Latin obscenity is the profane, indecent, or impolite vocabulary of Latin, and its uses. Words deemed obscene were described as obsc(a)ena (obscene, lewd, unfit for public use), or improba (improper, in poor taste, undignified). Documented obscenities occurred rarely in classical Latin literature, limited to certain types of writing such as epigrams, but they are commonly used in the graffiti written on the walls of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Among the documents of interest in this area is a letter written by Cicero in 45 BC (ad Fam. 9.22) to a friend called Paetus, in which he alludes to a number of obscene words without actually naming them. Apart from graffiti, the writers who used obscene words most were Catullus and Martial in their shorter poems. Another source is the anonymous Priapeia (see External links below), a collection of 95 epigrams supposedly written to adorn statues of the fertility god Priapus, whose wooden image was customarily set up to protect orchards against thieves. The earlier poems of Horace also contained some obscenities. However, the satirists Persius and Juvenal, although often describing obscene acts, did so without mentioning the obscene words. Medical, especially veterinary, texts also use certain anatomical words that, outside of their technical context, might have been considered obscene.

Latin taboo words

Cicero's letter ad Fam. 9.22

In a letter to one of his friends, written about 45 BC, Cicero discusses a number of obscenities in Latin. It appears that the friend, Lucius Papirius Paetus (whose letters to Cicero have not been preserved), had used the word mentula ('penis') in one of his letters. Cicero praises him for his forthrightness, which he says conforms to the teachings of the Stoic philosophers, but says that he himself prefers modesty (verēcundia). In the letter Cicero alludes to a number of obscene words, without actually mentioning them. The words which he alludes to but avoids are: cūlus ('arsehole'), mentula ('penis'), cunnus ('cunt'), landīca ('clitoris'), and cōleī ('balls'). He also objects to words which mean 'to fuck', as well as to the Latin word bīnī 'two' because for bilingual speakers it sounds like the Greek βινεῖ ('he fucks or sodomises' ), and also to two words for passing wind, vīssiō and pēdō. He does not object to using the word ānus, and says that pēnis, which in his day was obscene, was formerly just a euphemism meaning 'tail'.

Degrees of obscenity

There thus appear to have been various degrees of obscenity in Latin, with words for anything to do with sex in the most obscene category. These words are strictly avoided in most types of Latin literature; however, they are common in graffiti, and also in certain genres of poetry, such as the short poems known as epigrams, such as those written by Catullus and Martial. The poet Horace also used obscenities in his early poems, that is the Epodes and the first book of Satires, but later writers of satire such as Juvenal and Persius avoided the coarser words even when discussing obscene topics. There were, however, some occasions in public life, such as in triumphal processions, at weddings, and at certain festivals, where obscenities were traditionally allowed. The purpose of these was presumably twofold, first to ward off the evil eye or potential envy of the gods, and second to promote fertility.

Euphemistic expressions

A very common way of avoiding words for sexual acts was simply to omit the word in question. J.N. Adams collects numerous examples of this. For example, in Horace (Epodes 12.15): Another way was to substitute the taboo word with a milder one or a metaphor, for example using clūnēs ('rump (of an animal)') for cūlus or testiculī for cōleī. Sometimes the offending word was replaced by a pronoun such as istuc ('that') or an adverb such as illīc ('there'), as in Martial (11.104.16): illīc Pēnelopē semper habēre manum Penelope always kept her hand there.')

Mentula: the penis

Mentula is the basic Latin word for penis. It is used 48 times in Martial, 26 times in the Priapeia, and 18 times in Pompeian inscriptions. Its status as a basic obscenity is confirmed by the Priapeia 29, in which mentula and cunnus are given as ideal examples of obscene words: ūtī mē pudet improbīsque verbīs sed cum tū positō deus pudōre ostendās mihi cōleōs patentēs cum cunnō mihi mentula est vocanda to use obscene and improper words; but when you, Priapus, as a god, shamelessly show me your balls hanging out, it is appropriate for me to speak of cunts and cocks.') Martial mocks a friend who despised effeminate clothing, explaining why he suspects that he is secretly homosexual: ūnā lavāmur: aspicit nihil sūrsum, sed spectat oculīs dēvorantibus draucōs nec ōtiosīs mentulās videt labrīs. We go to the baths together. He never looks at anything above, but examines the athletes with devouring eyes, and looks at their dicks with constantly moving lips.') A draucus (the word occurs only in Martial), according to Housman, was a man 'who performs feats of strength in public'. Rabun Taylor disagrees and sees a draucus more as a kind of rent boy who hung around in the baths in search of patrons. Mentula also frequently appears in the poetry of Catullus. He uses Mentula as a nickname for Mamurra, as if it were an ordinary name, as in his epigram 105: Mūsae furcillīs praecipitem ēiciunt. the Muses drive him out with pitchforks.') (Pimpleia was a place in Pieria in northern Greece associated with the Muses (the nine goddesses of poetry and music).)

Etymology

The etymology of mentula is obscure, although outwardly it would appear to be a diminutive of mēns, gen. mentis, the 'mind' (i.e. 'the little mind'). Cicero's letter 9:22 ad Familiares relates it to menta, a spearmint stalk. Tucker's Etymological Dictionary of Latin relates it to ēminēre, 'to project outwards', mentum, 'chin', and mōns, 'a mountain', all of which suggest an Indo-European root *men-. Other hypotheses have also been suggested, though none generally accepted.

Synonyms and metaphors

verpa

Verpa is also a basic Latin obscenity for 'penis', in particular for a penis with the foreskin retracted due to erection and glans exposed, as in the illustration of the god Mercury below. As a result, it was "not a neutral technical term, but an emotive and highly offensive word", most commonly used in despective or threatening contexts of violent acts against a fellow male or rival rather than mere sex (futūtiō 'fucking'). It is found frequently in graffiti of the type verpes (= verpa es) quī istuc legēs ('Whoever reads this, you're a dickhead'). It is found less frequently in Classical Latin literature, but it does appear in Catullus 28: tōtā istā trabe lentus irrumāstī. sed, quantum videō, parī fuistis cāsū: nam nihilō minōre verpā fartī estis. you fed me good and slow with that entire beam of yours. But as far as I can see, you guys have met with the same fate: for you have been stuffed with a verpa no less large!') Catullus is here speaking metaphorically. He complains that when he accompanied Gaius Memmius, the governor of Bithynia (57-56 BC), as part of his entourage, he was not allowed to make money out of the position. From this poem it is clear that Catullus's friends Veranius and Fabullus were kept under an equally close rein when they accompanied Lucius Piso to his province of Macedonia in 57-55 BC. By extension, verpus as a masculine adjective or noun, referred to a man whose glans was exposed by erection or by circumcision; thus Juvenal (14.100) has And in poem 47 Catullus writes: verpus praeposuit Priāpus ille? to my little Veranius and Fabullus?') In Martial's time, it was a common practice for actors and athletes to be fitted with a fībula (a pin or brooch covering the foreskin) to prevent accidental exposure of the glans, discouraging sex and thereby preserving their voice or strength. Martial (7.82) mocks one such actor as follows: ut sit cōmoedīs omnibus ūna satis. hunc ego crēdideram, nam saepe lavāmur in ūnum, sollicitum vōcī parcere, Flacce, suae: dum lūdit mediā populō spectante palaestrā, dēlāpsa est miserō fībula: verpus erat. that it is enough for all the comic actors in the world. I believed (since we often go to the baths together) that he was anxious to preserve his voice, Flaccus. But one day, while he was wrestling in the middle of the palaestra with everyone watching, the poor man's brooch fell off. He was circumcised!')

