This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe. Separatism often refers to full political secession, though separatist movements may seek nothing more than greater autonomy or to be recognised as a national minority.

Criteria

What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria: Under each region listed is one or more of the following: Various ethnic groups in Europe are seeking greater autonomy or independence. In the European Union (EU), several of these groups are members of the European Free Alliance (EFA). In some cases, the group seeks to unify into a different state – in cases where this does not involve the creation of a new state entity, this is considered to be irredentism. Analogous irredentist movements are included in the list of active irredentist movements.

Albania

In 2024, Edi Rama, the Prime Minister of Albania, announced plans to create an independent European microstate enclaved within Tirana to serve as a headquarters for the Bektashi Order with Baba Mondi as the head of state. The state, called the Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order, would require approval from the Parliament of Albania and an amendment to the Constitution of Albania to declare independence.

Azerbaijan

Territory of the short-lived Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

Belgium

Flanders Wallonia Flanders or Flemish Community (the latter includes Brussels-Capital Region) Wallonia or French Community of Belgium (the latter includes Brussels-Capital Region)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Republika Srpska Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia

Croatia

Istria County

Cyprus

The northeastern 1/3 territory of island of Cyprus

Czechia

Moravia

Denmark

🇫🇴 Faroe Islands Minor Movements Bornholm

Finland

Åland

France

French Basque Country/ Pyrénées-Atlantiques Euskal Herria Bai Historic Brittany, comprising Brittany (administrative region) and Loire-Atlantique Corsica French Flanders Provence Northern Catalonia/Pyrénées-Orientales Savoy Etat Pied-Noir Limousin Alsace Normandy Savoy Occitania Franche Comté Alpes-Maritimes Picardy

Georgia

Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast Javakheti

Germany

Bavaria Saxony Lusatia East Frisia Franconia

Hungary

Romani

Italy

Friuli-Venezia Giulia Lombardy Northern Italy Southern Italy Sicily South Tyrol Savoy Tuscany Veneto Trieste Aosta Valley Sardinia Romagna

Lithuania

Samogitia

Malta

Gozo

Moldova

Transnistria Gagauzia

Montenegro

Sandzak

Netherlands

Frisia

Poland

Silesia Kashubia and Pomerania Masuria Greater Poland

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Portugal

Azores

Romania

Transylvania and Banat Székely Land Partium

Russia

Secessionist movements: Adygea Arkhangelsk Oblast Bashkortostan Chechnya Dagestan Ingushetia Kaliningrad Oblast Republic of Kalmykia Republic of Karelia Krasnodar Krai Leningrad Oblast Mari El Mordovia North Caucasian Federal District Tatarstan Rostov Oblast Udmurtia Volga Federal District

Russian-occupied Ukraine

Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk People's Republic, Luhansk People's Republic (Annexed by Russia in 2022) Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast, Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast,

Serbia

Vojvodina Sandžak Preševo Valley

Slovakia

Southern Slovakia:

Spain

Basque Country (autonomous community) and Navarre Catalonia Galicia Valencia Aragon Balearic Islands Andalusia Asturias Cartagena León Province of Granada

Sweden

Scania

Switzerland

Jura region

Ukraine

Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast, Luhansk Oblast Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast, Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast, Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast Carpathian Ruthenia

United Kingdom

🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 England Northern Ireland 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 Scotland 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿 Wales Cornwall Northern England Midlands London Fife Canvey Island Cynon Valley Gwynedd Isle of Wight Shetland Yorkshire North East England Wessex Orkney Islands 🇬🇮 Gibraltar 🇮🇲 Isle of Man