{"history":[],"article":{"id":"ffcfddcf-e21b-45ec-9fa2-11cbd458cf79","title":"Jicarilla language","slug":"jicarilla-language","content":":::summary\n**Name:** Jicarilla \n**Nativename:** Abáachi mizaa \n**States:** [United States](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-states) \n**Region:** [New Mexico](https://bliptext.com/articles/new-mexico) \n**Ethnicity:** 3,100 [Jicarilla Apache](https://bliptext.com/articles/jicarilla-apache) (2007) \n**Speakers:** 510 \n**Date:** 2015 census \n**Ref:** e19 \n**Familycolor:** Dené-Yeniseian \n**Fam 2:** [Na-Dene](https://bliptext.com/articles/na-dene) \n**Fam 3:** [Athabaskan](https://bliptext.com/articles/athabaskan-languages) \n**Fam 4:** [Southern Athabaskan](https://bliptext.com/articles/southern-athabaskan) \n**Fam 5:** Eastern \n**Iso 3:** apj \n**Glotto:** jica1244 \n**Glottorefname:** Jicarilla Apache \n**Notice:** IPA \n**Map:** Lang Status 40-SE.svg \n**Mapcaption:** Jicarilla Apache is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger \n:::\n\n# \n**Jicarilla** is an Eastern [Southern Athabaskan language](https://bliptext.com/articles/southern-athabaskan-languages) spoken by the **Jicarilla** Apache.\n\n# History\nThe traditional homelands of the Jicarilla Apache (Tinde) were located in the northeast and eastern regions of New Mexico.\nThe Jicarilla Apache expanded over the Texas and Oklahoma panhandles and into the southeast section of Colorado and southwest corner of Kansas.\nThe area supported the Jicarilla Apache with Plains Indian lifestyle.\nThe tribe was divided among in this homeland by two clans: White Clan and Red Clan.\nThe Jicarilla Apache went through multiple battles that led them to leave this homeland and were forced to relocate on a reservation in present day Dulce, NM.\n\n# Language revitalization\n680 people reported their language as Jicarilla on the 2000 census.\nHowever, Golla (2007) reported that there were about 300 first-language speakers and an equal or greater number of semi-speakers (out of a total ethnic population of 3,100); the census figures therefore presumably include both fluent and semi-speakers.\nIn 2003, the Jicarilla Apache Nation became the first Tribe in New Mexico to certify community members to teach a Native American language.\nBy 2012, revitalization efforts had included the compilation of a dictionary, classes, and seasonal camps for young people.\n\n# Phonology\n\n## Consonants\nJicarilla has 34 [consonants](https://bliptext.com/articles/consonant):\n\n### Aspirated stops\nThe consonant //, occurring in most other Athabaskan languages, only occurs alone in a few forms in Jicarilla and has mostly merged with //.\nThis consequently has made most of the aspirated stops in Jicarilla velar.\n\n### Fricatives and approximants\n\n### Nasals\n\n### Syllabic /n/\nThe consonant /n/ can appear as a syllable and bear a high or low tone, but not a falling tone.\nHigh-toned /ń/ actually represents an underlying syllable, /nÍ/.\nThere are four possible contours for Vowel-/n/ and /n/-/n/ combinations: Low-high, High-low, High-high, and Low-low.\nThe contours are illustrated in the following table:\n(Modified from Tuttle & Sandoval 2002, p. 109)\n/n/ may occur between /t/, //, or /n/ and any stem-initial consonant, but when /n/ occurs alone before a stem-initial consonant, it forms a syllable of its own.\nWhen preceded by another prefix consonant, /n/ may or may not be judged to form a syllable by native speakers of Jicarilla.