mūtō or muttō

A third word for 'penis' was mūtō, mūtōnis (or muttō, muttōnis). This is very rare and found only in one line of Horace and a fragment of the satirist Lucilius. The passage in Horace (Sat. 1.2.68) is as follows, in which he advises a young man who was beaten up as a result of an affair with the dictator Sulla's daughter: dīceret haec animus ‘quid vīs tibi? numquid ego ā tē magnō prognātum dēpōscō cōnsule cunnum vēlātumque stolā, mea cum conferbuit īra?’ And Lucilius says, referring to the fact that Roman men apparently used to masturbate with their left hand: The word mūtō may be related to the marriage deity Mutunus Tutunus. Although mūtō itself is rare, the derivative mūtūniātus ('well-endowed') is found twice in Martial, as at 3.73: et non stat tibi, Phoebe, quod stat illīs and the thing that stands up for them does not stand up for you.') The derivative mūtōnium, meaning the same as mūtō, is found in Lucilius and in two Pompeian graffiti.

pēnis

The Latin word pēnis itself originally meant 'tail'. Cicero's ad Familiārēs, 9.22, observes that pēnis originally was an innocuous word, but that the meaning of male sexual organ had become primary by his day. The euphemism is used occasionally by Catullus, Persius, Juvenal, and Martial, and even once by the historian Sallust, who writes that the supporters of the anti-government rebel Catiline included Commenting on this passage, St Augustine notes that Sallust's use of the term pēnis in this phrase was not offensive. The word did not survive into Romance, however, and occurs only once in a Pompeian inscription. Juvenal, showing his knack for describing grossly obscene matters without using taboo words, writes as follows in one of his satires (9.43-4): lēgitimum atque illīc hesternae occurrere cēnae? inside someone's guts and there meet with yesterday's dinner?')

cauda

Another euphemism for the penis was cauda ('tail'), which occurs twice in Horace, and continues today in the French derivative queue ('tail' or 'penis'). In one place in his Satires (Serm. 2.7.50) Horace writes: clūnibus aut agitāvit equum lascīva supīnum, dīmittit neque fāmōsum neque sollicitum nē dītior aut formae meliōris meiat eōdem. or when I'm on my back sexily rides my 'horse' with her buttocks, sends me away neither with a bad reputation nor worried that a richer or more handsome guy might piss in the same place.') For the metaphorical use of meiere ('to piss'), see below.

nervus

The words nervus ('nerve' or 'sinew') and In one of Horace's Epodes (12) a woman boasts of one of her lovers, Coan Amyntas, quam nova collibus arbor inhaeret. more constant than a new tree clings to the hills.')

fascinum or fascinus

fascinum or fascinus, which meant a phallic image or amulet in the form of a penis, were also sometimes used as euphemisms for the penis. And one of the characters in Petronius's Satyricon, Ascyltus, is described as follows:

cōlēs or caulis

Yet another euphemism is cōlēs or cōlis or caulis, which literally means the stem or stalk of a plant (such as a cabbage, onion, or vine). This word was used by the satirist Lucilius and by the medical writer Celsus (6.18.2).

glāns

In the same passage (6.18.2), Celsus refers to the foreskin as cutis 'skin', and to the glans as glāns 'acorn'. Martial also uses the word glāns in an obscene pun (12.75.3):

pipinna

The word pipinna seems to have been children's slang for the penis; compare English pee-pee. It appears in Martial 11.71: collātus cui gallus est Priāpus. compared to whom, Priapus is a eunuch.') For draucus, see on mentula above. A gallus was an emasculated member of the cult of Cybele; according to Taylor (1997), they had much in common with the hijras of India today.

gurguliō

The penis was compared to a throat or neck in these lines of Martial (9.27.1–2), which mock a philosopher who has plucked the hairs from his private parts with tweezers (volsellae): et vulturīnō mentulam parem collō and a dick just like a vulture's neck') Similarly Persius in his 4th satire refers to the penis as gurgulio 'neck, gullet'. In the following lines he imagines young Alcibiades (or an Alcibiades-like youth) sunbathing in a public bath and comments on the fact that though he now has a full beard on his chin he still "weeds" all the hairs out of his private parts: est prope tē ignōtus cubitō quī tangat et ācre dēspuat: ‘hī mōrēs! pēnemque arcānaque lumbī runcantem populō marcentīs pandere vulvās. tum, cum maxillīs balanātum gausape pectās, inguinibus quārē dētōnsus gurgulio extat? quīnque palaestrītae licet haec plantāria vellant ēlixāsque natēs labefactent forcipe aduncā, non tamen ista filix ūllō mānsuēscit arātrō. near you there is a stranger to nudge you will his elbow and spit scornfully: 'What morals! To weed one's penis and the secret parts of one's loins and to display a withered vulva to the public! And when you comb a balsamed rug on your jaw, why does a shorn gurgulio stick out from your groin? Even though five gym-attendants pluck at that vegetation and make your boiled buttocks smooth with their curved tweezers, yet that "bracken" of yours can't be tamed by any plough.') That gurgulio here means 'throat' or 'gullet' is supported by a scholiast (early commentator). However, Adams, the expert on Roman sexual vocabulary, prefers the idea that this word is also a by-form of curculio, a grain weevil. Another scholar Wehrle, pointing to the horticultural imagery, thinks the metaphor refers to the larva of a weevil.

lacerta

The word lacerta (literally, 'lizard'), like the equivalent σαύρα saurā in the pederastic poems of Strato or Straton, appears sometimes to have been used of the penis. Since the word perīre 'to die' can be used of orgasm, an obscene meaning seems to be implied by the following couplet of Martial (14.172): parce; cupit digitīs illa perīre tuīs. It wants to die between your fingers') Since Strato also uses the word βάτος batos 'bramble' metaphorically of the female genitalia, a similar erotic implication has been seen in Horace's Odes 1.23 where Horace writes: an action which has apparently caused the knees of Chloe (the girl Horace is pursuing) to tremble. A similar sexual implication has been seen in Virgil's Eclogue 2.9, in which the rustic shepherd Corydon is singing of his hopeless love for the boy Alexis:

sōpiō

The obscure word sōpiō (gen. sōpiōnis) seems to have meant a sexualized caricature with an abnormally large penis, such as the Romans were known to draw. It appears in Catullus 37: and in a graffito from Pompeii: The grammarian Sacerdos preserves a quotation about Pompey, that says quem non pudet et rubet, nōn est homō, sed sōpiō ('whoever is not ashamed, and does not blush, is not a man, but a sopio.') Sōpiō would appear to describe drawings such as that of the god Mercury in the illustration.

Erection

The verb arrigō, arrigere meant 'to have an erection'. Martial (6.36) in one epigram teases a certain friend: ut possīs, quotiēns arrigis, olfacere Suetonius's Lives of the Twelve Caesars, quotes a letter from Mark Antony to Augustus which contains the sentence: The participle arrēctus means 'erect'. Martial describes the habit of a certain girl of weighing a lover's penis in her hand (10.55.1): Martial uses the word rigidam ('a hard one') alone to refer to a penis in the following line, mocking a certain Greek philosopher who despite his beard was effeminate (9.47.6): Another word for "erect" was tentus ('stretched, extended'). Priapus is addressed as tente Priāpe in Priāpeia 81, and as being fascinō gravis tentō ('heavy with an extended phallus') in Priāpeia 79. An "erection" or "impatience to have sex" was tentīgō. Horace (Sat. 1.2.116-8) writes: ancilla aut verna est praestō puer, impetus in quem continuō fīat, mālīs tentīgine rumpī? a slave girl or home-reared slave boy is available, on whom you can mount an attack straightaway, do you prefer to burst with the erection?') Similarly in Priapeia 33.5, the god Priapus says: falce mihī positā fīet amīca manus. I shall put down my sickle and my hand will become my girlfriend.') An adjective to describe a penis which refused to become erect was languida. Ovid (Amōrēs 3.7.65-6): turpiter hesternā languidiora rosā shamefully, more languid than yesterday's rose.') And a girlfriend of Horace's chides him with the words (Epodes 12): While Catullus (67.23) speaks of an impotent husband in these terms: nunquam sē mediam sustulit ad tunicam never raised itself to the middle of his tunic')

