The International Organization for Migration (IOM) is a United Nations related organization working in the field of migration. The organization implements operational assistance programmes for migrants, including internally displaced persons, refugees, and migrant workers. The International Organization for Migration is based in Geneva. Its director general is Amy E. Pope.

History

Historical context and predecessor organizations (1951 to 1989)

The International Organization for Migration (IOM) was founded in 1951 in response to the large number of internally displaced persons and war refugees in Europe after the Second World War. The IOM was initially a logistics agency that organized the transport of nearly one million migrants in the 1950s and has undergone several name changes since its inception. The transition from the Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement of Migrants from Europe (PICMME) in 1951 to the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration (ICEM) in 1952, to the Intergovernmental Committee for Migration (ICM) in 1980, and finally to the International Organization for Migration (IOM) in 1989 reflects the evolution of the IOM's mandate over its existence, becoming the leading intergovernmental organization in the field of migration.

Integration into the United Nations and the present (1990 to date)

In 1992, it was granted observer status at the United Nations General Assembly (GA resolution A/RES/47/4). In September 2016, the United Nations (UN) Member States, through the General Assembly, unanimously adopted a resolution approving the agreement to transform IOM into an affiliated organization of the UN. This agreement has strengthened the relationship between IOM and the UN and improved its ability to fulfill its respective mandates in the interests of migrants and Member States. The IOM supported the creation of the Global Compact for Migration, the first-ever intergovernmental agreement on international migration which was adopted in Marrakech, Morocco, in December 2018. To support the implementation, follow-up and review of the Global Compact on Migration, the UN Secretary-General António Guterres established the UN Network on Migration in 2019. IOM coordinates the United Nations Network on Migration which includes UNHCR, WFP and UNDP, among others. While the IOM's history tracks the man-made and natural disasters of the past half century, including Kosovo and Timor 1999, and the Asian tsunami, the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Pakistan earthquake of 2004/2005, the 2010 Haiti earthquake, and the European migrant crisis—its credo that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society has steadily gained more international acceptance.

Structure

Organization

The organization is headquartered in Geneva, with liaison offices in New York City and Addis Ababa. The Global Migration Data Analysis Centre (GMDAC) is based in Berlin. In 2020, the organization reported that it had over 15,311 employees, with 168 nationalities represented. The highest decision-making body of the IOM is the council, in which all member states are represented. It has rules of procedure and meets at regular intervals to adopt the annual budget and determine the organization's programmatic objectives. The official languages are English, French and Spanish. According to its own figures, the organization's budget in 2020 was around two billion US dollars. This is made up of voluntary contributions from the member states and donations.

Director General

The Director General of the organization is elected by the delegates of the IOM member states for a five-year term. The following table lists the previous directors of the IOM and its predecessor organization, the ICEM. The current Director General is Amy Pope from the United States of America, with Ugochi Daniels from Nigeria serving as Deputy Directors General.

Mandate

The organization's global mandate includes assistance to migrants, including migrant workers, refugees and internally displaced persons. This broad mandate of the organization has earned it praise for flexibility in crisis situations, but also criticism for legal accountability in protection issues. Due to complementary mandates, IOM often cooperates with the UNHCR. For example IOM coordinates work in response to the situation in Venezuela through the Office of International Organization for Migration Director General's Special Envoy for the Regional Response to the Venezuela Situation working with UNHCR and 17 countries in South and Central America and the Caribbean. According to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), IOM is one of the central actors in humanitarian aid within the UN system, especially in the context of displacement. IOM's main aid measures include shelter, protection, the provision of basic medical and sanitary care, life safety, coordination, telecommunications and logistics. On the instructions of the UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, IOM, together with UNHCR, is primarily responsible for camp coordination and management in humanitarian emergencies. The organization is also active in stabilization, peacebuilding and development in the context of migration.

