{"history":[],"article":{"id":"129e05e4-26df-448d-907e-8d17144c9cc5","title":"Konglish","slug":"konglish","content":":::summary\n:::\n\n# \n**Konglish**, more formally **[Korean](https://bliptext.com/articles/korean-language)-style [English](https://bliptext.com/articles/english-language)** comprises [English](https://bliptext.com/articles/english-language) and other foreign language [loanwords](https://bliptext.com/articles/loanword) that have been appropriated into [Korean](https://bliptext.com/articles/korean-language), and includes many that are used in ways that are [not readily understandable](https://bliptext.com/articles/pseudo-anglicism) to native [English](https://bliptext.com/articles/english-language) speakers.\nA common example is the Korean term \"hand phone\" for the English \"[mobile phone](https://bliptext.com/articles/mobile-phone)\".\nKonglish also has direct English loanwords, mistranslations from English to Korean, or pseudo-English words [coined in Japanese](https://bliptext.com/articles/wasei-eigo) that came to Korean usage.\nSociolinguistically, South Koreans use English to denote luxury, youth, sophistication, and modernity.\nThe term is a [portmanteau](https://bliptext.com/articles/portmanteau) of the names of the two languages and was first recorded earliest in 1975.\nOther less common terms include: Korlish (recorded from 1988), Korenglish (1992), Korglish (2000) and Kinglish (2000).\nThe use of Konglish is widespread in [South Korea](https://bliptext.com/articles/south-korea) as a result of U.S. cultural influence, but it is not familiar to [North Koreans](https://bliptext.com/articles/north-korea).\n\n# Overview\nA possible explanation behind South Korea's acceptance and rapid integration of English into the Korean language and culture may lie in the overall South Korean attitude towards globalization.\nEnglish-learning has become prevalent in South Korean society, which Joseph Sung-Yul Park, in his 2009 paper, attributes to three primary developments and qualities - necessitation, externalization, and self-deprecation.\nPark believes necessitation stems from the general Korean belief that learning English is a must to succeed in the globalizing world, whereas externalization refers to treating English as the language of the so-called \"other\", opposite to the Korean identity.\nFinally, self-deprecation refers to Park's belief that Koreans think that they are viewed by the world to not be competent in their usage of English.\nThe English language has become so interpenetrated into the Korean language that English makes up over 90% of the loanwords in the Korean lexicon today, and there continue to be debates among Korean linguists over whether establishing the national language of South Korea as English would be a prudent decision in the globalizing world.\nIn fact, Harkness attributes this development in South Korean society as a sign of South Korean ambivalence towards its engagement with the rest of the world to an extent.\nOn the contrary, however, North Korea has undergone a systematic purging of its language, eliminating its reliance on foreign influences.\nIn fact, language is viewed not only as a useful tool to further its propaganda, but also as a 'weapon' to reinforce its ideology and the \"building of socialism\".\nToday, the North Korean language, which was officially established as \"Munhwaŏ\", or \"cultured language\", in 1966, consists of nativized Sino-Korean vocabulary and has eliminated foreign loan words from the North Korean lexicon.\nThese steps first included its decolonization process in an attempt to re-establish a unique \"North Korean\" identity, eliminating the Japanese language and culture that had deeply penetrated the Korean peninsula during the decades of [Japanese annexation](https://bliptext.com/articles/korea-under-japanese-rule).\nAdditionally, it continued to resist adopting loan words from foreign sources, especially when it came to English - thus, there are barely, if any, \"Konglish\" terms in the North Korean language.\n\n# History\nKorea became a colony of Japan between 1910 and 1945.\nDuring the colonial period, Japanese was the main language through which English terms of communication were imported into Korea, especially at times when teaching and speaking Korean was prohibited.\nAs Japan actively imported Western culture and technology in the years that followed, the earliest English loanwords evolved gradually through this Japanese influence.\nFor example, one of the well-known words is 커피 which originates from the word \"coffee\".\nAfter the Second World War, U.S. culture and language had a deeper influence on Koreans with the arrival of the U.S. army.\nThe popularity of the use of English in the Korean language also increased.\nAccording to data at the time, up to 10% of Korean vocabulary came from and was changed from English.\nThus, Konglish was adopted with increasing usage during the years of U.S. presence in Korea.\n\n# Category\nKonglish is relatively understudied and also varies in definition across individuals.