In the Romance languages

Mentula has evolved into Sicilian and Italian minchia and South Sardinian minca. Minga also exists in Spanish. Verpa is preserved in some Romance dialects, usually with another meaning; verpile is a sort of stirrup and spur in a Calabrian dialect, possibly named for its shape. Most Romance languages have adopted metaphorical euphemisms as the chief words for the penis; as in Spanish, Portuguese and Italian verga, obscene for penis, and in Romanian vargă (although pulă is far more common), in Catalan and French verge, from Latin virga, 'rod', and French queue ('tail'), from Latin cauda/cōda 'tail'. The Portuguese caralho 'penis', first attested in the 10th century, is thought to derive from a Vulgar Latin word *caraculum 'a little stake'. The Italian cazzo has no obvious Latin ancestor. A number of different suggestions have been made for its origin, but none has yet gained general acceptance.

Cōleī: the testicles

The basic word for the testicles in Latin was cōleī (singular: cōleus). It appears to have had an alternative form *cōleōnēs (singular: cōleō), from which the Spanish cojones and other Romance forms are derived. (One late Latin source has the spelling culiones.)

Etymology

The etymology of cōleī is obscure. Tucker, without explanation, gives *qogh-sleǐ-os (*kwogh-sley-os?), and relates it to cohum, an obscure word for 'yoke'. Lewis and Short's Latin Dictionary relates the word to culleus ('a leather sack for liquids'). However, this etymology is not generally accepted today, and according to the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae the etymology is unknown. In texts, the word for testicles is always spelled with col- not cull-, and is plural.

Usage

Cicero in his letter discussing obscene Latin words (ad Fam. 9.22) says at one point honestī cōleī Lānuvīnī, Clīternīnī nōn honestī ('Lanuvian cōleī are respectable, but "Cliternian" ones are indecent'). (Lanuvium and Cliternia were small towns not far from Rome.) However, the meaning of these phrases is not known, according to the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae. The word occurs in Petronius (44): A Pompeian graffito quotes a line of iambic verse: The form of the line is reminiscent of the proverbial sayings of Publilius Syrus, many of which employ the same metre.

Synonyms and metaphors

The more decent word in Latin for testicles was testēs (sing. testis). This word may have derived from the Latin for 'witnesses'. Cicero's letter says "testēs" verbum honestissimum in iūdiciō, aliō locō nōn nimis. ('In a court of law, "witnesses" is a quite decent word; not too much so elsewhere.') Katz (1998) draws attention to the fact that in some cultures it was customary to take a solemn oath while laying hands on the testicles either of a living person (as in Genesis 24:2-4; 47:29-31), or of a sacrificed animal (as described in Demosthenes 23.67f); a similar ritual took place in Umbria when dedicating a sacrificial animal. According to Katz, the word testis itself appears to be derived from the root trityo- ('third') and originally meant a third party. The two meanings of testēs open the door for puns such as the following from Martial (2.72): Or Cicero's testīs ēgregiōs! ('outstanding witnesses!') in his amusing account of two witnesses hiding naked in a public bathhouse. The diminutive testiculī was entirely confined to the anatomical sense; it is used 33 times by the medical writer Celsus, but testis not at all. The satirists Persius and Juvenal also used the word testiculī. Veterinary writers use both testis and testiculus. In Catullus (63.5), the testicles are famously referred to as pondera ('weights'), perhaps a metaphor of the weights hung on threads of a loom. The exact words of the text here are disputed, but the general sense is clear: Ovid (Fasti 2.241) recounting the same story, and perhaps implying that Attis removed the whole organ, similarly uses the phrase onus inguinis ('the burden of his groin'). Other euphemisms are used in other writers. Ovid (Amōrēs 2.3) uses the phrase membra genitālia: vulnera quae fēcit, dēbuit ipse patī. ought himself to have suffered the wounds which he made.')

In the Romance languages

Cōleōnēs is productive in most of the Romance languages: cf. Italian coglioni, French couilles, couillons; Portuguese colhões, Galician collóns, collois, collós, Catalan collons, Sardinian cozzones, Romanian coi, coaie, Spanish cojones (now a loanword in English).

Cunnus: the vulva

Cunnus was the basic Latin word for the vulva. The Priapeia mention it in connection with mentula, above.

Etymology

Cunnus has a distinguished Indo-European lineage. It is cognate with Persian kun 'anus' and kos 'vulva', and with Greek κύσθος (kusthos). Tucker and de Vaan derive it from an Indo-European *kut-nos akin to Welsh cwd 'bag, scrotum'. Despite its similarity to "cunt", the Oxford English Dictionary cautions that the two words may have developed from different roots.

Usage

Cicero's Orator (ad Marcum Brutum) §154 confirms its obscene status. Cicero writes: Because the /m/ of cum assimilates to the /n/ of nōbīs, cum nōbīs sounds very similar to cunnō bis, meaning 'in/from/with a cunt twice'. A similar euphemism occurs in French: the avoidance of qu'on, homophone to con (cunt), by the insertion of a superfluous letter: que l'on. Horace, however, uses the word cunnus in his Satires (Sermones) at 1.2.70, and again at 1.3.105: causa. .. Martial also uses it freely, for example (3.87): atque nihil cunnō pūrius esse tuō. tēcta tamen non hāc, quā dēbēs, parte lavāris: sī pudor est, trānsfer subligar in faciem. and that there is nothing purer than your cunt. However, you go to the baths without covering the part you should; if you have any modesty, transfer your loincloth to your face!') The following obscene poetic graffito from Pompeii is written in the trochaic septenarius metre: e[ād]em continet vapōrem et eādem ve[rr]it mentulam at the same time it retains the heat and at the same time it brushes the cock') The word cunnilingus occurs in literary Latin, most frequently in Martial; it denotes the person who performs the action, not the action itself as in modern English, where it is not obscene but technical. The term comes from the Latin word for the vulva (cunnus) and the verb 'to lick' (lingere, cf. lingua 'tongue').

Synonyms and metaphors

These include sinus, 'indentation', and fossa, 'ditch'; also olla or ollula 'pot'. The modern scientific or polite words vulva and vagina both stem from Latin, but originally they had different meanings. The word vāgīna is the Latin word for scabbard or sword-sheath. Vulva (or volva) in classical Latin generally signified the womb, especially in medical writing, and also it is also common in the Vetus Latina (pre-Jerome) version of the Bible. The meanings of vāgīna and vulva have changed by means of metaphor and metonymy, respectively. Other words for the womb are uterus, mātrīx (in later Latin), venter ('belly'), and alvus (also 'belly'). At Juvenal 6.129, however, the word volva is used of the vagina or clitoris of the (allegedly) nymphomaniac empress Messalina, who is described as departing from a session in a brothel: et lassāta virīs necdum satiāta recessit tired out by men but still not satisfied, she departs')

In the Romance languages

Cunnus is preserved in almost every Romance language: e.g. French con, Catalan cony, Spanish coño, Galician cona, Portuguese cona, (South) Sardinian cunnu, Old Italian cunna. In Calabrian dialects the forms cunnu (m.) and cunna (f.) are used as synonyms of 'stupid, dumb'; the same is true of the French con, conne and in fact this has become the primary meaning of the words, both eclipsing the genital sense and significantly reducing the word's obscenity. In Portuguese it has been transferred to the feminine gender; the form cunna is also attested in Pompeian graffiti and in some late Latin texts.

