector":"'languag':2 'qʼanjobʼ':1","search_content":" \n**Name:** Qʼanjobʼal \n**Nativename:** Kanjobal \n**States:** [Mexico](https://bliptext.com/articles/mexico), [Guatemala](https://bliptext.com/articles/guatemala) \n**Region:** [Chiapas](https://bliptext.com/articles/chiapas), [Huehuetenango](https://bliptext.com/articles/huehuetenango-department) \n**Ethnicity:** 208,000 [Qʼanjobʼal](https://bliptext.com/articles/q-anjob-al-people) in Guatemala (2019 census) \n**Speakers:** 180,000: in Guatemala \n**Date:** 2015 – 2019 census \n**Ref:** e24 \n**Speakers 2:** in Mexico (2020 census) \n**Familycolor:** American \n**Fam 1:** [Mayan](https://bliptext.com/articles/mayan-languages) \n**Fam 2:** Western Mayan \n**Fam 3:** [Qʼanjobalan](https://bliptext.com/articles/q-anjobalan-languages) \n**Fam 4:** Qʼanjobalan \n**Fam 5:** Kanjobal–Jacaltec \n**Iso 3:** kjb \n**Glotto:** qanj1241 \n**Glottorefname:** Qʼanjobʼal \n**Nation:** 🇲🇽 [Mexico](https://bliptext.com/articles/mexico) \n**Agency:** [Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas](https://bliptext.com/articles/instituto-nacional-de-lenguas-ind-genas) \n**Script:** Latin \n \n\n# \n**Qʼanjobʼal** (also **Kanjobal**) is a [Mayan language](https://bliptext.com/articles/mayan-language) from the [Q'anjobalan](https://bliptext.com/articles/q-anjobalan-languages) branch spoken primarily in [Guatemala](https://bliptext.com/articles/guatemala) and part of [Mexico](https://bliptext.com/articles/mexico).\nAccording to 1998 estimates compiled by [SIL International](https://bliptext.com/articles/sil-international) in [Ethnologue](https://bliptext.com/articles/ethnologue), there were approximately 77,700 native speakers, primarily in the [Huehuetenango](https://bliptext.com/articles/huehuetenango-department) Department of Guatemala.\nIn [Chiapas](https://bliptext.com/articles/chiapas), Mexico, municipalities where the Qʼanjobʼal language is spoken include [Catazajá](https://bliptext.com/articles/catazaj), [Amatenango de la Frontera](https://bliptext.com/articles/amatenango-de-la-frontera), [La Trinitaria](https://bliptext.com/articles/la-trinitaria-chiapas), [Bella Vista](https://bliptext.com/articles/bella-vista-municipality), [Frontera Comalapa](https://bliptext.com/articles/frontera-comalapa), [Las Margaritas](https://bliptext.com/articles/las-margaritas-chiapas) and [Maravilla Tenejapa](https://bliptext.com/articles/maravilla-tenejapa).\nIn Huehuetenango, the municipalities where the language is spoken are [San Juan Ixcoy](https://bliptext.com/articles/san-juan-ixcoy) (Yich Kʼox), [San Pedro Soloma](https://bliptext.com/articles/san-pedro-soloma) (Tzʼulumaʼ ), [Santa Eulalia](https://bliptext.com/articles/santa-eulalia-huehuetenango) (Jolom Konobʼ ), [Santa Cruz Barillas](https://bliptext.com/articles/santa-cruz-barillas) (Yalmotx), [San Rafael La Independencia](https://bliptext.com/articles/san-rafael-la-independencia), and [San Miguel Acatán](https://bliptext.com/articles/san-miguel-acat-n) (Pedro Mateo Pedro 2010).\nQʼanjobʼal is taught in public schools through [Guatemala's intercultural bilingual education programs](https://bliptext.com/articles/intercultural-bilingual-education-in-guatemala).\n\n# Classification\nQʼanjobʼal is a member of the Qʼanjobʼalan branch of the Mayan language family.\nThe Mayan language family includes 31 languages, two of which are now extinct.\nThe Qʼanjobʼalan branch includes not only Qʼanjobʼal itself but also [Chuj](https://bliptext.com/articles/chuj-language), [Akatek](https://bliptext.com/articles/akatek-language), and [Jakaltek](https://bliptext.com/articles/jakaltek-language), also spoken in Mexico and Guatemala.\nThe Qʼanjobʼalan languages are noted for being among the most conservative of the Mayan language family, although they do include some interesting innovations.\n\n# Phonology\nQʼanjobʼal consists of 26 consonant sounds and 5 vowel sounds.\nThe letters of the alphabet are as follows:\na, bʼ, ch, chʼ, e, h, i, j, k, kʼ, l, m, n, o, p, q, qʼ, r, s, t, tʼ, tx, txʼ, tz, tzʼ, u, w, x, xh, y, and ʼ (glottal stop).\nThe in chʼ, kʼ, qʼ, tʼ, txʼ, and tzʼ represents an ejective or glottalic egressive, i.e., the consonant is accompanied by a puff of air from the glottis.\nThe letter r in Qʼanjobʼal has a limited distribution.\nIt is used mostly in borrowings, primarily in words borrowed from Spanish, such as roxax, rose, from Spanish rosa.\nIt is also used in affect and positional words like kʼarari 'noise of an old engine or the like', jeran 'to be in a broken position/form'.\nThe letters tx and x represent [retroflex consonants](https://bliptext.com/articles/retroflex-consonant), pronounced with the tongue curled backward in the mouth.\nIt is believed such retroflection in Qʼanjobʼal is an influence from the [Mamean Mayan languages](https://bliptext.com/articles/mam-language).