In mathematics, Milnor maps are named in honor of John Milnor, who introduced them to topology and algebraic geometry in his book Singular Points of Complex Hypersurfaces (Princeton University Press, 1968) and earlier lectures. The most studied Milnor maps are actually fibrations, and the phrase Milnor fibration is more commonly encountered in the mathematical literature. These were introduced to study isolated singularities by constructing numerical invariants related to the topology of a smooth deformation of the singular space.

Definition

Let be a non-constant polynomial function of n+1 complex variables where the vanishing locus of is only at the origin, meaning the associated variety X = V(f) is not smooth at the origin. Then, for (a sphere inside of radius ) the Milnor fibration pg 68 associated to f is defined as the map which is a locally trivial smooth fibration for sufficiently small \varepsilon. Originally this was proven as a theorem by Milnor, but was later taken as the definition of a Milnor fibration. Note this is a well defined map since where is the argument of a complex number.

Historical motivation

One of the original motivations for studying such maps was in the study of knots constructed by taking an \varepsilon-ball around a singular point of a plane curve, which is isomorphic to a real 4-dimensional ball, and looking at the knot inside the boundary, which is a 1-manifold inside of a 3-sphere. Since this concept could be generalized to hypersurfaces with isolated singularities, Milnor introduced the subject and proved his theorem.

In algebraic geometry

Another closed related notion in algebraic geometry is the Milnor fiber of an isolated hypersurface singularity. This has a similar setup, where a polynomial f with f = 0 having a singularity at the origin, but now the polynomial is considered. Then, the algebraic Milnor fiber is taken as one of the polynomials f_{t\neq 0}.

Properties and Theorems

Parallelizability

One of the basic structure theorems about Milnor fibers is they are parallelizable manifolds pg 75.

Homotopy type

Milnor fibers are special because they have the homotopy type of a bouquet of spheres pg 78. The number of these spheres is the Milnor number. In fact, the number of spheres can be computed using the formula where the quotient ideal is the Jacobian ideal, defined by the partial derivatives. These spheres deformed to the algebraic Milnor fiber are the Vanishing cycles of the fibration pg 83. Unfortunately, computing the eigenvalues of their monodromy is computationally challenging and requires advanced techniques such as b-functions pg 23.

Milnor's fibration theorem

Milnor's Fibration Theorem states that, for every f such that the origin is a singular point of the hypersurface V_f (in particular, for every non-constant square-free polynomial f of two variables, the case of plane curves), then for \epsilon sufficiently small, is a fibration. Each fiber is a non-compact differentiable manifold of real dimension 2n. Note that the closure of each fiber is a compact manifold with boundary. Here the boundary corresponds to the intersection of V_f with the (2n+1)-sphere (of sufficiently small radius) and therefore it is a real manifold of dimension (2n-1). Furthermore, this compact manifold with boundary, which is known as the Milnor fiber (of the isolated singular point of V_f at the origin), is diffeomorphic to the intersection of the closed (2n+2)-ball (bounded by the small (2n+1)-sphere) with the (non-singular) hypersurface V_g where g=f-e and e is any sufficiently small non-zero complex number. This small piece of hypersurface is also called a Milnor fiber. Milnor maps at other radii are not always fibrations, but they still have many interesting properties. For most (but not all) polynomials, the Milnor map at infinity (that is, at any sufficiently large radius) is again a fibration.

Examples

The Milnor map of at any radius is a fibration; this construction gives the trefoil knot its structure as a fibered knot.