Landīca: the clitoris

The ancient Romans had medical knowledge of the clitoris, and their native word for it was landīca. This appears to have been one of the most obscene words in the entire Latin lexicon. It is alluded to, but does not appear, in literary sources, except in the Priapeia 79, which calls it misella landīca, the 'poor little clitoris'. It does, however, appear in graffiti.

Usage

Not even the poets Catullus and Martial, whose frankness is notorious, ever refer to landīca. In a letter to a friend, Cicero discusses which words in Latin are potentially obscene or subject to obscene punning, and there hints at the word landīca by quoting an unintentionally obscene utterance made in the Senate: with illam dīcam echoing the forbidden word. Note that the "m" at the end of illam was pronounced like "n" before the following "d." The word landīca is found in Roman graffiti: ('I seek Fulvia's clitoris') appears on a leaden projectile found at Perugia left over from the Perusine War, while a derivative word is found in Pompeii: ('Euplia (is) loose and has a large clitoris'). It also occurs in Priapeia 78.5 (in some versions 79.5), where a girl who has received the attentions of a cunnilingus is described as suffering from landīcae ... fossīs ('cracks in her clitoris'). negent, amīcae cunnilinge vīcīnae, per quem puella fortis ante nec mendāx et quae solēbat impigrō celer passū ad nōs venīre, nunc misella landīcae vix posse iūrat ambulāre prae fossīs. The word also occurs twice in a medical context in a 5th-6th century Latin translation of Soranus of Ephesus's book on gynaecology. Fay (1907) suggests one possible etymology as (g)landīca ('a little gland').

Synonyms and metaphors

Martial's epigram 1.90 alludes to a woman who uses her clitoris as a penis in a lesbian encounter, referring to it as her 'prodigious Venus': mentīturque virum prōdigiōsa Venus. and your prodigious Venus pretends to be a man.') In the Satires of Juvenal it is referred to euphemistically as a crista, 'crest' in this line (6.420), describing a lady's massage after an exercise session: ac summum dominae femur exclāmāre coēgit and causes the top of his mistress's thigh to cry aloud')

In the Romance languages

Landīca survived in Old French landie (extremely rare), and in Romanian lindic.

Cūlus: the anus

The basic Latin word for the anus was cūlus. Though not very common, it occurs in both Catullus and Martial, and is productive in Romance. The word is of uncertain etymology, according to Adams.

Usage

In the texts cūlus appears to be used mainly of humans. It was associated with both defecation and with sex. Catullus (23) mocks a certain Furius with these words: nec tōtō deciēs cacās in annō atque id dūrius est fabā et lapillīs; quod tū sī manibus terās fricēsque, nōn umquam digitum inquināre possēs and you don't shit even ten times in a whole year, and the shit is harder than beans and pebbles; which, if you were to rub it and crumble it with your hands, you could never dirty your finger') Martial (2.51) mocks a passive homosexual in these terms: cum sit et hic cūlō trītior, Hylle, tuō, nōn tamen hunc pistor, nōn auferet hunc tibi cōpō, sed sī quis nimiō pēne superbus erit. īnfēlīx venter spectat convīvia cūlī, et semper miser hic ēsurit, ille vorat. Hyllus, and that rubbed smoother than your arsehole, yet it's not the baker, nor the innkeeper, who will take that away from you, but anyone who is proud of his over-sized penis. Your unlucky stomach looks at the banquets of your arsehole, and the former is always hungry, poor thing, while the latter devours.') In a verse fable of Phaedrus, the word is used of dogs:

Pōdex

The word pōdex was synonymous with cūlus, 'arsehole'. This word is thought to be an o-grade version of the same root as pēdere 'to fart', identifying it as the source of flatulence. Lewis and Short's Dictionary cites only two instances. In an unattractive picture of an old woman Horace (Epodes 8.6) writes: pōdex velut crūdae bovis. an ugly arsehole like that of a cow with diarrhoea.') Juvenal (2.12), writing of outwardly virile but in practice effeminate philosophers, writes: promittunt atrōcem animum, sed pōdice lēvī caeduntur tumidae medicō ridente mariscae. promise a stern spirit, it's true, but from your smooth arsehole swollen figs (i.e. piles) are cut out as the doctor laughs.') The implication is that the piles have been caused by anal sex; that such anal piles or sores are caused by sex is a common theme in the poems of Martial. Martial uses both pōdex and cūlus synonymously in the following poem (6.37): nūllās relliquiās habet Charīnus, et prūrit tamen usque ad umbilīcum. ō quantā scabiē miser labōrat! cūlum nõn habet, est tamen cinaedus. Charimus has no trace left; and yet he itches right up to his navel. O, under what great urges the poor man labours! He has no anus, and yet he's still a fag!') Pōdex seems to have been rather a rarer word than cūlus. It is not used by Catullus, and only twice by Martial. It is not found in Pompeii, and did not produce derivatives in vulgar Latin or in the Romance languages. The fact that it is used once by Juvenal (who avoided obscene vocabulary) shows that it was less offensive than cūlus. In later medical Latin, such as the 5th century Cassius Felix, it could be used as an alternative for ānus.

Ānus

Ānus (not to be confused with ănus 'an old woman') corresponds to the English derivative "anus". The word is metaphorical and originally meant "ring". Its anatomical sense drove out its other meanings, and for this reason the diminutive ānulus became the usual Latin name for a ring or circle. The word is common in medical writings. In his book on agriculture, Columella describes how to treat a cow with stomach-ache: It does not seem to have been regarded as an obscenity, and in his letter on different Latin obscene words, Cicero says: In the Latin Bible, the word is used for "haemorrhoids": In Phaedrus's fable of the dogs who are sent on an embassy to Jupiter, it is used as a synonym of cūlus, which occurs later in the same poem: odōre canibus ānum, sed multō, replent. they fill the dogs' anus with perfume, and a lot of it.') An example of the usage of "ring" as a metaphor in a modern Romance language can be found in Brazilian Portuguese slang, in which the word anel can have the same double meaning, especially in the expression o anel de couro (the leather ring). "Ring" is also British slang for "anus".

Buttocks

A more seemly Latin word for the backside was clūnēs (singular clūnis) 'buttocks'; this word was generally more decent than cūlus, and older, as well: it has several Indo-European cognates. It can be used for the rump of animals as well as humans, and even birds. The word is usually plural but sometimes singular. In the same satire quoted above Juvenal (2.20–21) speaks scathingly of philosophers who have double standards, preaching about virtue but practising vice: clūnem agitant. 'ego tē cēventem, Sexte, verēbor?' but waggle their rump. Am I going to respect you, Sextus, when you behave in such a camp way?') Another word for buttocks, slightly less common, was natēs, which is generally used only of the buttocks of humans. It seems to have been a more vulgar or colloquial word than clūnēs. In one of the Priapeia epigrams (22, in some editions 21) the god Priapus threatens potential thieves with punishment as follows: haec cunnum, caput hic praebeat, ille natēs. the first must provide her cunt, the second his head, the third his buttocks.') Another word for the backside is pūga (from the Greek πυγή buttock(s), backside. This occurs in Horace's famously obscene Satire 1.2.133, where he describes his fear of having to make a quick escape from a woman's bedroom on the unexpected arrival of her husband: From the same satire comes the word dēpūgis with no ass, in a line where Horace describes an unattractive woman:

In the Romance languages

Cūlus has been preserved as meaning the buttocks (rather than the anus) in most Romance languages except for Portuguese, which kept the original semantics. It yields the forms culo in Spanish and Italian; in French and Catalan it becomes cul, in Romanian cur, in Vegliot Dalmatian čol, in Sardinian and Sicilian culu, in Portuguese cu and in Galician cu. Its offensiveness varies from one language to another; in French it was incorporated into ordinary words and expressions such as culottes, 'breeches', and cul-de-sac.

