Jupiter Ton**ans************** (, lit.**** 'Thundering Jove****'),**** was the aspect**** (numen****)**** of**** Jupiter venerated in**** the Temple**** of**** Jupiter Ton**ans**************, which Augustus**** vowed in**** 26**** BCE and dedicated in**** 22**** BCE on**** the Capitoline**** Hill****;**** the Emperor had narrowly**** escaped being struck**** by**** lightning during**** the campaign**** in**** Cantabria.**** An old temple in the Campus Martius had long been dedicated to Iuppiter Fulgens ("Lightning Jupiter"). The original cult image installed in the sanctuary by its founder was by Leochares, a Greek sculptor of the 4th century BCE. In the 1st century, Vitruvius observed (De architectura I.2.5) the propriety or decorum required for temples of Jupiter Tonans, that they are to be hypaethral or open to the sky. The 1st century poet Lucan also mentions the Temple of Jupiter Tonans in Rome (De Bello Civili II.34). The sculpture at the Prado (illustration) is considered to be a late 1st century replacement commissioned by Domitian. The Baroque-era restoration of the arms has given Jupiter a baton-like scepter in his raised hand.