\nHowever, some experts would agree that its formation parallels that of [pidgins](https://bliptext.com/articles/pidgins) and [creoles](https://bliptext.com/articles/english-based-creole-language) but that it cannot be defined as those categories because it is not yet its own category of English, but it is rather a subcategory of Korean that is conceptualized in the form of English words and phrases, which have been integrated with Korean.\nKonglish is ambiguous in its category of linguistics but is similar to the definition of Platt's \"New Englishes\", which is distinguished from erroneous or temporary forms of English.\nKonglish aligns with the standards of \"New Englishes\" by being developed through the education system in an area in which English is not the native language spoken by most of the population, used for a range of functions among the speakers, and has been localized by adopting some language feature of its own such as intonation patterns and expressions.\n\n# Laterals\nMany Koreans who immigrate to the United States and learn English have a distinct Korean-English variation, especially in early stages of acquisition.\nOne reason this is so is due to distinct laterals between English and Korean languages, which affects the articulatory and acoustic characteristics of the languages.\nAmerican English is often described as having \"dark\" variants, which involves a primary [alveolar](https://bliptext.com/articles/alveolar-consonant) contact gesture as well as a secondary dorsal retraction gesture.\nIn most cases, English in America is spoken with very little anterior contact in the mouth, and instead uses the narrowed upper [pharyngeal](https://bliptext.com/articles/pharyngeal-consonant) area with a retracted tongue dorsum.\nThe Korean lateral on the other hand is considered to be \"light\" in its acoustic and articulatory characteristics.\nThe two gestures that make up the Korean lateral include tongue tip closure and [palatalization](https://bliptext.com/articles/palatalization-phonetics), which involves the raising of the tongue body.\nAccording to the Speech Learning Model, learning a second language is easier in later stages of acquisition for laterals that are more different than similar because one can recognize the differences in speech sounds more clearly.\nThis is true for Koreans learning English, as they use distinct articulatory tongue shapes, using a low tongue body and a heavily retracted tongue dorsum for their English word-final lateral, similar to native English speakers.\nIn loanwords used in Konglish, the dark English lateral is often mapped onto the loanwords Koreans use, showing that Koreans see these loanwords as separate from purely Korean, even though it is used in everyday life.\n\n# Examples\nThese two lists of Konglish terms, the second being loan words that arrived via Japanese influence, are intended to contain Konglish terms [not readily understandable](https://bliptext.com/articles/pseudo-anglicism) to a native [English](https://bliptext.com/articles/english-language) speaker, similar to [wasei-eigo](https://bliptext.com/articles/wasei-eigo) terms in the [Japanese language](https://bliptext.com/articles/japanese-language).\nMany Konglish terms were invented by [Koreans](https://bliptext.com/articles/koreans) through non-standard abbreviations or combinations of English words or by applying a new meaning or usage to a common English word.\nWhile English words may have reached Korea via globalization, modernization, etc.) social and linguistic factors had an impact in the shift of meaning of the words introduced as they were propagated through the community. An example of a Korean [false friend](https://bliptext.com/articles/false-friend) is the word \"미팅\", which sounds like \"meeting\" in English but means \"blind date\".\nA trend in the naming of apartment buildings in [Seoul](https://bliptext.com/articles/seoul) is blending English words together because developers believe this will enhance the luxury brand image of the properties.\nSome examples of apartment names with blended English words include: Luxtige, Blesstige, Tristige and Forestige, XI; these words are combinations of luxury, bless, prestige, trinity, forest, extra and intelligence.\n• aggro - \"action of asking to be attacked, large-scale trolling\"\n• eogeuro (어그로 ) < aggravation\n• carry - \"to single-handedly carry the failing project to a success\"\n• kaeri (캐리 ) < carry\n• di-ca – \"digital camera\"\n• dika (디카 ) < digital camera\n• Dutch pay – \"going Dutch\"\n• deochi pei (더치 페이 ) < Dutch + pay\n• eye shopping - \"window shopping\"\n• ai syoping (아이 쇼핑 ) < eye + shopping\n• hand phone – \"mobile phone\"\n• haendeupon (핸드폰 ) < hand + phone\n• hunting – \"searching for a date\"\n• heonting (헌팅 ) < hunting\n• kick board – \"kick scooter\"\n• kikbodeu (킥보드 ) < kick + board\n• knit – \"knitted sweater\"\n• niteu (니트 ) < knit\n• manicure – \"nail polish\"\n• maenikyueo (매니큐어 ) < manicure\n• newtro – \"new reinterpretation of retro trends\"\n• nyuteuro (뉴트로 ) < new + retro\n• meeting – \"group blind date\"\n• miting (미팅 ) < meeting\n• officetel – \"an apartment that can also be used as an office\"\n• opiseutel (오피스텔 ) < office + hotel\n• one