Futuere: to fuck

Futuō, infinitive futuere, perfect futuī, supine futūtum, Latin for "to fuck", is richly attested in all its forms in Latin literature. The etymology is "obscure". It may be related to refūtō "repel, rebut" and cōnfūtō, "suppress" or "beat down", and come from a root meaning "beat". In one poem (10.81.1) Martial writes, using the supine: Horace, in Satire 1.2.127, explains why it is better to have sex with a courtesan rather than a married woman: Not only the word itself, but also derived words such as dēfutūta, 'fucked out, exhausted from sex' (Catullus 41), diffutūta (Catullus 29, same meaning), and cōnfutuere 'to have sex with' (Catullus 37) are attested in Classical Latin literature. The derived noun futūtiō, 'act of intercourse', also exists in Classical Latin, and the nomen agentis futūtor, which corresponds to the English epithet "fucker", but lacking the derogatory tone of the English word. The god Priapus says in one poem (Priapeia 63): solet venīre cum suō futūtōre is accustomed to come with her boyfriend') It is also used metaphorically in Catullus 6, which speaks of latera ecfutūta, funds exhausted, literally 'sides fucked away'. Futuō, unlike the English word "fuck", was more frequently used in erotic and celebratory senses rather than derogatory ones or insults. A woman of Pompeii wrote the graffito futūta sum hīc ('I got laid here') and prostitutes, canny at marketing, appear to have written other graffiti complimenting their customers for their sexual prowess: It is famously used in Catullus 32: novem continuās futūtiōnēs. nine acts of fucking, one after the other.') Futuō in its active voice was used of women only when it was imagined that they were taking the active role thought appropriate to the male partner by the Romans. The woman in Martial 7.70 is described as a tribas, a lesbian. rēctē, quam futuis, vocās amīcam you are right to call the woman you fuck, your "girlfriend".') Other more neutral synonyms for futuō in Latin include ineō, inīre, literally "to enter", as in this sentence from Suetonius, supposedly from a letter written by Mark Antony (lover of Queen Cleopatra) to his brother-in-law Octavian (later to become the Emperor Augustus): The word coeō, coīre, literally 'to go with', whence Latin and English coitus, is also used euphemistically for sexual intercourse, but it is not exactly a synonym for futuere. It can be used for both men and women, and also of animals and birds. Another word found on Pompeian inscriptions was c(h)alāre, which appears to be a borrowing from the Greek χαλάω "loosen". A Pompeian inscription says Dionysius quā horā vult licet chalāre ('Dionysius is allowed to fuck whenever he wants to'). The Latin word laxāre appears to be used in the same sense in Priapeia 31: haec meī tē ventris arma laxābunt ('these weapons of my belly will relax you' (of pēdīcātiō). Adams (1982) lists a large number of other euphemisms for the sexual act, such as this one from Juvenal (6.126):

In the Romance languages

Futuō, a core item of the lexicon, lives on in most of the Romance languages, sometimes with its sense somewhat weakened: Catalan fotre, French foutre, Spanish joder, Portuguese foder, Galician foder, Romanian fute (futere), Italian fottere. A famous ribald song in Old Occitan sometimes attributed to the troubadour William IX of Aquitaine reads: Cen e quatre vint et ueit vetz,<br/ >Q'a pauc no-i rompei mos corretz E mos arnes a hundred and eighty-eight times. I most nearly broke my equipment -- and my tool.')

Pēdīcāre: to sodomise

The aggressive sense of English "fuck" and "screw" was not strongly attached to futuō in Latin. Instead, these aggressive connotations attached themselves to pēdīcāre 'to sodomise' and irrumāre 'to force fellatio' respectively, which were used with mock hostility in Catullus 16: Aurēlī pathice et cinaede Fūrī, quī mē ex versiculīs meīs putāstis, quod sunt molliculī, parum pudīcum. pervert Aurelius and faggot Furius, since you thought me indecent because my poems are somewhat sissified.') The passive voice, pēdīcārī, is used of the person who is forced to submit to anal sex, as in Priapeia 35, in which the god Priapus threatens a thief: sī dēprēnsus eris bis, irrumābō. you are caught a second time, I will stick it in your mouth.') The verb pēdīcāre could also be used of having anal sex with women, as in the following lines from Martial (11.104.17–18) (in the poem he claims to be speaking to his wife): Iūlia Pompeiō, Porcia, Brūte, tibī; There is some doubt in the dictionaries whether the correct spelling was ped- or paed- (Lewis and Short give the latter). Bücheler (1915, p. 105) argues that ped- is correct on the basis of the following epigram in the Priapeia (no. 67): et prīmam CAdmi syllaba prīma REmī, quodque fit ex illīs, mihi tū dēprēnsus in hortō, fūr, dabis: hāc poenā culpa luenda tua est. and the first of 'Cadmus' by the first of 'Remus', and what comes out of them is what you will pay to me if you are caught in the garden, thief; it is with this penalty you must pay for your crime.')

Pēdīcātor and pēdīco (noun)

The word pēdīcātor ('buggerer') is used in a poem by Catullus's friend the orator Licinius Calvus quoted by Suetonius (Caesar 49), in which the King of Bithynia is referred to as pēdīcātor Caesaris ('the buggerer of Caesar'), referring to a rumour that in his youth Julius Caesar had had an affair with king Nicomedes. Martial, in contrast, preferred to use the shorter form pēdīcō or pēdīco, of the same meaning, for example at 11.87: et tibi nūlla diū fēmina nōta fuit. nunc sectāris anūs. ō quantum cōgit egestās! illa futūtōrem tē, Charidēme, facit. and for a long time no woman was known to you. Now you chase after old women. O the things that poverty forces one to do! That woman is making a fucker out of you, Charidemus!') The activities of a pēdīco are hinted at in the following lines of Martial (12.85): hoc sī, sīcut ais, Fabulle, vērum est: quid tu crēdis olēre cunnilingīs? If this is true as you say, Fabullus, what do you think the mouth of pussy-lickers smells of?') The various distinctions in sexual activity are made clear in the following poem of Martial (2.28): dīxerit et digitum porrigitō medium. sed nec pēdīco es nec tū, Sextille, futūtor, calda Vetustīnae nec tibi bucca placet. ex istīs nihil es fateor, Sextille: quid ergō es? nescio, sed tū scīs rēs superesse duās. and show him your middle finger; but you're also neither a buggerer (pēdīco) nor a fucker (futūtor), nor does the hot mouth of Vetustina please you. You're none of those, I admit, Sextillus, so what are you? I don't know, but you know there are only two other possibilities!') The fourth line rules out Sextillus as an irrumātor; the two remaining possibilities were in Roman eyes the most degrading, that he was either a cunnilingus or a fellātor.

Etymology

Pēdīcāre is often thought to be a Greek loanword in Latin (from the noun παιδικά (paidika) 'boyfriend'), but the long "i" is an obstacle. Bücheler (1915, p. 105), who rejects this etymology, suggests there may be a connection to pōdex and pēdō.

In Romance

Unlike futuō, the word pēdīcō has no reflexes in Romance. The French slang word pédé ('male homosexual') is an abbreviated form of pédéraste, according to the Dictionnaire historique de la langue française.

