Project 651, known in the West by its NATO reporting name Juliett class, was a class of Soviet diesel-electric cruise-missile submarines. They were designed in the late 1950s to provide the Soviet Navy with a nuclear strike capability against targets along the east coast of the United States and enemy combatants (aircraft carriers). The head of the design team was Abram Samuilovich Kassatsier. They carried four nuclear-capable cruise missiles with a range of approximately 300 nmi, which could be launched while the submarine was surfaced and moving less than 4 kn. Once surfaced, the first missile could be launched in about five minutes; subsequent missiles would follow within about ten seconds each. Initially, the missiles were the inertially-guided P-5 (NATO reporting name SS-N-3c Shaddock). When submarine-launched ballistic missiles rendered the P-5s obsolescent, they were replaced with the P-6 (also NATO reporting name SS-N-3a Shaddock, though a very different missile) designed to attack aircraft carriers. A special 10 m2 target guidance radar was built into the forward edge of the sail structure, which opened by rotating. One boat was eventually fitted with the Kasatka satellite downlink for targeting information to support P-500 4K-80 "Bazalt" (SS-N-12 Sandbox) anti-ship cruise missiles. The Juliett class had a low magnetic signature austenitic steel double hull, covered by 2 in thick black tiles made of sound-absorbing hard rubber.

Background and description

In the late 1950s, the Soviet Navy was tasked to neutralize American bases and aircraft carriers. It began construction of a large number of expensive nuclear-powered (Echo-class submarines) to accomplish this, but could not build enough nuclear reactors to equip them promptly. Even though the Juliett class was inferior to the Echos, it was ordered into production because it did not require resources needed for the nuclear boats. The Juliett-class boats are a double-hulled design that displaces 3174 t on the surface and 3750 t submerged. The boats have an overall length of 85.9 m, a beam of 9.7 m and a draft (ship) of 6.29 m. The Julietts have a test depth of 240 m and a design depth of 300 m. The prominent blast deflectors cut out of the outer hull behind the missile launchers make the submarines very noisy at high speed. Their crew numbered 78 men.

Propulsion and performance

The Juliett class is powered by a diesel-electric system that consists of two 4000 PS 1D43 diesel engines and a pair of 3000 PS MG-141 electric motors for cruising on the surface. Two additional 200 PS electric motors are intended for slow speeds underwater and are powered by four banks of lead-acid battery cells that are recharged by a 1000 PS 1DL42 diesel generator. The boats are fitted with a retractable snorkel to allow the diesel engines to operate while underwater. On the surface, the submarines have a maximum speed of 16 kn. Using their diesel-electric system while snorkeling gives the Julietts a range of 18000 nmi at 7 kn. Using just the electric motors underwater, they have a maximum range of 810 nmi at 2.74 kn. Their best submerged speed on electric motors is 18 kn, although it reduces their range to 27.8 nmi. They could carry enough supplies for 90 days of operation.

Armament

To carry out the Julietts' mission of destroying American carrier battle groups and bases, they were fitted with two pairs of missile launchers, one each fore and aft of the sail. The launchers were used by the surface-launched SS-N-3 Shaddock family of long-range, turbojet-powered, cruise missiles. The P-5D version was codenamed SS-N-3c by NATO and was a dedicated land-attack missile that could be equipped with either a high-explosive or nuclear warhead; it was withdrawn from service in 1965–1966. The P-6 (SS-N-3a) variant was a radar-guided anti-ship missile that could also be fitted with high-explosive and nuclear warheads. The more traditional armament of the Julietts consisted of six 533 mm torpedo tubes mounted in the bow and four 406 mm torpedo tubes in the stern. Due to space limitations, no reloads were provided for the bow tubes, but each stern tube had two reloads for a total of twelve.

Fire control and sensors

The submarines relied upon aircraft for their long-range anti-ship targeting which they received via the Uspekh-U datalink system. Their own Argument missile-guidance radar (NATO reporting name: Front Door) controlled the P-6 missiles until they were out of range via a datalink codenamed Front Piece. The missiles' onboard radar would detect the targets and transmit an image back to the submarine via video datalink so the crew could select which target to attack, after which the missile relied upon its own radar for terminal guidance. The Argument radar has a massive antenna that was stowed at the front of the sail and rotated 180° for use. The Front Piece antenna was mounted on top of the Argument antenna. The boats are fitted with Artika-M (MG-200) and Herkules (MG-15) sonars, Feniks-M (MG-10) and MG-13 hydrophones and an Albatros RLK-50 search radar (NATO reporting name: Snoop Tray). They are also equipped with a Nakat-M Electronic warfare support measures system. Initial plans called for 35 submarines of this class but only 16 were built, two - including the lead sub, by the Baltic Shipyard, St. Petersburg and the rest by the Krasnoye Sormovo Shipyard in Nizhny Novgorod. They were commissioned between 1963 and 1968 and served through the 1980s. The last one was decommissioned in 1994. The Juliett class was built due to expected delays in the continued production of the nuclear-powered Project 659 Echo I-class submarines and 675 Echo II-class submarines, with six and eight missile launchers, respectively. The Julietts were designed after the Echos.

Units