plus one – \"buy one, get one free\"\n• won peulleoseu won (원 플러스 원 ) < one + plus + one\n• one shot – \"bottoms up\"\n• wonsyat (원샷 ) < one + shot\n• over – \"overdo, exaggerate, be overdramatic\"\n• obeo (오버 ) < over\n• overeat – \"vomiting\"\n• obaiteu (오바이트 ) < overeat\n• padding – \"padded down jacket/coat\"\n• paeding (패딩 ) < padding\n• panty stocking – \"pantyhose\"\n• paenti staking (팬티 스타킹 ) < panty + stocking\n• poclain – \"excavator\"\n• pokeurein (포크레인 ) < Poclain\n• pocket ball – \"pool, pocket billiards\"\n• poketbol (포켓볼 ) < pocket + ball\n• pop song – \"English-language popular music\"\n• papsong (팝송 ) < pop + song\n• ribbon – \"bow\"\n• ribon (리본 ) < ribbon\n• sel-ca – \"selfie\"\n• selka (셀카 ) < self + camera\n• self – \"self-service\"\n• selpeu (셀프 ) < self\n• sense – \"tact, wit\"\n• senseu (센스 ) < sense\n• sign pen – \"marker pen\"\n• sainpen (사인펜 ) < sign + pen\n• skin-scuba – \"skin diving and scuba diving\"\n• seukinseukubeo (스킨스쿠버 ) < skin + scuba\n• soul food – \"comfort food\"\n• soul pudeu (소울 푸드 ) < soul + food\n• villa – \"small-sized condominium (multi-household house with 4 floors or less)\"\n• billa (빌라 ) < villa\n• webtoon – \"webcomic\"\n• weptun (웹툰 ) < web + cartoon\n• service – \"free/on the house\"\n• seobiseu (서비스 ) < service\n\n## Loanwords from Japan\nMany loanwords entered into Korean from [Japan](https://bliptext.com/articles/japan), especially during the [Japan](https://bliptext.com/articles/japan)ese forced occupation, when the teaching and speaking of Korean was prohibited.\nThose Konglish words are loanwords from, and thus similar to, [Wasei-eigo](https://bliptext.com/articles/wasei-eigo) used in Japan.\nA simple example would be how the meaning of the English word \"cunning\" changes when used in a Konglish sentence.\nIn South Korea, keonning means cheating, as the loanword was adapted from [Japanglish](https://bliptext.com/articles/japanglish) kanningu (カンニング), which means \"cheating\".\nKonglish words may or may not have a similar meaning to the original word when used, and a well-known [brand name](https://bliptext.com/articles/brand-name) can become a generalized trademark and replace the general word: older Korean people tend to use the word babari (\"[Burberry](https://bliptext.com/articles/burberry)\") or babari-koteu (\"[Burberry](https://bliptext.com/articles/burberry) coat\"), which came from Japanese bābari-kōto (meaning \"gabardine raincoat\") to refer to all [trench coats](https://bliptext.com/articles/trench-coat).\nCoats made by Burberry are called beobeori-koteu (버버리 코트), rather than babari-koteu in Korean (as the brand name, entered to Korean language directly from English, is Beobeori).\nSome examples such as \"Burberry\" and \"fighting\" can be considered pseudo-anglicisms as they follow certain traits: use native words in conjunction with an English suffix like -ting or -ism to create a word that does not exist in the English language.\nThe word \"fighting\" (화이팅)is an instance of this.\nWords like\" Burberry\" (바바리) are invented through other means due to social or cultural elements.\nThe use of \"Burberry\"(바바리) over trench coats can be compared to Kleenex’s usage over tissue.\nCompared to Japanese, both English and Korean have more vowels and permit more [coda](https://bliptext.com/articles/syllable) consonants.\nOftentimes when Japanesized English words enter into the Korean language, the \"original\" English words from which the Japanglish words were derived are reverse-traced, and the words undergo de-Japanesization (sometimes with [hypercorrection](https://bliptext.com/articles/hypercorrection)).\n• ad-balloon – \"aerial advertising balloon\"\n• aedeubeollun (애드벌룬 ) < ado-barūn (アドバルーン ) < ad + balloon\n• after service, A/S – \"customer service\", \"warranty\"\n• apeuteo seobiseu (애프터 서비스 ) < afutāsābisu (アフターサービス ) < after + service\n• air-con - \"air conditioner\"\n• eeokeon (에어컨) ) < eakon (エアコン ) < air + conditioner\n• apart – \"apartment building\"\n• apateu (아파트 ) < apāto (アパート ) < apartment\n• auto-bi – \"motorcycle\"\n• otobai (오토바이 ) < ōtobai (オートバイ ) < auto + bicycle\n• back mirror – \"rear-view mirror\"\n• baengmireo (백미러 ) < bakkumirā (バックミラー ) < back + mirror\n• ball pen – \"ballpoint pen\"\n• bolpen (볼펜 ) < bōrupen (ボールペン ) < ball + pen\n• bond – \"glue, adhesive\"\n• bondeu (본드 ) < bondo (ボンド ) < bond\n• Burberry coat – \"trench coat\"\n• babari koteu (바바리 코트 ) < bābarikōto (バーバリコート, \"gabardine raincoat\") < Burberry coat\n• career woman – \"a woman who works\"\n• keorieo umeon (커리어 우먼 ) < kyaria-ūman (キャリアウーマン ) < career + woman\n• carrier – \"suit case\"\n• kaerieo (캐리어 ) < kyarībaggu (キャリーバッグ ) < carrier + bag\n• cider – \"lemon-lime drink\"\n• saida (사이다 ) < saidā (サイダー ) < cider\n• circle – \"student's club\"\n• seokeul (서클 ) < sākuru (サークル ) < circle\n• complex – \"insecurity, sense of inferiority\"\n• kompeullekseu (콤플렉스 ) < conpurekkusu (コンプレックス ) < complex\n• concent – \"power sockets, outlets\"\n• konsenteu (콘센트 ) < konsento (コンセント ) < concentric plug\n• cunning – \"cheating\"\n• keoning (커닝 ) or keonning (컨닝 ) < kanningu (カンニング ) < cunning\n• ero – \"lewd\"\n• ero (에로 ) < ero (エロ ) < erotic\n• dash – \"asking someone out, approaching, taking the initiative (in dating)\"\n• daesi (대시 ) < dasshu (ダッシュ, \"dashing, rushing\") < dash\n• fancy – \"stationery\"\n• paensi (팬시 ) < fanshī-shōhin (ファンシー商品 ; \"illustrated goods\") < fancy + Japanese \"goods\"\n• fighting – \"Go go go!