Irrumāre and fellāre: oral sex

Irrumāre: to make suck

Irrumāre, which in English is denoted by the passive construction "to be sucked", is an active verb in Latin, since the irrumātor was considered to be the active partner, the fellātor the passive. Irrumātio is the counterpart of fellātio; in Roman terms, which are the opposite way round to modern conceptions, the giver of oral sex inserts his penis into the mouth of the receiver. To be forced to submit to oral sex was apparently a worse punishment than to be sodomised. Martial (2.47) advises one effeminate man who is having an adulterous affair, and who would not perhaps have objected too much if the husband punished him by sodomising him: quae faciat duo sunt: irrumat aut futuit. He does two things only: puts it in your mouth or screws women.') According to Adams (1982, p. 126-7), it was a standard joke to speak of irrumātio as a means of silencing someone. Martial (3.96) writes: sī tē prendero, Gargilī, tacēbis. but if I catch you, Gargilius, you will be quiet!') Irrumātio was seen as a hostile act that enemies might inflict on one. An inscription says: It is also a standard threat made by the god Priapus, protector of orchards, to potential adult male thieves, as in Priapeia 13: barbātum fūrem tertia poena manet for the bearded thief, a third penalty awaits.')

Fellāre: to suck

The word fellāre originally had an innocent sense, meaning to suck the teat or to suck milk, but in classical times the sexual sense was predominant. The verb fellō and the nouns fellātor and (less often) the feminine fellātrīx are common in graffiti, and the first two also occur several times in Martial's epigrams. The practice was thought particularly degrading for a man, and Martial, mocking a certain masculine lesbian, writes (7.67): sed plānē mediās vorat puellās but absolutely devours the middle parts of girls.') Fellō was generally used absolutely, without an object. A Pompeian wall inscription says Murtis bene felas ('Myrtis, you suck well'), and another says Romula cum suo hic fellat et ubique ('Romula does fellatio with her boyfriend here and everywhere'). A possible obscene innuendo of fellation with a boy has been seen in the following line of Virgil (Eclogues, 2.34), in which the shepherd Corydon is trying to seduce a handsome boy Alexis by offering to teach him to play the pipes: Fellō leaves little trace in Romance languages, being replaced by sūgere ('to suck') and its derivatives. Though it is not represented by descendants, it is represented by learned borrowings such as the French fellation.

Lingere and lambere: to lick

The verb lingere ('to lick') was common in both sexual and non-sexual contexts. As a sexual term, it could have cūlum, mentulam, or cunnum as its object. Martial (3.96) writes: et garris quasi moechus et futūtor. sī tē prendero, Gargilī, tacēbis. and you boast about it as if you were an adulterer and a fucker. But if I catch you, Gargilius, you'll shut up!') Its synonym lambere was also sometimes used in a sexual sense. Martial (3.81) criticises a eunuch who presumed to have oral sex with women:

Glūbere: 'to peel'

Glūbere 'to take the bark off', 'peel' and dēglūbere 'to take the husk off', 'to skin, flay' are famously used in a sexual sense in two places in Latin literature by Catullus and Ausonius. It has been argued that the meaning is to pull back a man's foreskin, in order to masturbate or fellate him. Ausonius (Ep. 71), after mentioning various perversions (obscēnās venerēs), says: dēglūbit, fellat, mōlītur per utramque cavernam, nē quid inexpertum frūstrā moritūra relinquat she "peels", she sucks, she puts it in either hole, lest she leave anything untried before she dies.') What seems to shock Ausonius is that Crispa actively enjoyed taking an active role in such practices rather than passively submitting to male desires as was the norm. The other sexual use of this word is in Catullus (57), who says in a moment of bitterness: illa Lesbia, quam Catullus ūnam plūs quam sē atque suōs amāvit omnēs, nunc in quadriviīs et angiportīs glūbit magnanimī Remī nepōtēs. that one woman whom Catullus loved more than himself and all his dear ones now on crossroads and in alleys "peels" the grandsons of magnanimous Remus.') Some, noting that in Italian the phrases cavar la pelle, scorticare ('debark') can mean 'strip someone of their money', and similar uses of tondēre ('to shear') and dēglūbere ('to skin') in Latin, have argued that Catullus is also using the word in a non-sexual sense; that is, Lesbia is acting like a prostitute and fleecing the spendthrift Roman young men (nepōtēs) of their money.

Cēvēre and crīsāre: to waggle

Cēveō (cēvēre, cēvī) and crīsō (crīsāre etc.) are basic Latin obscenities that have no exact English equivalents. Crīsō referred to the actions of the female partner in sexual intercourse (i.e. grinding or riding on a penis); as, similarly to the case in English, futuō, which is often translated 'fuck', primarily referred to the male action (i.e. thrusting, pounding). Cēveō referred to the similar activity of the passive partner in anal sex.

Etymology

Both of these verbs are of fairly obscure origin. Unlike some of the vocabulary of homosexuality in Latin (pathicus, cinaedus), cēveō seems not to be of Greek origin. Francis A. Wood relates it to an Indo-European root *kweu- or *qeu-, relating to a variety of back and forth motions.

Usage

Cēveō always refers to a male taking the bottom role in anal sex. Martial 3.95 contains the phrase: Crīsō appears to have had a similar meaning, but to have been used of the female. Martial writes of a Spanish dancing-girl (who he suggests would make a suitable present for someone): masturbātōrem fēcerit Hippolytum Again Martial 10.68: tū licet ēdiscās tōtam referāsque Corinthon, nōn tamen omnīnō, Laelia, Lāis eris. Lais was a famous prostitute or courtesan, and Corinth was the site of a major temple of Aphrodite; the temple employed more than a thousand cult prostitutes.

Synonyms and metaphors

These words have few synonyms or metaphors, and belong almost to a sort of technical vocabulary.

In the Romance languages

Both words seem to have been lost in Romance.

Masturbārī: to masturbate

This word is found twice in the poet Martial, but apparently not in earlier writers. Martial writes in one poem (11.104): Hectoreō quotiēns sēderat uxor equō whenever Hector's wife sat on her husband's "horse".') The word masturbātor also occurs. In 14.203 Martial writes of a Spanish girl from Gādēs (Cádiz): masturbātōrem fēcerit Hippolytum. that she would have made a masturbator out of Hippolytus himself!') Hippolytus was famous in mythology for his chastity, and for refusing the advances of his stepmother, Phaedra.

Etymology

Lewis and Short suggest that the word masturbārī may be derived from manū stuprārī 'to defile oneself with a hand', and this is the usual view, and supported ("with some hesitation") by J.N. Adams. Another view, however, is that it comes from *mās + turbāre ('to excite the penis'), assuming an otherwise unattested meaning of "penis" for mās ('male'). The supporters of this view cite another word mascarpiōnem (from mascarpiō), which occurs once in Latin literature in Petronius (134.5), and which appears from the context to mean 'beating the penis with a wand (to stimulate it)'. It is argued that in this word, the element mās- may be the same as in masturbārī. Yet another proposed etymology is that the element masturb- derives from a Proto-Indo-European root *mostrgh- meaning 'brain, marrow', and hence 'semen'.

Synonyms and euphemisms

Martial (9.41) criticises a Roman gentleman for masturbating, using the phrase: The hand used for masturbating by the Romans was evidently the left one, as Martial 11.73 confirms. (Compare also the fragment of the satirist Lucilius quoted above in the section on mūtō.) In another poem (11.22) Martial advises a friend: He continues: et faciunt digitī praecipitantque virum and their fingers hasten the process of turning them into a man.') This apparently dates back to a belief of Aristotle that vigorous sexual activity caused a boy's voice to turn rapidly into that of a man. In another poem (2.43), however, Martial admits that he himself for want of a sexual partner sometimes resorts to the practice: In another (11.46), addressed to a man who finds it difficult in middle age to get an erection, Martial uses the word trūdō ('I shove' or 'prod') to signify masturbation: nec levat extīnctum sollicitāta caput but doesn't raise its worn out head even when provoked'). The frequentative form of trūdō is trūsāre ('to thrust or shove repeatedly'). This occurs in only one place, in Catullus 56: prō tēlō rigidā meā cecīdī. "thrusting"; this boy, if it please Dione, using my "hard one" as a weapon, I "cut".') The meaning of trūsantem here is disputed. 'Masturbating' was the interpretation of A. E. Housman; he also wanted to read prō tēlō as prōtēlō with the meaning 'there and then'. Others, however, understand Catullus to mean that the boy was caught having sex with a girl; in which case, prōtēlō probably means 'in a threesome', since a prōtēlum, according to the agricultural writer Cato the Elder, was a team of three oxen pulling a plough. Uden (2007) translates: 'I just caught a kid banging his girlfriend', explaining that pūpulum is a derogatory diminutive. The verb caedere (literally 'to cut' or 'to kill') is used as slang for homosexual penetration elsewhere in Latin literature, such as at Priapeia 26.10, a poem in which Priapus boasts that in his earlier days solēbam fūrēs caedere quamlibet valentēs ('I used to 'cut' (i.e. sodomise) thieves, however strong they were'). Dione, was the mother of Aphrodite (Venus), goddess of love; but the term was also used in poetry for Venus herself.