Member states

[[File:IOM members and observers.svg|thumb|350px|Member states of the IOM: As of 2023, the International Organization for Migration has 175 member states and 8 observer states. Member states:• 🇦🇫 Afghanistan • 🇦🇱 Albania • 🇩🇿 Algeria • 🇦🇴 Angola • 🇦🇬 Antigua and Barbuda • 🇦🇷 Argentina • 🇦🇲 Armenia • 🇦🇺 Australia • 🇦🇹 Austria • 🇦🇿 Azerbaijan • 🇧🇸 Bahamas • 🇧🇩 Bangladesh • 🇧🇧 Barbados • 🇧🇾 Belarus • 🇧🇪 Belgium • 🇧🇿 Belize • 🇧🇯 Benin • 🇧🇴 Bolivia • 🇧🇦 Bosnia and Herzegovina • 🇧🇼 Botswana • 🇧🇷 Brazil • 🇧🇬 Bulgaria • 🇧🇫 Burkina Faso • 🇧🇮 Burundi • Cabo Verde • 🇰🇭 Cambodia • 🇨🇲 Cameroon • 🇨🇦 Canada • 🇨🇫 Central African Republic • 🇹🇩 Chad • 🇨🇱 Chile • 🇨🇳 China • 🇨🇴 Colombia • 🇰🇲 Comoros • 🇨🇩 Congo • 🇨🇰 Cook Islands • 🇨🇷 Costa Rica • 🇨🇮 Côte d'Ivoire • 🇭🇷 Croatia • 🇨🇺 Cuba • 🇨🇾 Cyprus • 🇨🇿 Czech Republic • Democratic Republic of the Congo • 🇩🇰 Denmark • 🇩🇯 Djibouti • 🇩🇲 Dominica • 🇩🇴 Dominican Republic • 🇪🇨 Ecuador • 🇪🇬 Egypt • 🇸🇻 El Salvador • 🇪🇷 Eritrea • 🇪🇪 Estonia • Eswatini • 🇪🇹 Ethiopia • 🇫🇯 Fiji • 🇫🇮 Finland • 🇫🇷 France • 🇬🇦 Gabon • 🇬🇲 Gambia • Georgia • 🇩🇪 Germany • 🇬🇭 Ghana • 🇬🇷 Greece • 🇬🇩 Grenada • 🇬🇹 Guatemala • 🇬🇳 Guinea • 🇬🇼 Guinea-Bissau • 🇬🇾 Guyana • 🇭🇹 Haiti • Holy See • 🇭🇳 Honduras • 🇭🇺 Hungary • 🇮🇸 Iceland • 🇮🇳 India • 🇮🇷 Iran • 🇮🇪 Ireland • 🇮🇱 Israel • 🇮🇹 Italy • 🇯🇲 Jamaica • 🇯🇵 Japan • 🇯🇴 Jordan • 🇰🇿 Kazakhstan • 🇰🇪 Kenya • 🇰🇮 Kiribati • 🇰🇬 Kyrgyzstan • 🇱🇦 Lao People's Democratic Republic • 🇱🇻 Latvia • 🇱🇸 Lesotho • 🇱🇷 Liberia • 🇱🇾 Libya • 🇱🇹 Lithuania • 🇱🇺 Luxembourg • 🇲🇬 Madagascar • 🇲🇼 Malawi • 🇲🇻 Maldives • 🇲🇱 Mali • 🇲🇹 Malta • 🇲🇭 Marshall Islands • 🇲🇷 Mauritania • 🇲🇺 Mauritius • 🇲🇽 Mexico • 🇫🇲 Micronesia • 🇲🇳 Mongolia • 🇲🇪 Montenegro • 🇲🇦 Morocco • 🇲🇿 Mozambique • 🇲🇲 Myanmar • 🇳🇦 Namibia • 🇳🇷 Nauru • 🇳🇵 Nepal • 🇳🇱 Netherlands • 🇳🇿 New Zealand • 🇳🇮 Nicaragua • 🇳🇪 Niger • 🇳🇬 Nigeria • North Macedonia • 🇳🇴 Norway • 🇵🇰 Pakistan • 🇵🇼 Palau • 🇵🇦 Panama • 🇵🇬 Papua New Guinea • 🇵🇾 Paraguay • 🇵🇪 Peru • 🇵🇭 Philippines • 🇵🇱 Poland • 🇵🇹 Portugal • Republic of Korea • Republic of Moldova • 🇷🇴 Romania • Russian Federation • 🇷🇼 Rwanda • 🇰🇳 Saint Kitts and Nevis • 🇱🇨 Saint Lucia • 🇻🇨 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines • 🇼🇸 Samoa • São Tomé and Príncipe • 🇸🇳 Senegal • 🇷🇸 Serbia • 🇸🇨 Seychelles • 🇸🇱 Sierra Leone • 🇸🇰 Slovakia • 🇸🇮 Slovenia • 🇸🇧 Solomon Islands • 🇸🇴 Somalia • 🇿🇦 South Africa • 🇸🇸 South Sudan • 🇪🇸 Spain • 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka • 🇸🇩 Sudan • 🇸🇷 Suriname • 🇸🇪 Sweden • 🇨🇭 Switzerland • 🇹🇯 Tajikistan • 🇹🇭 Thailand • Timor-Leste • 🇹🇬 Togo • 🇹🇴 Tonga • 🇹🇹 Trinidad and Tobago • 🇹🇳 Tunisia • 🇹🇷 Turkey • 🇹🇲 Turkmenistan • 🇹🇻 Tuvalu • 🇺🇬 Uganda • 🇺🇦 Ukraine • 🇬🇧 United Kingdom • United Republic of Tanzania • 🇺🇸 United States • 🇺🇾 Uruguay • 🇺🇿 Uzbekistan • 🇻🇺 Vanuatu • 🇻🇪 Venezuela • 🇻🇳 Viet Nam • 🇾🇪 Yemen • 🇿🇲 Zambia • 🇿🇼 Zimbabwe Observer States: • 🇧🇭 Bahrain • 🇧🇹 Bhutan • 🇮🇩 Indonesia • 🇰🇼 Kuwait • 🇲🇾 Malaysia • 🇶🇦 Qatar • 🇸🇲 San Marino • 🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia Non-Member States: • Brunei • 🇬🇶 Equatorial Guinea • 🇭🇰 Hong Kong • 🇮🇶 Iraq • 🇱🇧 Lebanon • Macau • 🇴🇲 Oman • 🇸🇬 Singapore • Syria • 🇹🇼 Taiwan • 🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates

Criticism

2003 Amnesty and Human Rights Watch

In 2003, both Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch were critical of the IOM's role in the Australian government's "Pacific Solution" of transferring asylum seekers to offshore detention centres. Human Rights Watch criticized the IOM for operating Manus Regional Processing Centre and the processing centre on Nauru despite not having a refugee protection mandate. Human Rights Watch criticized the IOM for being part of "arbitrary detention" and for denying asylum seekers access to legal advice. Human Rights Watch urged the IOM to cease operation the process centres, which it stated were "detention centres" and to hand management of the centres to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Amnesty International expressed concern that the IOM undertook actions on behalf of governments that negatively impacted the human rights of asylum seekers, refugees and migrants. Amnesty International cited an example of fourteen Kurds in Indonesia who were expelled from Australian waters by Australian authorities and relocated to Indonesia. Amnesty International requested an assurance that the IOM will abide by the principle of non-refoulement.

2022 Refugee Council of Australia

In 2022, the role that the IOM played in housing refugees in Indonesia was described by the Refugee Council of Australia as presenting a "humanitarian veneer while carrying out rights-violating activities on behalf of Western nations” by researchers Asher Hirsch and Cameron Doig in The Globe and Mail. The community housing that the IOM operated, using Australian government funding, was described by the Refugee Council of Australia "inhumane conditions, solitary confinement, lack of basic essentials and medical care, physical and sexual abuse, and severe overcrowding". Rohingya John Joniad described the housing as an "open prison".