\", \"Good luck!\", \"You can do it!\"\n• paiting (파이팅 ) or hwaiting (화이팅 ) < faito (ファイト ) < fight\n• gag man – \"comedian\"\n• gaegeuman (개그맨 ) < gyaguman (ギャグマン ) < gag + man\n• gag woman – \"comedienne\"\n• gaegeuwoman (개그우먼 ) < gyaguūman (ギャグウーマン ) < gag + woman\n• glamour – \"a buxom woman\"\n• geullaemeo (글래머 ) < guramāgāru (グラマーガール ) < glamour + girl\n• key holder – \"keychain\"\n• ki holdeo (키 홀더 ) < kīhorudā (キーホルダー ) < key + holder\n• handle – \"steering wheel\"\n• haendeul (핸들 ) < handoru (ハンドル ) < handle\n• health club – \"gym\"\n• helseu keulleop (헬스 클럽 ) < herusukurabu (ヘルスクラブ ) < health + club\n• hotchkiss – \"stapler\"\n• hochikiseu (호치키스 ) < hochikisu (ホチキス ) < American brand name E. H. Hotchkiss Company\n• machine – \"sewing machine\"\n• mising (미싱 ) < mishin (ミシン ) < machine\n• mass-com – \"mass media\"\n• maeseukeom (매스컴 ) < masukomi (マスコミ ) < mass + communication\n• morning call – \"wakeup call\"\n• moningkol (모닝콜 ) < mōningukōru (モーニングコール ) < morning + call\n• one-piece – \"dress\"\n• wonpiseu (원피스 ) < wanpīsu (ワンピース ) < one + piece\n• one-room – \"studio apartment\"\n• wollum (원룸 ) < wanrūmumanshon (ワンルームマンション ) < one + room + mansion\n• open car – \"convertible\"\n• opeunka (오픈카 ) < ōpunkā (オープンカー ) < open + car\n• remo-con – \"remote control\"\n• rimokeon (리모컨 ) < rimokon (リモコン ) < remote + control\n• report – \"term paper\"\n• ripoteu (리포트 ) < repōto (リポート ) < report\n• rinse – \"hair conditioner\"\n• rinseu (린스 ) < rinsu (リンス ) < cream rinse\n• running machine – \"treadmill\"\n• reoning meosin (러닝 머신 ) < ranningumashīn (ランニングマシーン ) < running + machine\n• service – \"something that is free of charge\"\n• seobiseu (서비스 ) < sābisu (サービス ) < service\n• sharp – \"mechanical pencil\"\n• syapeu (샤프 ) < shāpupenshiru (シャープペンシル ) < sharp + pencil\n• sign – \"autograph\"\n• sain (사인 ) < sain (サイン ) < sign\n• skinship – \"physical contact\"\n• seukinsip (스킨십 ) < sukinshippu (スキンシップ ) < skin + -ship\n• SNS – \"social media\"\n• eseu-en-eseu (에스엔에스 ) < esu-enu-esu (エスエヌエス ) < social + networking + service\n• stand – \"desk lamp\"\n• seutaendeu (스탠드 ) < sutando (スタンド ) < stand\n• super – \"corner shop\"\n• syupeo (슈퍼 ) < sūpā (スーパー ) < supermarket\n• talent – \"televised drama actor\"\n• taelleonteu (탤런트 ) < tarento (タレント ) < talent\n• tape cleaner – \"lint remover\"\n• teipeu keullineo (테이프 클리너 ) < tēpu-kurīnā (テープクリーナー ) < tape + cleaner\n• trump card – \"playing cards\"\n• teureompeu kadeu (트럼프 카드 ) < toranpu kādo (トランプ・カード ) < trump + card\n• two piece – \"skirt or pants and a top\"\n• tupiseu (투피스 ) < tsūpīsu (ツーピース ) < two + piece\n• vinyl house – \"polytunnel, hoop greenhouse\"\n• binil hauseu (비닐 하우스 ) < binīruhausu (ビニールハウス ) < vinyl + house\n• white – \"correction fluid, correction tape\"\n• hwaiteu (화이트 ) < howaito (ホワイト ) < white\n• Y-shirt – \"dress shirt\"\n• waisheocheu (와이셔츠 ) < waishatsu (ワイシャツ ) < white shirt\n\n## Pseudo-Konglish loanwords\nSome foreign-origin words such as areubaiteu (아르바이트,, \"[part-time](https://bliptext.com/articles/part-time-job)\"), a loanword from [German](https://bliptext.com/articles/german-language) Arbeit (, \"work\"), are sometimes mistakenly considered as Konglish and are corrected into \"accurate\" English loanword forms such as pateutaim (파트타임, ).\n\n# Debate\nThere is some debate around whether Konglish is harmful or helpful.\nSome argue that Konglish has limited benefit to South Korea's international competitiveness, and potentially negatively impacts the Korean language.\nIn contrast, [Jasper Kim](https://bliptext.com/articles/jasper-kim), a law professor at [Ewha Womans University](https://bliptext.com/articles/ewha-womans-university), wrote that Konglish is necessary in a global context and that strict adherence to grammatical rules shouldn't trump getting the message across.\nSome argue Konglish can lead to misunderstandings.\nNative English speakers can be confused by Konglish terms that are used differently from their English analogues.\nThis can have an impact on tourism.\nWhen [Incheon Airport](https://bliptext.com/articles/incheon-airport) was first opened, more than 49 English-language signs were found to contain errors.\nSome also argue that Konglish exacerbates linguistic divides in Korea.\nFor example, [North–South differences in the Korean language](https://bliptext.com/articles/north-south-differences-in-the-korean-language).\nKonglish exclusive to South Korea can be difficult to understand for [North Korean defectors](https://bliptext.com/articles/north-korean-defectors) integrating into South Korean society.\nThere is also the possibility of rural–urban differences in the usage of Konglish.\nKonglish has perhaps been supported by flaws in the education system.