Cacāre: to defecate

Cacō, cacāre was the chief Latin word for defecation.

Etymology

The word has a distinguished Indo-European parentage, which may perhaps relate to nursery words or children's slang that tends to recur across many different cultures. It would appear to be cognate with the Greek noun κοπρος, kopros, meaning "excrement" (hence, coprophilia). It also exists in Germanic; in German, Swedish (kack), Scots (as both noun and verb, cack or cackie, the diminutive), whilst English "poppiecock" derives from Dutch pappe kak, 'diarrhea'. It exists in Turkish (kaka), Irish and Scottish Gaelic (cac), Hebrew, Arabic dialects, Hungarian (kaka), Ukrainian (какати), Russian, Lithuanian and Persian/Isfahani accent (keke). In British English, "caca" is occasionally used as childish slang for excrement (similar to American English "poop"), a word whose level of obscene loading varies from country to country; whilst in Scotland and in Ireland, "cack" is occasionally used either as a mild interjection, or as an impolite adjective to mean of poor quality, broken, nonsense. It also exists as a loan in Finnish (kakka). The derivatives of this Latin word appear in Spanish, Catalan, Portuguese, Italian (cacca), Romanian, and French. Also, in Serbian: kakati 'to poop'.

Usage

The verb is usually used intransitively. Martial (1.92.11) says: However, in the phrase below, from Catullus 36, it is transitive: The prefixed form concacāre is transitive. Seneca describes the Emperor Claudius's final words, spoken after farting loudly:

Synonyms and metaphors

Few synonyms are attested in Classical Latin, apart from a word cunīre, attested by the grammarian Festus (but nowhere else) in the meaning stercus facere. The word dēfēcāre comes much later. A euphemism which occurs in Petronius (116) is suā rē causā facere: The same euphemism is used in Petronius of relieving oneself of gas (see below).

In the Romance languages

Cacāre is preserved unaltered in Sardinian and the southern Italian dialects, and with little alteration in Italian (cagare). It becomes Galician, Catalan, Spanish, and Portuguese cagar, in Vegliot Dalmatian kakuor, in French chier, and in Romanian as căcare (the act of taking a dump) or a (se) căca. (Feces are referred to as caca in French, Catalan, Romanian (besides căcat) and Spanish childhood slang, while Portuguese and Romanian use the very same word with the general meaning of anything that looks or smells malodorous or reminiscent of excrement.) German kacken, Dutch kakken, Czech kakat, Lithuanian kakoti, Russian какать (kakat'), Icelandic kúka, Bosnian kakiti etc. are all slang words meaning 'to defecate', most of them having roughly the same level of severity as the English expression 'take a dump'.

Merda: feces

Merda is the basic Latin word for excrement. Frequently used, it appears in most of the Romance languages.

Etymology

Merda represents Indo-European *s-merd-, whose root sense was likely 'something malodorous'. It is cognate with German Mist (dung), Lithuanian smirdė́ti ('to stink'), Russian смерде́ть (smerdét, 'to stink') and Polish śmierdzieć ('to stink').

Usage

The word merda is attested in classical texts mostly in veterinary and agricultural contexts, meaning 'manure'. Cato the Elder uses it, as well as stercus, while the Mulomedicina Chironis speaks of merda būbula, 'cattle manure'. Unlike the English word "shit", merda could be both singular and plural. In Horace (Satires 1.8.37), a talking statue of Priapus says: corvōrum atque in me veniat mictum atque cacātum Iūlius, et fragilis Pediātia, fūrque Vorānus. of ravens, and may Julius, delicate Pediatia, and the thief Voranus come to piss and shit on me!') In one of his verse fables (4.18.25), Phaedrus speaks of some dogs who have had their backsides deodorised with perfume. But on hearing thunder, The word can also be used in a metaphorical sense, as at Martial 3.17, speaking of a pastry which had been blown on by a man with impure breath (caused no doubt by oral sex) to cool it down:

Synonyms and metaphors

The politer terms for merda in Classical Latin were stercus (gen. stercoris), 'manure' and fimum or fimus, 'filth'. Stercus was used frequently in the Vulgate, as in its well-known translation of Psalm 112:7: (Psalm 113:7 in the KJV.) In Classical Latin, faex, plural faecēs, meant the dregs, such as are found in a bottle of wine; the word did not acquire the sense of feces until later.

In the Romance languages

Merda is productive in the Romance languages, and is the etymon of French merde, Spanish mierda, and in Vegliot Dalmatian miarda. It is preserved unaltered in Catalan, Galician, Italian, Portuguese, and Sardinian. It was preserved in Romanian too, not for feces, where căcat (derived from caco) is used instead, but in the word dezmierda, originally meaning 'to wipe the bottom of (an infant)'; subsequently becoming 'to cuddle' or 'to fondle'.

Pēdere and vissīre: passing wind

Pēdere

Pēdō, pēdere, pepēdī, pēditum is the basic Latin word for passing intestinal wind. In the Sermones 1.8, 46, Horace writes: diffissā nate fīcus... Christopher Smart translates this passage as 'from my cleft bum of fig-tree I let out a fart, which made as great an explosion as a burst bladder'. The "I" of this satire is the god Priapus, and Smart explains that he was made of fig-tree wood which split through being poorly prepared. Martial also uses the word several times, including the following (10.15): quam quod mē cōram pēdere, Crispe, solēs. other than that you are in the habit of farting in front of me, Crispus.') A word oppēdere ('to fart in the face of, mock') is used in Horace (Sat. 1.9.70). Catullus also uses the noun pēditum in one of his poems (54).

Vissīre

A rarer word, meaning 'to fart silently', was vissīre. This is hinted at in Cicero's letter ad Fam. 9.22, where he says that the word divīsiō is potentially obscene, in the same way as the word intercapēdō. The word is not recorded in Lewis and Short's Latin Dictionary and does not appear to have been used by any extant author. However, the Oxford Latin Dictionary quotes an inscription from a public bath in Ostia which says Judging from derivatives in some of the daughter languages (see below), there was also a noun *vissīna 'a silent fart', but no trace of this is found in the extant texts.

Crepāre

The noise made by escaping flatulence was usually called crepitus, a word which could refer to a noise of various kinds, and the verb crepāre was used of breaking wind noisily. Martial writes of a certain man, who after an embarrassing incident of flatulence when praying in the temple of Jupiter, was careful in the future to take precautions: sellās ante petit Patercliānās et pēdit deciēsque vīciēsque. sed quamvīs sibi cāverit crepandō, compressīs natibus Iovem salūtat. he first heads for the toilets of Paterclus and farts ten or twenty times. But however much he takes precautions by breaking wind, he still salutes Jupiter with clenched buttocks.')