\n\n## Stress\nPrimary stress in Qʼanjobʼal is fairly simple.\nWords in isolation and in final phrase boundaries bear stress on the last syllable.\nHowever, words within a phrasal unit (not in final phrase boundary) bear stress on their first syllable.\n\n# Morphology and syntax\n\n## Verbs\nAs in all Mayan languages, Qʼanjobʼal classifies all [verbs](https://bliptext.com/articles/verb) as either inherently intransitive (calling up only one argument) or as inherently transitive (calling up two arguments).\nQʼanjobʼal is an [ergative–absolutive language](https://bliptext.com/articles/ergative-absolutive-language), in which the [subject](https://bliptext.com/articles/subject-grammar) of a [transitive verb](https://bliptext.com/articles/transitive-verb) takes an ergative affix, while the [subject](https://bliptext.com/articles/subject-grammar) of an in[transitive verb](https://bliptext.com/articles/transitive-verb), as well as the [object](https://bliptext.com/articles/object-grammar) of a [transitive verb](https://bliptext.com/articles/transitive-verb), takes an absolutive affix.\nThere are two sets of [affixes](https://bliptext.com/articles/affix) for ergative: the first set is used for those verbal roots beginning with a consonant, and the second set is used for those beginning with a vowel.\nX-Ø-inmaqʼ naq winaq.\nCOMP-A3S-E1S-hit CL:masc man\n'I hit the man.' (Mateo 2008: p.c.)\nErgative affixes are also used for [possession](https://bliptext.com/articles/possession-grammar).\nw-aqan\nE1S-foot\n'my foot'\ns-qʼab\nE3S-hand\n'his/her hand'\nThere is only one set of absolutive affixes with two variations: pronounced like free words or attached to something else.\nThe third person absolutive affix is Ø, i.e., unmarked or empty.\nX-in way-i.\nCOMP-A1S sleep-STAT\n'I slept.' (Mateo 2008: p.c.)\nHowever, while verbs are classified as either ergative or absolutive and take their own respective sets of pronoun affixes, this rule is altered in certain cases, such as when a verb becomes progressive:\nCh-in kuy-w-i.\nINC-A1S study-SFX-STAT\n'I study'.\nbut,\nIpan hin-kuy-w-i.\nPROG E1S-study-SFX-STAT\n'I am studying'.\n\n## Aspect\nIn Qʼanjobʼal, [aspect](https://bliptext.com/articles/grammatical-aspect) (whether an action has been completed or not) is more important than [tense](https://bliptext.com/articles/grammatical-tense).\nThus, in most utterances, one will indicate whether the action is incompletive, or whether it is completed, or may happen in the future, in which case it is considered 'unreal', or of [irrealis mood](https://bliptext.com/articles/irrealis-mood), the event still only in the realm of thought or imagination.\n\n### Incompletive\nCh(i) is used to indicate that an event is incomplete or ongoing at some time:\nChi-Ø toj naq unin bʼay y-atut-al kuy-oj.\nINC-A3S go CL:masc child to E3S-house-ABS study-NZR\n'The boy goes to school'.\n\n### Completive\nMax or x- (both forms are used in free variation) are used to indicate that an event is complete:\nMax-ex mulnaj-i.\nCOM-A2P work-STAT\n'You (pl.) worked.'\nX-Ø way-i.\nCOM-A3S sleep-STAT\n'He/she slept.'\n\n### Future/Irrealis\nThe prefix hoq- with the suffix -oq are used to indicate that the event spoken of has not yet happened, but remains only in the realm of the 'unreal' with only the potential for occurrence in the future:\nHoq-Ø saqch-oq heb'.\nIRR-A3 play-IRR A3P\n'They will play.'\n\n### Negative\nNegative particles include kʼam and manaq:\nKʼam chi-Ø y-oche-j.\nNEG INC-A3S E3S-want-SFX\n'He/she doesn't want it.'\nManaq ix chi-Ø toj kuy-oj.\nNEG she INC-A3S go study-NOM\n'It is not she who goes to study.'\n\n### Interrogative\nQuestions can be formed simply by using rising intonation with declarative syntax:\nCh-Ø-oche-j cha-ch kanal-w-i w-etoq?\nINC-A3S-E2S-SFX INC-A2S dance-SFX-STAT E1S-with\n'Do you want to dance with me?'\nThere is also a question particle, mi:\nWatxʼ mi ha-kul?\ngood INTER E2S-stomach\n'Is your stomach good?'\n(Used as common form of greeting, like English 'How are you?')\n\n## Affixation\nMany different affixes are used in Qʼanjobʼal, both prefixes and suffixes.\nAmong these are aj-, used to denote the doer or leader of an action: ajtzʼibʼ, ʼwriterʼ ( \nCOMPL:completive\nCOM:Completive\nA3S:Third-person singular absolutive\nE1S:First-person singular ergative\nA1S:First-person singular absolutive\nE3S:Third-person singular ergative\nSFX:Status suffix\nINC:Incompletive\nA2S: Second-person singular absolutive\nE2S: Second-person singular ergative\nA3: Third-person absolutive\nINTER:Interrogative\nA2P: Second-person plural absolutive\nA3P: Third-person plural absolutive\nNZR:Nominalizer\n ","revisionCount":0},"hasMore":false,"nextCursor":null}

History