\nUnderqualified Korean teachers may perhaps use Konglish in the classroom.","current_revision":null,"created_by":"kACnuQmH5k9Nr5VNVEpVeg7XpvUmMctD","created_at":"2025-01-25T18:39:11.520Z","updated_at":"2025-01-25T18:39:11.520Z","search_vector":"'konglish':1","search_content":" \n \n\n# \n**Konglish**, more formally **[Korean](https://bliptext.com/articles/korean-language)-style [English](https://bliptext.com/articles/english-language)** comprises [English](https://bliptext.com/articles/english-language) and other foreign language [loanwords](https://bliptext.com/articles/loanword) that have been appropriated into [Korean](https://bliptext.com/articles/korean-language), and includes many that are used in ways that are [not readily understandable](https://bliptext.com/articles/pseudo-anglicism) to native [English](https://bliptext.com/articles/english-language) speakers.\nA common example is the Korean term \"hand phone\" for the English \"[mobile phone](https://bliptext.com/articles/mobile-phone)\".\nKonglish also has direct English loanwords, mistranslations from English to Korean, or pseudo-English words [coined in Japanese](https://bliptext.com/articles/wasei-eigo) that came to Korean usage.\nSociolinguistically, South Koreans use English to denote luxury, youth, sophistication, and modernity.\nThe term is a [portmanteau](https://bliptext.com/articles/portmanteau) of the names of the two languages and was first recorded earliest in 1975.\nOther less common terms include: Korlish (recorded from 1988), Korenglish (1992), Korglish (2000) and Kinglish (2000).\nThe use of Konglish is widespread in [South Korea](https://bliptext.com/articles/south-korea) as a result of U.S. cultural influence, but it is not familiar to [North Koreans](https://bliptext.com/articles/north-korea).\n\n# Overview\nA possible explanation behind South Korea's acceptance and rapid integration of English into the Korean language and culture may lie in the overall South Korean attitude towards globalization.\nEnglish-learning has become prevalent in South Korean society, which Joseph Sung-Yul Park, in his 2009 paper, attributes to three primary developments and qualities - necessitation, externalization, and self-deprecation.\nPark believes necessitation stems from the general Korean belief that learning English is a must to succeed in the globalizing world, whereas externalization refers to treating English as the language of the so-called \"other\", opposite to the Korean identity.\nFinally, self-deprecation refers to Park's belief that Koreans think that they are viewed by the world to not be competent in their usage of English.\nThe English language has become so interpenetrated into the Korean language that English makes up over 90% of the loanwords in the Korean lexicon today, and there continue to be debates among Korean linguists over whether establishing the national language of South Korea as English would be a prudent decision in the globalizing world.\nIn fact, Harkness attributes this development in South Korean society as a sign of South Korean ambivalence towards its engagement with the rest of the world to an extent.\nOn the contrary, however, North Korea has undergone a systematic purging of its language, eliminating its reliance on foreign influences.\nIn fact, language is viewed not only as a useful tool to further its propaganda, but also as a 'weapon' to reinforce its ideology and the \"building of socialism\".\nToday, the North Korean language, which was officially established as \"Munhwaŏ\", or \"cultured language\", in 1966, consists of nativized Sino-Korean vocabulary and has eliminated foreign loan words from the North Korean lexicon.\nThese steps first included its decolonization process in an attempt to re-establish a unique \"North Korean\" identity, eliminating the Japanese language and culture that had deeply penetrated the Korean peninsula during the decades of [Japanese annexation](https://bliptext.com/articles/korea-under-japanese-rule).\nAdditionally, it continued to resist adopting loan words from foreign sources, especially when it came to English - thus, there are barely, if any, \"Konglish\" terms in the North Korean language.\n\n# History\nKorea became a colony of Japan between 1910 and 1945.\nDuring the colonial period, Japanese was the main language through which English terms of communication were imported into Korea, especially at times when teaching and speaking Korean was prohibited.\nAs Japan actively imported Western culture and technology in the years that followed, the earliest English loanwords evolved gradually through this Japanese influence.\nFor example, one of the well-known words is 커피 which originates from the word \"coffee\".\nAfter the Second World War, U.S. culture and language had a deeper influence on Koreans with the arrival of the U.S. army.\nThe popularity of the use of English in the Korean language also increased.\nAccording to data at the time, up to 10% of Korean vocabulary came from and was changed from English.\nThus, Konglish was adopted with increasing usage during the years of U.S. presence in Korea.\n\n# Category\nKonglish is relatively understudied and also varies in definition across individuals.