Before the partition of India in 1947, about 584 princely states, also called "native states", existed in India. These were not part of British India, the parts of the Indian subcontinent which were under direct British administration, but rather under indirect rule, subject to subsidiary alliances. Things moved quickly after the partition of British India in 1947. By the end of 1949, all of the states had chosen to accede to one of the newly independent states of India or Pakistan or else had been conquered and annexed.

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Overview

In principle, the princely states had internal autonomy, while by treaty the British Crown had suzerainty and was responsible for the states' external affairs. In practice, while the states were indeed ruled by potentates with a variety of titles, the British still had considerable influence. By the time of the departure of the British in 1947, only four of the largest of the states still had their own British resident, a diplomatic title for advisors present in the states' capitals, while most of the others were grouped together into agencies, such as the Central India Agency, the Deccan States Agency, and the Rajputana Agency. Starting in 1920, the states were represented in the Chamber of Princes, which held its meetings in New Delhi. The most important states were ranked as salute states, whose rulers were entitled to a given number of salute guns. By the Indian Independence Act 1947, the British gave up their suzerainty of the states and left each of them free to choose whether to join one of the newly independent countries of India and Pakistan or to remain outside them. For a short time, some of the rulers explored the possibility of a federation of the states separate from either, but this came to nothing. Most of the states then decided to accede to India or to Pakistan, such as Junagadh (1947–1948), Bilaspur on 12 October 1948, and Bhopal on 1 May 1949. Travancore also chose to remain an independent country. Hyderabad State was the largest which chose to remain independent. In Operation Polo, in September 1948, it was invaded and annexed by India. In Jammu and Kashmir, a state with a Muslim majority but a Hindu ruler, the Maharaja hoped to remain independent but acceded to India on 27 October 1947 at the outset of the invasion of Jammu and Kashmir by Pakistan — leading to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. On 31 March 1948, Kalat acceded to Pakistan, although the brother of the Khan led a rebellion against this decision.

Princely states at the time of partition on 15 August 1947

Individual residencies

Baluchistan Agency

Princely states of the Baluchistan Agency.

Deccan States Agency and Kolhapur Residency (Maratha)

Princely states of Deccan States Agency and Kolhapur Residency (Maratha).

Gwalior Residency

Princely states of the Gwalior Residency.

Madras Presidency

Princely states of the Madras Presidency.

North-West Frontier States Agency

Princely states of the North-West Frontier States Agency. Agencies included the Dir, Swat, and Chitral Agency, and the Deputy Commissioner of Hazara acting as the political agent for Amb and Phulra.

Gilgit Agency

The States of Hunza and Nagar and many feudal Jagirs (Puniyal, Shigar, etc.) in the Gilgit Agency were tributary to the Maharaja of Jammu & Kashmir.

Province of Sind

Punjab States Agency

States of the Punjab States Agency (Punjab).

Rajputana Agency

States of the Rajputana Agency.

Gujarat States Agency and Baroda Residency

• Bajana • Bansda State • Manavadar • Baroda • Bhavnagar • Cambay • Chhota Udaipur • Cutch • Charkha • Dangs • Dhrangadhra • Dhrol • Gondal • Idar • Jamnagar • Jawhar • Junagadh • Lathi • Limbda • Limdi • Lunavada • Morvi • Muli • Nawanagar • Palanpur • Porbandar State • Poshina • Radhanpur • Rajkot • Rajpara State (Halar) • Rajpipla • Ambliara State Sabarkantha Agency • Sachin • Sanjeli • Sant • Surgana • Tharad • Vanod • Mansa State • Vijaynagar • Wadhwan • Wankaner • Kotda Nayani

Kathiawar Agency

States of Central India Agency

Eastern States Agency

Orissa States Agency

Chhattisgarh States Agency

Bengal States Agency

Mahi Kantha Agency

Former Princely States annexed during the British Raj

Former kingdoms annexed during the British East India Company era