\n\n## Vowels\nJicarilla has 16 [vowels](https://bliptext.com/articles/vowel):\nAll vowels may be\nThe long high front oral vowel is phonetically higher than its nasal and short counterparts ( vs. ). The short back vowel is higher than its long and nasal counterparts ( vs. ). The short low vowel is higher than its long and nasal counterparts ( vs. ).\nNasal vowels are indicated by underlining in the Jicarilla orthography.\n\n## Tone\nJicarilla has three different tones: high, low, and falling.\nHigh tone is indicated with an acute accent.\nLow tone is unmarked.\nFalling tone is indicated by a sequence of acute-accented vowel and an unmarked vowel.\n\n## Syllables\n\n### Syllable Structure\nSyllables may be constructed as CV, CVC, or CV:C (C – Consonant; V – Vowel) depending on the morphology of a sequence.\nOnset may be any consonant, but coda consonants are limited to //, /l/, //, //, /h/, /s/and /n/.\n\n### Syllable Duration\nA study of the durational effects of Jicarilla Apache show that morphology and prosody both affect and determine the durational realization of consonants and syllables.\nIt was found that in a recording of a passage read by native speakers stem, suffix, and particle syllables were found to be longer than prefix syllables, but there is not enough a distinction to see difference in duration.\nSyllables at the end of phrases were lengthened differently from syllables lengthened because of stress; this is in regards to a ratio of onset lengthening to rhyme lengthening.\nThis study was only a beginning to analysis of Apachean language prosody.\n\n# Morphophonology\nThe Athabaskan morphophonological process known as the \"d-effect\" occurs when 1st pl/dual iid- is prefixed to a verb stem.\nThe following examples are taken from Phone, Olson and Martinez 2007: 39:\n-iid-\t+ classifier [ƚ] → [ƚ]\nex. ‘óoƚkai’ (< /’o-iid-ƚ-kai’/) ‘we two count it’\n-iid- + stem initial [ʔ] → [t’]\nex. hit’aaƚ (< /hi-iid-‘aaƚ/) 'we two chew it’\n-iid- + stem initial [m] → [h]\nex. hiihmas (< /hi-iid-mas/) ‘we two are rolling’\n-iid-\t+ stem initial [n] → [h]\nex. goohndé (< /go-iid-ndé/) 'we two shout’\n-iid-\t+ stem initial [y] → [d], [dz]\nex. hiidá (< /hi-iid-yá/) ‘we two eat it’\n-iid-\t+ stem initial gh [ɣ] → [g]\nex. hiigá (< /hi-iid-ghá/) ‘we two kill them’\n-iid-\t+ stem initial [z] → [dz]\nex. naa’iidzii(< /naa-í-iid-zii/) 'we two work’\n-iid-\t+ stem initial [l] → [tƚ]\nex. haatƚee (< /ha-iid-lee/) ‘we two pull it out with a rope’\n-iid-\t+ other consonant → ø (zero)\nex. hiiká\t(< /hi-iid-ká’/) ‘we two pound (a drum)’\n\n# Morphology\n\n## The verb template\n\n# Sample text\n\n## Jicarilla words of Spanish origin\nThe Jicarilla people have been in contact with Spanish-speaking and English-speaking peoples for a long time and have over time adopted loanwords that have influenced Jicarilla phonology.\nMost of the sounds used to take in a loanword from Spanish are sounds in Jicarilla.\nSome sounds not occurring in Jicarilla phonology are changed into Jicarilla as follows:\n*Or /l/ as in \"béela\" (from ‘pera’ ‘pear’)\n*Or as in \"ga’ée\" (from ‘café’ ‘coffee’)\n*Or /k/ as in \"kéesda\" (from ‘fiesta’ ‘party’)\nWords of Spanish origin using /p/ in Jicarilla are the only instances where the /p/ or any other labial obstruent did not descend from a sonorant.\n\"Báayoo\" (from ‘paño’ ‘scarf’)\n\"Bíił\" (from ‘automóvil’ ‘automobile’)\n\"Bołdóon\" (from ‘bulto’ ‘small haystack’)\n\"Gołjóon\" (from ‘colchón’ ‘mattress’)\n(Observations from entries in Pono, et al., p. 9-16)","current_revision":null,"created_by":"kACnuQmH5k9Nr5VNVEpVeg7XpvUmMctD","created_at":"2025-01-26T07:24:13.226Z","updated_at":"2025-01-26T07:24:13.226Z","search_vector":"'jicarilla':1 'languag':2","search_content":" \n**Name:** Jicarilla \n**Nativename:** Abáachi mizaa \n**States:** [United States](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-states) \n**Region:** [New Mexico](https://bliptext.com/articles/new-mexico) \n**Ethnicity:** 3,100 [Jicarilla Apache](https://bliptext.com/articles/jicarilla-apache) (2007) \n**Speakers:** 510 \n**Date:** 2015 census \n**Ref:** e19 \n**Familycolor:** Dené-Yeniseian \n**Fam 2:** [Na-Dene](https://bliptext.com/articles/na-dene) \n**Fam 3:** [Athabaskan](https://bliptext.com/articles/athabaskan-languages) \n**Fam 4:** [Southern Athabaskan](https://bliptext.com/articles/southern-athabaskan) \n**Fam 5:** Eastern \n**Iso 3:** apj \n**Glotto:** jica1244 \n**Glottorefname:** Jicarilla Apache \n**Notice:** IPA \n**Map:** Lang Status 40-SE.svg \n**Mapcaption:** Jicarilla Apache is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger \n \n\n# \n**Jicarilla** is an Eastern [Southern Athabaskan language](https://bliptext.com/articles/southern-athabaskan-languages) spoken by the **Jicarilla** Apache.\n\n# History\nThe traditional homelands of the Jicarilla Apache (Tinde) were located in the northeast and eastern regions of New Mexico.\nThe Jicarilla Apache expanded over the Texas and Oklahoma panhandles and into the southeast section of Colorado and southwest corner of Kansas.\nThe area supported the Jicarilla Apache with Plains Indian lifestyle.\nThe tribe was divided among in this homeland by two clans: White Clan and Red Clan.\nThe Jicarilla Apache went through multiple battles that led them to leave this homeland and were forced to relocate on a reservation in present day Dulce, NM.\n\n# Language revitalization\n680 people reported their language as Jicarilla on the 2000 census.\nHowever, Golla (2007) reported that there were about 300 first-language speakers and an equal or greater number of semi-speakers (out of a total ethnic population of 3,100); the census figures therefore presumably include both fluent and semi-speakers.\nIn 2003, the Jicarilla Apache Nation became the first Tribe in New Mexico to certify community members to teach a Native American language.\nBy 2012, revitalization efforts had included the compilation of a dictionary, classes, and seasonal camps for young people.\n\n# Phonology\n\n## Consonants\nJicarilla has 34 [consonants](https://bliptext.com/articles/consonant):\n\n### Aspirated stops\nThe consonant //, occurring in most other Athabaskan languages, only occurs alone in a few forms in Jicarilla and has mostly merged with //.\nThis consequently has made most of the aspirated stops in Jicarilla velar.\n\n### Fricatives and approximants\n\n### Nasals\n\n### Syllabic /n/\nThe consonant /n/ can appear as a syllable and bear a high or low tone, but not a falling tone.\nHigh-toned /ń/ actually represents an underlying syllable, /nÍ/.\nThere are four possible contours for Vowel-/n/ and /n/-/n/ combinations: Low-high, High-low, High-high, and Low-low.\nThe contours are illustrated in the following table:\n(Modified from Tuttle & Sandoval 2002, p. 109)\n/n/ may occur between /t/, //, or /n/ and any stem-initial consonant, but when /n/ occurs alone before a stem-initial consonant, it forms a syllable of its own.\nWhen preceded by another prefix consonant, /n/ may or may not be judged to form a syllable by native speakers of Jicarilla.\n\n## Vowels\nJicarilla has 16 [vowels](https://bliptext.com/articles/vowel):\nAll vowels may be\nThe long high front oral vowel is phonetically higher than its nasal and short counterparts ( vs. ). The short back vowel is higher than its long and nasal counterparts ( vs. ). The short low vowel is higher than its long and nasal counterparts ( vs. ).\nNasal vowels are indicated by underlining in the Jicarilla orthography.\n\n## Tone\nJicarilla has three different tones: high, low, and falling.\nHigh tone is indicated with an acute accent.\nLow tone is unmarked.\nFalling tone is indicated by a sequence of acute-accented vowel and an unmarked vowel.\n\n## Syllables\n\n### Syllable Structure\nSyllables may be constructed as CV, CVC, or CV:C (C – Consonant; V – Vowel) depending on the morphology of a sequence.\nOnset may be any consonant, but coda consonants are limited to //, /l/, //, //, /h/, /s/and /n/.\n\n### Syllable Duration\nA study of the durational effects of Jicarilla Apache show that morphology and prosody both affect and determine the durational realization of consonants and syllables.\nIt was found that in a recording of a passage read by native speakers stem, suffix, and particle syllables were found to be longer than prefix syllables, but there is not enough a distinction to see difference in duration.\nSyllables at the end of phrases were lengthened differently from syllables lengthened because of stress; this is in regards to a ratio of onset lengthening to rhyme lengthening.\nThis study was only a beginning to analysis of Apachean language prosody.\n\n# Morphophonology\nThe Athabaskan morphophonological process known as the \"d-effect\" occurs when 1st pl/dual iid- is prefixed to a verb stem.\nThe following examples are taken from Phone, Olson and Martinez 2007: 39:\n-iid-\t+ classifier [ƚ] → [ƚ]\nex. ‘óoƚkai’ (< /’o-iid-ƚ-kai’/) ‘we two count it’\n-iid- + stem initial [ʔ] → [t’]\nex. hit’aaƚ (< /hi-iid-‘aaƚ/) 'we two chew it’\n-iid- + stem initial [m] → [h]\nex. hiihmas (< /hi-iid-mas/) ‘we two are rolling’\n-iid-\t+ stem initial [n] → [h]\nex. goohndé (< /go-iid-ndé/) 'we two shout’\n-iid-\t+ stem initial [y] → [d], [dz]\nex. hiidá (< /hi-iid-yá/) ‘we two eat it’\n-iid-\t+ stem initial gh [ɣ] → [g]\nex. hiigá (< /hi-iid-ghá/) ‘we two kill them’\n-iid-\t+ stem initial [z] → [dz]\nex. naa’iidzii(< /naa-í-iid-zii/) 'we two work’\n-iid-\t+ stem initial [l] → [tƚ]\nex. haatƚee (< /ha-iid-lee/) ‘we two pull it out with a rope’\n-iid-\t+ other consonant → ø (zero)\nex. hiiká\t(< /hi-iid-ká’/) ‘we two pound (a drum)’\n\n# Morphology\n\n## The verb template\n\n# Sample text\n\n## Jicarilla words of Spanish origin\nThe Jicarilla people have been in contact with Spanish-speaking and English-speaking peoples for a long time and have over time adopted loanwords that have influenced Jicarilla phonology.\nMost of the sounds used to take in a loanword from Spanish are sounds in Jicarilla.\nSome sounds not occurring in Jicarilla phonology are changed into Jicarilla as follows:\n*Or /l/ as in \"béela\" (from ‘pera’ ‘pear’)\n*Or as in \"ga’ée\" (from ‘café’ ‘coffee’)\n*Or /k/ as in \"kéesda\" (from ‘fiesta’ ‘party’)\nWords of Spanish origin using /p/ in Jicarilla are the only instances where the /p/ or any other labial obstruent did not descend from a sonorant.\n\"Báayoo\" (from ‘paño’ ‘scarf’)\n\"Bíił\" (from ‘automóvil’ ‘automobile’)\n\"Bołdóon\" (from ‘bulto’ ‘small haystack’)\n\"Gołjóon\" (from ‘colchón’ ‘mattress’)\n(Observations from entries in Pono, et al., p. 9-16)","revisionCount":0},"hasMore":false,"nextCursor":null}