\nHowever, some experts would agree that its formation parallels that of [pidgins](https://bliptext.com/articles/pidgins) and [creoles](https://bliptext.com/articles/english-based-creole-language) but that it cannot be defined as those categories because it is not yet its own category of English, but it is rather a subcategory of Korean that is conceptualized in the form of English words and phrases, which have been integrated with Korean.\nKonglish is ambiguous in its category of linguistics but is similar to the definition of Platt's \"New Englishes\", which is distinguished from erroneous or temporary forms of English.\nKonglish aligns with the standards of \"New Englishes\" by being developed through the education system in an area in which English is not the native language spoken by most of the population, used for a range of functions among the speakers, and has been localized by adopting some language feature of its own such as intonation patterns and expressions.\n\n# Laterals\nMany Koreans who immigrate to the United States and learn English have a distinct Korean-English variation, especially in early stages of acquisition.\nOne reason this is so is due to distinct laterals between English and Korean languages, which affects the articulatory and acoustic characteristics of the languages.\nAmerican English is often described as having \"dark\" variants, which involves a primary [alveolar](https://bliptext.com/articles/alveolar-consonant) contact gesture as well as a secondary dorsal retraction gesture.\nIn most cases, English in America is spoken with very little anterior contact in the mouth, and instead uses the narrowed upper [pharyngeal](https://bliptext.com/articles/pharyngeal-consonant) area with a retracted tongue dorsum.\nThe Korean lateral on the other hand is considered to be \"light\" in its acoustic and articulatory characteristics.\nThe two gestures that make up the Korean lateral include tongue tip closure and [palatalization](https://bliptext.com/articles/palatalization-phonetics), which involves the raising of the tongue body.\nAccording to the Speech Learning Model, learning a second language is easier in later stages of acquisition for laterals that are more different than similar because one can recognize the differences in speech sounds more clearly.\nThis is true for Koreans learning English, as they use distinct articulatory tongue shapes, using a low tongue body and a heavily retracted tongue dorsum for their English word-final lateral, similar to native English speakers.\nIn loanwords used in Konglish, the dark English lateral is often mapped onto the loanwords Koreans use, showing that Koreans see these loanwords as separate from purely Korean, even though it is used in everyday life.\n\n# Examples\nThese two lists of Konglish terms, the second being loan words that arrived via Japanese influence, are intended to contain Konglish terms [not readily understandable](https://bliptext.com/articles/pseudo-anglicism) to a native [English](https://bliptext.com/articles/english-language) speaker, similar to [wasei-eigo](https://bliptext.com/articles/wasei-eigo) terms in the [Japanese language](https://bliptext.com/articles/japanese-language).\nMany Konglish terms were invented by [Koreans](https://bliptext.com/articles/koreans) through non-standard abbreviations or combinations of English words or by applying a new meaning or usage to a common English word.\nWhile English words may have reached Korea via globalization, modernization, etc.) social and linguistic factors had an impact in the shift of meaning of the words introduced as they were propagated through the community. An example of a Korean [false friend](https://bliptext.com/articles/false-friend) is the word \"미팅\", which sounds like \"meeting\" in English but means \"blind date\".\nA trend in the naming of apartment buildings in [Seoul](https://bliptext.com/articles/seoul) is blending English words together because developers believe this will enhance the luxury brand image of the properties.\nSome examples of apartment names with blended English words include: Luxtige, Blesstige, Tristige and Forestige, XI; these words are combinations of luxury, bless, prestige, trinity, forest, extra and intelligence.\n• aggro - \"action of asking to be attacked, large-scale trolling\"\n• eogeuro (어그로 ) < aggravation\n• carry - \"to single-handedly carry the failing project to a success\"\n• kaeri (캐리 ) < carry\n• di-ca – \"digital camera\"\n• dika (디카 ) < digital camera\n• Dutch pay – \"going Dutch\"\n• deochi pei (더치 페이 ) < Dutch + pay\n• eye shopping - \"window shopping\"\n• ai syoping (아이 쇼핑 ) < eye + shopping\n• hand phone – \"mobile phone\"\n• haendeupon (핸드폰 ) < hand + phone\n• hunting – \"searching for a date\"\n• heonting (헌팅 ) < hunting\n• kick board – \"kick scooter\"\n• kikbodeu (킥보드 ) < kick + board\n• knit – \"knitted sweater\"\n• niteu (니트 ) < knit\n• manicure – \"nail polish\"\n• maenikyueo (매니큐어 ) < manicure\n• newtro – \"new reinterpretation of retro trends\"\n• nyuteuro (뉴트로 ) < new + retro\n• meeting – \"group blind date\"\n• miting (미팅 ) < meeting\n• officetel – \"an apartment that can also be used as an office\"\n• opiseutel (오피스텔 ) < office + hotel\n• one plus one – \"buy one, get one free\"\n• won peulleoseu won (원 플러스 원 ) < one + plus + one\n• one shot – \"bottoms up\"\n• wonsyat (원샷 ) < one + shot\n• over – \"overdo, exaggerate, be overdramatic\"\n• obeo (오버 ) < over\n• overeat – \"vomiting\"\n• obaiteu (오바이트 ) < overeat\n• padding – \"padded down jacket/coat\"\n• paeding (패딩 ) < padding\n• panty stocking – \"pantyhose\"\n• paenti staking (팬티 스타킹 ) < panty + stocking\n• poclain – \"excavator\"\n• pokeurein (포크레인 ) < Poclain\n• pocket ball – \"pool, pocket billiards\"\n• poketbol (포켓볼 ) < pocket + ball\n• pop song – \"English-language popular music\"\n• papsong (팝송 ) < pop + song\n• ribbon – \"bow\"\n• ribon (리본 ) < ribbon\n• sel-ca – \"selfie\"\n• selka (셀카 ) < self + camera\n• self – \"self-service\"\n• selpeu (셀프 ) < self\n• sense – \"tact, wit\"\n• senseu (센스 ) < sense\n• sign pen – \"marker pen\"\n• sainpen (사인펜 ) < sign + pen\n• skin-scuba – \"skin diving and scuba diving\"\n• seukinseukubeo (스킨스쿠버 ) < skin + scuba\n• soul food – \"comfort food\"\n• soul pudeu (소울 푸드 ) < soul + food\n• villa – \"small-sized condominium (multi-household house with 4 floors or less)\"\n• billa (빌라 ) < villa\n• webtoon – \"webcomic\"\n• weptun (웹툰 ) < web + cartoon\n• service – \"free/on the house\"\n• seobiseu (서비스 ) < service\n\n## Loanwords from Japan\nMany loanwords entered into Korean from [Japan](https://bliptext.com/articles/japan), especially during the [Japan](https://bliptext.com/articles/japan)ese forced occupation, when the teaching and speaking of Korean was prohibited.\nThose Konglish words are loanwords from, and thus similar to, [Wasei-eigo](https://bliptext.com/articles/wasei-eigo) used in Japan.\nA simple example would be how the meaning of the English word \"cunning\" changes when used in a Konglish sentence.\nIn South Korea, keonning means cheating, as the loanword was adapted from [Japanglish](https://bliptext.com/articles/japanglish) kanningu (カンニング), which means \"cheating\".\nKonglish words may or may not have a similar meaning to the original word when used, and a well-known [brand name](https://bliptext.com/articles/brand-name) can become a generalized trademark and replace the general word: older Korean people tend to use the word babari (\"[Burberry](https://bliptext.com/articles/burberry)\") or babari-koteu (\"[Burberry](https://bliptext.com/articles/burberry) coat\"), which came from Japanese bābari-kōto (meaning \"gabardine raincoat\") to refer to all [trench coats](https://bliptext.com/articles/trench-coat).\nCoats made by Burberry are called beobeori-koteu (버버리 코트), rather than babari-koteu in Korean (as the brand name, entered to Korean language directly from English, is Beobeori).\nSome examples such as \"Burberry\" and \"fighting\" can be considered pseudo-anglicisms as they follow certain traits: use native words in conjunction with an English suffix like -ting or -ism to create a word that does not exist in the English language.\nThe word \"fighting\" (화이팅)is an instance of this.\nWords like\" Burberry\" (바바리) are invented through other means due to social or cultural elements.\nThe use of \"Burberry\"(바바리) over trench coats can be compared to Kleenex’s usage over tissue.\nCompared to Japanese, both English and Korean have more vowels and permit more [coda](https://bliptext.com/articles/syllable) consonants.\nOftentimes when Japanesized English words enter into the Korean language, the \"original\" English words from which the Japanglish words were derived are reverse-traced, and the words undergo de-Japanesization (sometimes with [hypercorrection](https://bliptext.com/articles/hypercorrection)).\n• ad-balloon – \"aerial advertising balloon\"\n• aedeubeollun (애드벌룬 ) < ado-barūn (アドバルーン ) < ad + balloon\n• after service, A/S – \"customer service\", \"warranty\"\n• apeuteo seobiseu (애프터 서비스 ) < afutāsābisu (アフターサービス ) < after + service\n• air-con - \"air conditioner\"\n• eeokeon (에어컨) ) < eakon (エアコン ) < air + conditioner\n• apart – \"apartment building\"\n• apateu (아파트 ) < apāto (アパート ) < apartment\n• auto-bi – \"motorcycle\"\n• otobai (오토바이 ) < ōtobai (オートバイ ) < auto + bicycle\n• back mirror – \"rear-view mirror\"\n• baengmireo (백미러 ) < bakkumirā (バックミラー ) < back + mirror\n• ball pen – \"ballpoint pen\"\n• bolpen (볼펜 ) < bōrupen (ボールペン ) < ball + pen\n• bond – \"glue, adhesive\"\n• bondeu (본드 ) < bondo (ボンド ) < bond\n• Burberry coat – \"trench coat\"\n• babari koteu (바바리 코트 ) < bābarikōto (バーバリコート, \"gabardine raincoat\") < Burberry coat\n• career woman – \"a woman who works\"\n• keorieo umeon (커리어 우먼 ) < kyaria-ūman (キャリアウーマン ) < career + woman\n• carrier – \"suit case\"\n• kaerieo (캐리어 ) < kyarībaggu (キャリーバッグ ) < carrier + bag\n• cider – \"lemon-lime drink\"\n• saida (사이다 ) < saidā (サイダー ) < cider\n• circle – \"student's club\"\n• seokeul (서클 ) < sākuru (サークル ) < circle\n• complex – \"insecurity, sense of inferiority\"\n• kompeullekseu (콤플렉스 ) < conpurekkusu (コンプレックス ) < complex\n• concent – \"power sockets, outlets\"\n• konsenteu (콘센트 ) < konsento (コンセント ) < concentric plug\n• cunning – \"cheating\"\n• keoning (커닝 ) or keonning (컨닝 ) < kanningu (カンニング ) < cunning\n• ero – \"lewd\"\n• ero (에로 ) < ero (エロ ) < erotic\n• dash – \"asking someone out, approaching, taking the initiative (in dating)\"\n• daesi (대시 ) < dasshu (ダッシュ, \"dashing, rushing\") < dash\n• fancy – \"stationery\"\n• paensi (팬시 ) < fanshī-shōhin (ファンシー商品 ; \"illustrated goods\") < fancy + Japanese \"goods\"\n• fighting – \"Go go go!\", \"Good luck!\", \"You can do it!\"\n• paiting (파이팅 ) or hwaiting (화이팅 ) < faito (ファイト ) < fight\n• gag man – \"comedian\"\n• gaegeuman (개그맨 ) < gyaguman (ギャグマン ) < gag + man\n• gag woman – \"comedienne\"\n• gaegeuwoman (개그우먼 ) < gyaguūman (ギャグウーマン ) < gag + woman\n• glamour – \"a buxom woman\"\n• geullaemeo (글래머 ) < guramāgāru (グラマーガール ) < glamour + girl\n• key holder – \"keychain\"\n• ki holdeo (키 홀더 ) < kīhorudā (キーホルダー ) < key + holder\n• handle – \"steering wheel\"\n• haendeul (핸들 ) < handoru (ハンドル ) < handle\n• health club – \"gym\"\n• helseu keulleop (헬스 클럽 ) < herusukurabu (ヘルスクラブ ) < health + club\n• hotchkiss – \"stapler\"\n• hochikiseu (호치키스 ) < hochikisu (ホチキス ) < American brand name E. H. Hotchkiss Company\n• machine – \"sewing machine\"\n• mising (미싱 ) < mishin (ミシン ) < machine\n• mass-com – \"mass media\"\n• maeseukeom (매스컴 ) < masukomi (マスコミ ) < mass + communication\n• morning call – \"wakeup call\"\n• moningkol (모닝콜 ) < mōningukōru (モーニングコール ) < morning + call\n• one-piece – \"dress\"\n• wonpiseu (원피스 ) < wanpīsu (ワンピース ) < one + piece\n• one-room – \"studio apartment\"\n• wollum (원룸 ) < wanrūmumanshon (ワンルームマンション ) < one + room + mansion\n• open car – \"convertible\"\n• opeunka (오픈카 ) < ōpunkā (オープンカー ) < open + car\n• remo-con – \"remote control\"\n• rimokeon (리모컨 ) < rimokon (リモコン ) < remote + control\n• report – \"term paper\"\n• ripoteu (리포트 ) < repōto (リポート ) < report\n• rinse – \"hair conditioner\"\n• rinseu (린스 ) < rinsu (リンス ) < cream rinse\n• running machine – \"treadmill\"\n• reoning meosin (러닝 머신 ) < ranningumashīn (ランニングマシーン ) < running + machine\n• service – \"something that is free of charge\"\n• seobiseu (서비스 ) < sābisu (サービス ) < service\n• sharp – \"mechanical pencil\"\n• syapeu (샤프 ) < shāpupenshiru (シャープペンシル ) < sharp + pencil\n• sign – \"autograph\"\n• sain (사인 ) < sain (サイン ) < sign\n• skinship – \"physical contact\"\n• seukinsip (스킨십 ) < sukinshippu (スキンシップ ) < skin + -ship\n• SNS – \"social media\"\n• eseu-en-eseu (에스엔에스 ) < esu-enu-esu (エスエヌエス ) < social + networking + service\n• stand – \"desk lamp\"\n• seutaendeu (스탠드 ) < sutando (スタンド ) < stand\n• super – \"corner shop\"\n• syupeo (슈퍼 ) < sūpā (スーパー ) < supermarket\n• talent – \"televised drama actor\"\n• taelleonteu (탤런트 ) < tarento (タレント ) < talent\n• tape cleaner – \"lint remover\"\n• teipeu keullineo (테이프 클리너 ) < tēpu-kurīnā (テープクリーナー ) < tape + cleaner\n• trump card – \"playing cards\"\n• teureompeu kadeu (트럼프 카드 ) < toranpu kādo (トランプ・カード ) < trump + card\n• two piece – \"skirt or pants and a top\"\n• tupiseu (투피스 ) < tsūpīsu (ツーピース ) < two + piece\n• vinyl house – \"polytunnel, hoop greenhouse\"\n• binil hauseu (비닐 하우스 ) < binīruhausu (ビニールハウス ) < vinyl + house\n• white – \"correction fluid, correction tape\"\n• hwaiteu (화이트 ) < howaito (ホワイト ) < white\n• Y-shirt – \"dress shirt\"\n• waisheocheu (와이셔츠 ) < waishatsu (ワイシャツ ) < white shirt\n\n## Pseudo-Konglish loanwords\nSome foreign-origin words such as areubaiteu (아르바이트,, \"[part-time](https://bliptext.com/articles/part-time-job)\"), a loanword from [German](https://bliptext.com/articles/german-language) Arbeit (, \"work\"), are sometimes mistakenly considered as Konglish and are corrected into \"accurate\" English loanword forms such as pateutaim (파트타임, ).\n\n# Debate\nThere is some debate around whether Konglish is harmful or helpful.\nSome argue that Konglish has limited benefit to South Korea's international competitiveness, and potentially negatively impacts the Korean language.\nIn contrast, [Jasper Kim](https://bliptext.com/articles/jasper-kim), a law professor at [Ewha Womans University](https://bliptext.com/articles/ewha-womans-university), wrote that Konglish is necessary in a global context and that strict adherence to grammatical rules shouldn't trump getting the message across.\nSome argue Konglish can lead to misunderstandings.\nNative English speakers can be confused by Konglish terms that are used differently from their English analogues.\nThis can have an impact on tourism.\nWhen [Incheon Airport](https://bliptext.com/articles/incheon-airport) was first opened, more than 49 English-language signs were found to contain errors.\nSome also argue that Konglish exacerbates linguistic divides in Korea.\nFor example, [North–South differences in the Korean language](https://bliptext.com/articles/north-south-differences-in-the-korean-language).\nKonglish exclusive to South Korea can be difficult to understand for [North Korean defectors](https://bliptext.com/articles/north-korean-defectors) integrating into South Korean society.\nThere is also the possibility of rural–urban differences in the usage of Konglish.\nKonglish has perhaps been supported by flaws in the education system.\nUnderqualified Korean teachers may perhaps use Konglish in the classroom.","revisionCount":0},"hasMore":false,"nextCursor":null}