Euphemisms

In Petronius (47), in the speech of the vulgar millionaire Trimalchio, euphemisms suā rē causā facere and facere quod sē iuvet 'do what helps one' are both used for relieving oneself of wind:

Etymology

The antiquity of pēdō and its membership in the core inherited vocabulary is clear from its reduplicating perfect stem. It is cognate with Greek πέρδομαι (perdomai), English fart, Bulgarian prdi, Polish pierdzieć, Russian пердеть (perdet), Lithuanian persti, Sanskrit pardate, and Avestan pərəδaiti, all of which mean the same thing. Vissīre is clearly onomatopoeic. The Old Norse fisa may be compared, although the correspondence in sounds is not exact.

In the Romance languages and English

Pēdere and pēditum survive in Romance. In French, the noun pet from pēditum and the derived verb péter (for earlier poire from pēdere) are very much alive. In Catalan, the verb is petar-se and the noun is pet. In Spanish the noun pedo as well as the verbs peerse and pedorrear are similarly derived. Portuguese peido and peidar(-se), (-dei) and Galician peido and peidar(se) are related. Italian peto is less common than scorreggia and its derived verb scorreggiare, but in Neapolitan pireto is frequently used. The English word "petard", found mostly in the cliché "hoist with his own petard", comes from an early explosive device, the noise of which was likened to that of farting. English also has "petomania" for a musical performance of breaking intestinal wind, and "petomane" for the performer, after Le Pétomane, a French performer active in the early 20th century. Vissīre, though rare in Latin texts, has derivates in several Romance languages, such as Romanian bășí (verb) and bășínă (noun); French vesse (noun) and vesser (verb).

Mingere and meiere: urination

Mingō (infinitive mingere) and meiō (infinitive meiere) are two variant forms of what is likely a single Latin verb meaning 'to urinate', or in more vulgar usage, 'to take a piss'. The two verbs share a perfect mixī or mīnxī, and a past participle mictum or mīnctum. It is likely that mingō represents a variant conjugation of meiō with a nasal infix. In Classical Latin, the form mingō was more common than meiō. In some Late Latin texts a variant first conjugation form meiāre is attested. This is the form that is productive in Romance. The Classical Latin word micturīre became the accepted medical word meaning 'to urinate'. It is the source of the English medical term "micturition reflex".

Usage

Martial's epigram 3.78 uses meiere and ūrīna to make a bilingual pun: meiere vīs iterum? iam 'Palinūrus' eris. Do you want to piss again? then you will be Palinurus.') (Note that palin is a Greek word meaning 'once again'. Palinurus was Aeneas's helmsman who fell overboard in a storm in the Aeneid.) The verbs meiere and mingere could also be used euphemistically of sexual intercourse. Horace (Satires 1.2.44), speaking of the punishments meted out to adulterers, says: accidit, ut cuidam testīs caudamque salācem dēmeterent ferrō. happened once that they cut off someone's balls and lecherous 'tail' with a knife.') Catullus (67.23) speaks of a father who 'pissed in the lap of his own son' (ipse suī gnātī mīnxerit in gremium), that is, had sex with his son's wife.

Urine

The most usual word for urine was ūrīna, which is attested in Latin as early as Cicero, and became the usual polite term. The relationship with the Greek verb οὐρέω (oureō), 'to urinate', is not clear. In Classical Latin, however, the verb ūrīnārī meant 'to dive into water', and ūrīnātor was 'a diver', ūrīnantēs 'those who dive'. Catullus (37) writes contemptuously of a certain Spaniard who was one of the lovers of his girlfriend Lesbia: cunīculōsae Celtiberiae fīlī, Egnātī. opāca quem bonum facit barba et dēns Hibērā dēfricātus ūrīnā. son of rabbit-filled Celtiberia, Egnatius, made handsome by your dark beard, and your teeth brushed clean with Iberian piss.') Another word for urine, but less commonly used, was lōtium. This word relates to lavāre, 'to wash'. The Romans, innocent of soap, collected urine as a source of ammonia to use in laundering clothes. The early agricultural writer Cato, an advocate of cabbage, used this word when he wrote (Res Rustica 156):

Etymology

Meiere is an inherited Indo-European word. It relates to Sanskrit mehati, 'urinates', Persian mīz, 'urine', Lithuanian myža, 'he/she urinates', Greek ὀμείχειν (omeikhein), 'to urinate', which, taken together, point to an Indo-European *h3meiģh-. This IE root with a palatal ģh was formerly mixed up (e. g. in Pokorny's IEW) with another one with velar *gh meaning 'mist' (Russian mgla), hence erroneous tentative overall translations like 'to sprinkle' or 'to wet' which still turn up sometimes.

In the Romance languages

Though mingere and meiere are the Classical Latin forms, meiāre seems to have been the popular form in Late Latin. This underlies Galician mexar, Portuguese mijar, and Spanish mear. *Pissiāre represents a borrowing from the Germanic languages, and appears elsewhere in the Romance territory, as in French pisser, Catalan pixar, Italian pisciare and Romanian a (se) pișa, along with English to piss.

Latin words relating to prostitution

Compared to the anatomical frankness of the Roman vocabulary about sexual acts and body parts, the Roman vocabulary relating to prostitution seems euphemistic and metaphorical. Prostitutes were called meretrīx, 'earner', and lupa, 'she-wolf'; a brothel was a lupānar; these words referred to the mercantile and perceived predatory activities of prostitutes. The Latin verb prōstō meant 'to be up for sale' and prōstituō meant 'to expose for public sale'. The poet Juvenal (6.120-3) gives a satirical account of how the disgraced Empress Messalina used to enjoy playing the part of a prostitute in a brothel: intrāvit calidum veterī centōne lupānar et cellam vacuam atque suam; tunc nūda papillīs prōstitit aurātīs titulum mentīta Lyciscae wearing an old patchwork cloak, she entered the hot brothel and an empty cell of her own; then she offered herself for sale nude with her nipples covered in gold, using the false name of "Lycisca".') The pimp or pander in charge of the brothel, who dismissed the girls at closing time, was called 'lēnō if male (Juvenal 6.127) and lēna if female. The neuter word scortum could refer to either a male or female prostitute. This word may relate to Latin scorteus, 'made of leather or hide', much as English refers to the "skin trade". Lewis and Short quote Varro: pellem antīquī dīcēbant scortum ('in the old days people referred to skin as scortum'). Another word for a male prostitute, notably one who is no longer a boy, is exolētus (literally 'grown up, adult'). Cicero (pro Milone, 21, 55) writes: The verb 'scortor, scortārī, which occurs chiefly in Plautus, means 'to go whoring' or 'to employ prostitutes'. Plautus illustrates its use in his play Asinaria: hanc quidem, quam nactus, praedam pariter cum illīs partiam. So I'll share this booty which I've captured with them equally.') The important and productive words for a prostitute in Romance, *pūta or *pūtāna, are not attested in Classical Latin, despite their many Romance derivatives: French putain and pute, Italian puttana, Spanish, Filipino, Catalan, Portuguese and Galician puta. French linguists state that they relate to Latin pūteō, pūtēre, 'to stink', and thus represent yet another metaphor.. Spaniards María Moliner (author of a famous dictionary of Spanish) and Joan Coromines think they came from Vulgar Latin *putta, feminine form of *puttus, an emphatic form of pūtus, 'pure' or 'boy'. In Portugal, the word puto has the same connotation as 'small kid' or 'little boy'; in Brazil, on the other hand, it is slang for 'pissed off' or enraged males in general or as a colloquial, mildly offensive term for male escorts (more formally called prostitutos or michês) – the male counterpart of the slang puta, with the same meanings.

In popular culture

The HBO/BBC2 original television series Rome depicts the city with the grit and grime that is often absent from earlier productions, including that of language. But since the actors speak English, Latin profanity is mostly seen in written graffiti, such as: