{"history":[],"article":{"id":"1e5f1545-7b55-4371-9cac-b09d96af3cb2","title":"Hong (rainbow-dragon)","slug":"hong-rainbow-dragon","content":":::summary\n:::\n\n# \n**Hong** or **jiang** is a [Chinese dragon](https://bliptext.com/articles/chinese-dragon) with two heads on each end in [Chinese mythology](https://bliptext.com/articles/chinese-mythology), comparable with [Rainbow Serpent](https://bliptext.com/articles/rainbow-serpent) legends in various cultures and mythologies.\n# [Warring States period jade pendant with two dragon heads | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Huang///with///two///dragon///heads.jpg]\n\n# Chinese \"rainbow\" names\n[Chinese](https://bliptext.com/articles/chinese-language) has three \"[rainbow](https://bliptext.com/articles/rainbow)\" words, regular hong 虹, literary didong 蝃蝀, and ni 蜺 \"secondary [rainbow](https://bliptext.com/articles/rainbow)\".\nNote that all these [Chinese characters](https://bliptext.com/articles/chinese-characters) share a graphic element of hui \"insect; worm; reptile; etc.\"\n(cf. tripled chong ), known in Chinese as [Kangxi radical](https://bliptext.com/articles/kangxi-radical) [number 142](https://bliptext.com/articles/radical-142) and loosely translated in English as the \"insect radical\".\nIn traditional [Chinese character classification](https://bliptext.com/articles/chinese-character-classification), \"[radical](https://bliptext.com/articles/radical-chinese-character)-[phonetic](https://bliptext.com/articles/phonetic)\" or \"phono-semantic\" characters are statistically the most common category, and they combine a \"[radical](https://bliptext.com/articles/radical-chinese-character)\" or [determinative](https://bliptext.com/articles/determinative) that suggests [semantic field](https://bliptext.com/articles/semantic-field) with a \"[phonetic](https://bliptext.com/articles/phonetic)\" element that roughly indicates [pronunciation](https://bliptext.com/articles/pronunciation).\nWords written with this 虫 radical typically name not only insects, but also reptiles, and other miscellaneous creatures, including some [dragons](https://bliptext.com/articles/dragon) such as [shen](https://bliptext.com/articles/shen-clam-monster) \"aquatic dragon\" and [jiao](https://bliptext.com/articles/jiaolong) \"flood dragon\".\n[Linguistic anthropologists](https://bliptext.com/articles/linguistic-anthropology) studying [folk taxonomy](https://bliptext.com/articles/folk-taxonomy) discovered many languages have zoological categories similar to hui 虫, and Brown coined the [portmanteau word](https://bliptext.com/articles/portmanteau-word) wug (from worm + bug) meaning the class of \"insects, worms, spiders, and smaller reptiles\".\nFollowing Carr, \"wug\" is used as the English translation of the Chinese logographic radical 虫.\n\n## Hong\nThe [regular script](https://bliptext.com/articles/regular-script) Chinese character for hong or jiang \"rainbow\" combines the \"wug radical\" with a gong \"work\" phonetic.\nBoth [Qin dynasty](https://bliptext.com/articles/qin-dynasty) [seal script](https://bliptext.com/articles/seal-script) and [Zhou dynasty](https://bliptext.com/articles/zhou-dynasty) [bronze script](https://bliptext.com/articles/bronze-script) elaborated this same radical-phonetic combination.\nHowever, the oldest characters for \"rainbow\" in [Shang dynasty](https://bliptext.com/articles/shang-dynasty) [oracle bone script](https://bliptext.com/articles/oracle-bone-script) were [pictographs](https://bliptext.com/articles/pictograph) of an arched dragon or serpent with open-mouthed heads at both ends.\nEberhard notes, \"In early reliefs, the rainbow is shown as a snake or a dragon with two heads. In West China they give it the head of a donkey, and it rates as a lucky symbol.\"\nThe 121 CE [Shuowen Jiezi](https://bliptext.com/articles/shuowen-jiezi) dictionary, the first Chinese character dictionary, described the seal character for hong 虹 \"rainbow\" as 狀似蟲 \"shaped like a wug\".\nOver 18 centuries later, Hopkins described the recently discovered oracle character for 虹.\n\"What should we see in this simple but striking image? We should, I now feel sure, discern a Rainbow terminating in two animal heads. But of what animal? Certainly of the Dragon, must be the answer. For the design of the character is, in the main, naturalistic, in so far as it is clearly modeled on the semi-circular Bow in the sky, but symbolistic through the addition of two heads, for where the Rainbow ends, there the Dragon begins!\"\nHopkins elucidated.\n\"It is the belief of the Chinese that the appearance of the Rainbow is at once the herald and the cause of the cessation of rain and the return of clear skies. … Now, if by his own volition, when mounting to the upper air, the Dragon could beget the rolling thunder and the drenching rain-storm, how should he not be able also, in descending, the cause the rain to cease, and the face of the blue sky to clear? And that is why I conjecture and suggest that the early Chinese must have seen in the Rainbow one avatar of the wonder-working Dragon as conceived by their animistic mentality. That would likewise explain why to the arching bow seen with their bodily eyes they added the Dragon heads beheld only by the eye of faith.\"\nJiang is an uncommon pronunciation of 虹, limited to colloquial or dialectal usage, and unlike hong not normally found in [compounds](https://bliptext.com/articles/compound-linguistics).\nFor instance, caihong (with \"color\") \"rainbow\", hongcai \"rainbow colors; iridescence; the iris; banners\", hongqiao 虹橋 (with \"bridge\") \"arch bridge\", and hongxi 虹吸 (with \"absorb; suck up\") \"siphon\".\n# [Oracle bone script for hong 虹 \"rainbow\" | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/%E8%99%B9-oracle.svg]\n# [Seal script for hong 虹 \"rainbow\" | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/%E8%99%B9-seal.svg]\n\n## Didong\nDidong 蝃蝀 or 螮蝀 is a [Classical Chinese](https://bliptext.com/articles/classical-chinese) word for \"rainbow\", now usually restricted to literary or historical usage.\nThese three characters combine the \"wug radical\" with phonetics of zhuo 叕 \"connect\" or dai 帶 \"girdle; sash\" in di 蝃 or 螮 and dong 東 \"east\" in dong 蝀.\n\n## Ni\nNi or means \"secondary rainbow\" or \"supernumerary rainbow\", which results from double reflection of sunlight, with colors inverted from a primary rainbow (see [Alexander's band](https://bliptext.com/articles/alexander-s-band)).\nThese characters combine a phonetic of er \"child\" with either the \"wug radical\" 虫 or the \"[rain radical](https://bliptext.com/articles/radical-173)\".\nNi 蜺 can also mean hanchan 寒蟬 \"winter cicada\", which is a \"silent, mute\" metaphor.\nWhile hongni 虹霓 means \"primary and secondary rainbows; rainbows\", nihong 霓虹 is a [loanword](https://bliptext.com/articles/loanword) from English [neon](https://bliptext.com/articles/neon) in expressions like nihongdeng 霓虹燈 \"[neon](https://bliptext.com/articles/neon) light\", compare the chemical [loanword](https://bliptext.com/articles/loanword) nai \"[neon](https://bliptext.com/articles/neon); Ne\".\nFuhong 副虹 (with \"second; subsidiary\") means \"secondary rainbow\" in Chinese [meteorological](https://bliptext.com/articles/meteorology) terminology.\n\n# Early textual references\n[Chinese classic texts](https://bliptext.com/articles/chinese-classic-texts) dating from the [Spring and Autumn period](https://bliptext.com/articles/spring-and-autumn-period) (8th–5th centuries BCE) and [Warring States period](https://bliptext.com/articles/warring-states-period) (5th–3rd centuries BCE) referred to hong, didong, and ni rainbows.\nThe [Shijing](https://bliptext.com/articles/shijing) has the oldest known textual usages of hong and didong, and both are bad [omens](https://bliptext.com/articles/omen).\nOne poem uses 虹, which is interpreted as a loan character for hong (with the \"speech radical\" 言) \"disorder; conflict; quarrel\": \"That kid with horns was truly a portent of disaster, my son!\"\nAnother poem begins with didong 蝃蝀: \"There is a girdle in the east; No one dares point at it. A girl has run away, Far from father and mother, far from brothers young and old.\"\n[Arthur Waley](https://bliptext.com/articles/arthur-waley) explains translating zhuo 蝃 \"spider\" as a loan for di 螮 \"girdle\".\n\"The girdle is the rainbow. Its appearance announces that someone who ought not to is about to have a baby; for the arc of the rainbow typifies the swelling girdle of a pregnant woman. No one dares point at it, because pointing is disrespectful, and one must respect a warning sent by Heaven.'\"\n\"Although many ancient cultures believed rainbows were good omens,\"Carr explains, \"the Chinese saw them as meteorological disasters. Unlike the auspicious [long] 龍 dragon symbolizing forthcoming rain, the two-headed [hong] 虹 was inauspicious because it appeared after a rain shower.\"\nThe [Huainanzi](https://bliptext.com/articles/huainanzi) says both rainbows and comets were warnings from [tian](https://bliptext.com/articles/tian) \"heaven; god\".\nSeveral classic texts (e.g., [Liu Xiang](https://bliptext.com/articles/liu-xiang-scholar)'s Shuoyuan and Xinxu) use the phrase baihong guan ri 白虹貫日 \"bright rainbow threads the sun\".\nFor example, it is a portent of assassination in the [Zhanguoce](https://bliptext.com/articles/zhanguoce) \"a white halo pierced the sun.\"\nOne notable exception is the [Mengzi](https://bliptext.com/articles/mencius-book) using yunni 雲霓 \"cloud and rainbow\" to describe the legendary [Tang of Shang](https://bliptext.com/articles/tang-of-shang): \"the people looked to him, as we look in a time of great drought to the clouds and rainbows.\"\nThe oldest [Chinese dictionary](https://bliptext.com/articles/chinese-dictionary), the ca. 3rd century BCE [Erya](https://bliptext.com/articles/erya) says didong 螮蝀 was called yu \"rain sacrifice\", defines it as hong 虹 \"rainbow\", and says ni 蜺 \"secondary rainbow\" was called qie'er 挈貳 \"lift/carry two.\"\nThe commentary of [Guo Pu](https://bliptext.com/articles/guo-pu) notes rainbows were called yu in Jiangdong (present day [Jiangsu](https://bliptext.com/articles/jiangsu) and [Zhejiang](https://bliptext.com/articles/zhejiang)), and gives additional names of meiren 美人 \"beautiful woman\" and xiyi 析翳 \"split cover/screen\".\nThe [Chuci](https://bliptext.com/articles/chuci) has more rainbow occurrences (8 虹, 10 霓, and 5 蜺) than any other early text.\nIt graphically interchanges ni 蜺 and ni 霓 except the latter is exclusively used in yunni 雲霓 \"clouds and rainbows\" (both with the \"cloud radical\").\nMany rainbows occur in Chuci descriptions of [shamanic](https://bliptext.com/articles/shamanism) \"flights\" through the skies, frequently in contexts with other dragons, for instance: \"To hang at my girdle the coiling Green Dragon, To wear at my belt the sinuous [虹] rainbow serpent ... A great [霓] rainbow flag like an awning above me, And pennants dyed in the hues of the sunset.\"\nThis mythical Green or [Azure Dragon](https://bliptext.com/articles/azure-dragon) ruling the eastern sky and the [Vermilion Bird](https://bliptext.com/articles/vermilion-bird) ruling the southern sky reoccur with baini 白霓 \"Bright rainbows darting swiftly in the traces\".\nThe Yueling 月令 \"Monthly Ordinances\" section of the [Liji](https://bliptext.com/articles/liji) Legge claims hong 虹 rainbows only appear during half the year.\nIn the last month of spring, \"Moles are transformed into quails. Rainbows begin to appear.\"\nIn the first month of winter, \"Pheasants enter the great water and become [[shen](https://bliptext.com/articles/shen-clam-monster)] large mollusks. Rainbows are hidden and do not appear.\"\nAlong with the rainbow, the shen 蜃 is considered to be a dragon.\n[Yin and Yang](https://bliptext.com/articles/yin-and-yang) cosmology dichotomized between primary hong 虹 \"Yang/male rainbow\" and secondary ni 霓 \"Yin/female rainbow\".\nGranet analyzed ancient Chinese beliefs about rainbows, which were believed to emanate from interchanges between earthly Yin qi and heavenly Yang qi (see Shiming below).\nRainbows thus symbolized a sexual union of Yin-Yang (Shijing 51 above) and a competition between male and female river gods or dragons.\nEberhard explains the Chinese symbolism.\n\"The rainbow is seen as a resplendent symbol of the union of yang and yin; it serves therefore as an emblem of a marriage. You should never point your finger at a rainbow. But the rainbow can have another meaning, in that it may appear when either husband or wife is more handsome and attractive than the other, and therefore enters upon an adulterous relationship. The rainbow is then an emblem of fornication or sexual abuse, and forebodes ill.\"\nLike rainbows, dragons were explained in Yin-Yang theory.\nRain-dragons supposedly had Yin powers since they controlled water.\n[Edward H. Schafer](https://bliptext.com/articles/edward-h-schafer) says.\n\"In China, dragon essence is woman essence. The connection is through the mysterious powers of fertilizing rain, and its extensions in running streams, lakes, and marshes. In common belief as in literature, the dark, wet side of nature showed itself alternately in women and in dragons. The great water deities of Chinese antiquity were therefore snake queens and dragon ladies: they were avatars of dragons precisely because they were equally spirits of the meres and mists and nimbus clouds.\"\n\n# Etymologies\nThe ca. 200 CE [Shiming](https://bliptext.com/articles/shiming) dictionary (1, Shitian 釋天 \"Explaining Heaven\"), which defines words through phono-semantic glosses, gave the oldest Chinese \"etymologies\" for rainbows.\nUsing \"[etymology](https://bliptext.com/articles/etymology)\" in the usual Western sense of [historical linguistics](https://bliptext.com/articles/historical-linguistics), [Joseph Edkins](https://bliptext.com/articles/joseph-edkins) first proposed Chinese hong 虹 \"rainbow\" was \"doubtless a variant\" of gung \"bow\" and compared it with [\"Siamese\"](https://bliptext.com/articles/thai-language) lung \"rainbow\".\nCarr compares Proto-[Sino-Tibetan](https://bliptext.com/articles/sino-tibetan-languages) and Proto-[Austro-Tai](https://bliptext.com/articles/austro-tai) etymological proposals for hong and didong.\nBoodberg thought *g'ung < *glung 虹 \"rainbow (dragon)\" and *lyung-t'lia 龍魑 \"dragon\" descended from a Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-brong \"wug\" root.\nfirst thought *lyung 龍 and *g'ung 虹 were early Chinese borrowings from Proto-Austro-Tai *ruŋ \"dragon; rainbow\"; but later saw *g'ung < *g'[l]uŋ or *k[l]ung 虹 \"rainbow\" and *tiadtung < *tiad-[skl]ung 蝃蝀 \"rainbow\" (with a *tung 東 \"east\" phonetic signifying \"red part of the sky\") as semantically related with *g'ung < *g[l]ung \"red\".\nFor hong 虹 \"rainbow\", Schuessler reconstructs Old Chinese *gôŋ < *gloŋ and compares \"very irregular\" dialect forms such as Proto-[Min](https://bliptext.com/articles/min-chinese) ghioŋB and [Gan](https://bliptext.com/articles/gan-chinese) Shanggao dialect lɑnB-luŋH.\nHe lists etymological proposals of hong 虹 from Proto-[Miao–Yao](https://bliptext.com/articles/miao-yao) *kluŋA or Chinese long 龍 \"dragon\" and hong 紅 \"red\".( For jiang 虹 \"rainbow\", Schuessler reconstructs *krôŋh and notes the survival in Gan Wuning dialect kɔŋC1. He concludes the \"wide range of forms\" including didong 蝃蝀 < *tê(t)s-tôŋ < *tê(t)s-tlôŋ suggests a non-Sino-Tibetan \"source for this etymon\", possibly include [Kam–Tai](https://bliptext.com/articles/kam-tai) and [Zhuang](https://bliptext.com/articles/standard-zhuang) words like tu2-tuŋ2 or Proto-[Tai](https://bliptext.com/articles/tai-languages) *Druŋ (cf.\n[Thai](https://bliptext.com/articles/thai-language) ruŋC2 \"rainbow\".)\n\n# Mythological parallels\n\"Hong < *g'ung 虹 'rainbow' has always represented a dragon to the Chinese,\" says Carr, \"from Shang oracle pictographs of dicephalous sky-serpents to the modern 虹 graph with the 'wug' radical.\"\nThe mythic Chinese hong \"rainbow\" dragon has a few parallels in the natural world ([two-headed snake](https://bliptext.com/articles/two-headed-snake), Rainbow Snake [Farancia erytrogramma](https://bliptext.com/articles/farancia-erytrogramma), and Rainbow Boa [Epicrates cenchria](https://bliptext.com/articles/epicrates-cenchria)) and many in [comparative mythology](https://bliptext.com/articles/comparative-mythology) (see [rainbows in mythology](https://bliptext.com/articles/rainbows-in-mythology) and [snakes in mythology](https://bliptext.com/articles/snakes-in-mythology)).\nLoewenstein compares rainbow-serpent legends throughout Southeast Asia, the Pacific, Australia, Africa, and South America; and concludes:\n\"Myths of a giant rainbow-serpent are common among primitive tribes inhabiting the tropics. Outside the tropical belt the rainbow-serpent concept is hardly to be found. This points to the fact that the myth must be intimately connected with the occurrence and geographic distribution of a particular family of snakes, the Boidae, which includes the largest specimens in existence, namely the Pythons and the Boas.\"\nThe well-known [Rainbow Serpent](https://bliptext.com/articles/rainbow-serpent) is central to [creation myths](https://bliptext.com/articles/creation-myth) of the [Indigenous Australians](https://bliptext.com/articles/indigenous-australians) (translated as Chinese hongshe and Japanese nijihebi 虹蛇 \"rainbow snake\").\nSome other examples include:\nLastly, another Chinese rainbow myth involves the creator [Nüwa](https://bliptext.com/articles/n-wa) 女媧 repairing a crack in the sky caused by the water deity [Gong Gong](https://bliptext.com/articles/gonggong) 共工 (cf. 虹).\nShe supposedly created the first rainbow by melting stones of 5 or 7 different colors to patch the sky.\nNüwa and her brother-consort [Fuxi](https://bliptext.com/articles/fuxi) are represented as having the upper body of a human and the tail of a dragon or serpent.\nThey are associated with yin and yang, like secondary and primary rainbows.\n# [Tomb painting of Nüwa and Fuxi excavated in Xinjiang. | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Anonymous-Fuxi///and///N%C3%BCwa.jpg]","current_revision":null,"created_by":"kACnuQmH5k9Nr5VNVEpVeg7XpvUmMctD","created_at":"2025-01-26T11:08:24.613Z","updated_at":"2025-01-26T11:08:24.613Z","search_vector":"'dragon':4 'hong':1 'rainbow':3 'rainbow-dragon':2","search_content":" \n \n\n# \n**Hong** or **jiang** is a [Chinese dragon](https://bliptext.com/articles/chinese-dragon) with two heads on each end in [Chinese mythology](https://bliptext.com/articles/chinese-mythology), comparable with [Rainbow Serpent](https://bliptext.com/articles/rainbow-serpent) legends in various cultures and mythologies.\n# [Warring States period jade pendant with two dragon heads | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Huang///with///two///dragon///heads.jpg]\n\n# Chinese \"rainbow\" names\n[Chinese](https://bliptext.com/articles/chinese-language) has three \"[rainbow](https://bliptext.com/articles/rainbow)\" words, regular hong 虹, literary didong 蝃蝀, and ni 蜺 \"secondary [rainbow](https://bliptext.com/articles/rainbow)\".\nNote that all these [Chinese characters](https://bliptext.com/articles/chinese-characters) share a graphic element of hui \"insect; worm; reptile; etc.\"\n(cf. tripled chong ), known in Chinese as [Kangxi radical](https://bliptext.com/articles/kangxi-radical) [number 142](https://bliptext.com/articles/radical-142) and loosely translated in English as the \"insect radical\".\nIn traditional [Chinese character classification](https://bliptext.com/articles/chinese-character-classification), \"[radical](https://bliptext.com/articles/radical-chinese-character)-[phonetic](https://bliptext.com/articles/phonetic)\" or \"phono-semantic\" characters are statistically the most common category, and they combine a \"[radical](https://bliptext.com/articles/radical-chinese-character)\" or [determinative](https://bliptext.com/articles/determinative) that suggests [semantic field](https://bliptext.com/articles/semantic-field) with a \"[phonetic](https://bliptext.com/articles/phonetic)\" element that roughly indicates [pronunciation](https://bliptext.com/articles/pronunciation).\nWords written with this 虫 radical typically name not only insects, but also reptiles, and other miscellaneous creatures, including some [dragons](https://bliptext.com/articles/dragon) such as [shen](https://bliptext.com/articles/shen-clam-monster) \"aquatic dragon\" and [jiao](https://bliptext.com/articles/jiaolong) \"flood dragon\".\n[Linguistic anthropologists](https://bliptext.com/articles/linguistic-anthropology) studying [folk taxonomy](https://bliptext.com/articles/folk-taxonomy) discovered many languages have zoological categories similar to hui 虫, and Brown coined the [portmanteau word](https://bliptext.com/articles/portmanteau-word) wug (from worm + bug) meaning the class of \"insects, worms, spiders, and smaller reptiles\".\nFollowing Carr, \"wug\" is used as the English translation of the Chinese logographic radical 虫.\n\n## Hong\nThe [regular script](https://bliptext.com/articles/regular-script) Chinese character for hong or jiang \"rainbow\" combines the \"wug radical\" with a gong \"work\" phonetic.\nBoth [Qin dynasty](https://bliptext.com/articles/qin-dynasty) [seal script](https://bliptext.com/articles/seal-script) and [Zhou dynasty](https://bliptext.com/articles/zhou-dynasty) [bronze script](https://bliptext.com/articles/bronze-script) elaborated this same radical-phonetic combination.\nHowever, the oldest characters for \"rainbow\" in [Shang dynasty](https://bliptext.com/articles/shang-dynasty) [oracle bone script](https://bliptext.com/articles/oracle-bone-script) were [pictographs](https://bliptext.com/articles/pictograph) of an arched dragon or serpent with open-mouthed heads at both ends.\nEberhard notes, \"In early reliefs, the rainbow is shown as a snake or a dragon with two heads. In West China they give it the head of a donkey, and it rates as a lucky symbol.\"\nThe 121 CE [Shuowen Jiezi](https://bliptext.com/articles/shuowen-jiezi) dictionary, the first Chinese character dictionary, described the seal character for hong 虹 \"rainbow\" as 狀似蟲 \"shaped like a wug\".\nOver 18 centuries later, Hopkins described the recently discovered oracle character for 虹.\n\"What should we see in this simple but striking image? We should, I now feel sure, discern a Rainbow terminating in two animal heads. But of what animal? Certainly of the Dragon, must be the answer. For the design of the character is, in the main, naturalistic, in so far as it is clearly modeled on the semi-circular Bow in the sky, but symbolistic through the addition of two heads, for where the Rainbow ends, there the Dragon begins!\"\nHopkins elucidated.\n\"It is the belief of the Chinese that the appearance of the Rainbow is at once the herald and the cause of the cessation of rain and the return of clear skies. … Now, if by his own volition, when mounting to the upper air, the Dragon could beget the rolling thunder and the drenching rain-storm, how should he not be able also, in descending, the cause the rain to cease, and the face of the blue sky to clear? And that is why I conjecture and suggest that the early Chinese must have seen in the Rainbow one avatar of the wonder-working Dragon as conceived by their animistic mentality. That would likewise explain why to the arching bow seen with their bodily eyes they added the Dragon heads beheld only by the eye of faith.\"\nJiang is an uncommon pronunciation of 虹, limited to colloquial or dialectal usage, and unlike hong not normally found in [compounds](https://bliptext.com/articles/compound-linguistics).\nFor instance, caihong (with \"color\") \"rainbow\", hongcai \"rainbow colors; iridescence; the iris; banners\", hongqiao 虹橋 (with \"bridge\") \"arch bridge\", and hongxi 虹吸 (with \"absorb; suck up\") \"siphon\".\n# [Oracle bone script for hong 虹 \"rainbow\" | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/%E8%99%B9-oracle.svg]\n# [Seal script for hong 虹 \"rainbow\" | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/%E8%99%B9-seal.svg]\n\n## Didong\nDidong 蝃蝀 or 螮蝀 is a [Classical Chinese](https://bliptext.com/articles/classical-chinese) word for \"rainbow\", now usually restricted to literary or historical usage.\nThese three characters combine the \"wug radical\" with phonetics of zhuo 叕 \"connect\" or dai 帶 \"girdle; sash\" in di 蝃 or 螮 and dong 東 \"east\" in dong 蝀.\n\n## Ni\nNi or means \"secondary rainbow\" or \"supernumerary rainbow\", which results from double reflection of sunlight, with colors inverted from a primary rainbow (see [Alexander's band](https://bliptext.com/articles/alexander-s-band)).\nThese characters combine a phonetic of er \"child\" with either the \"wug radical\" 虫 or the \"[rain radical](https://bliptext.com/articles/radical-173)\".\nNi 蜺 can also mean hanchan 寒蟬 \"winter cicada\", which is a \"silent, mute\" metaphor.\nWhile hongni 虹霓 means \"primary and secondary rainbows; rainbows\", nihong 霓虹 is a [loanword](https://bliptext.com/articles/loanword) from English [neon](https://bliptext.com/articles/neon) in expressions like nihongdeng 霓虹燈 \"[neon](https://bliptext.com/articles/neon) light\", compare the chemical [loanword](https://bliptext.com/articles/loanword) nai \"[neon](https://bliptext.com/articles/neon); Ne\".\nFuhong 副虹 (with \"second; subsidiary\") means \"secondary rainbow\" in Chinese [meteorological](https://bliptext.com/articles/meteorology) terminology.\n\n# Early textual references\n[Chinese classic texts](https://bliptext.com/articles/chinese-classic-texts) dating from the [Spring and Autumn period](https://bliptext.com/articles/spring-and-autumn-period) (8th–5th centuries BCE) and [Warring States period](https://bliptext.com/articles/warring-states-period) (5th–3rd centuries BCE) referred to hong, didong, and ni rainbows.\nThe [Shijing](https://bliptext.com/articles/shijing) has the oldest known textual usages of hong and didong, and both are bad [omens](https://bliptext.com/articles/omen).\nOne poem uses 虹, which is interpreted as a loan character for hong (with the \"speech radical\" 言) \"disorder; conflict; quarrel\": \"That kid with horns was truly a portent of disaster, my son!\"\nAnother poem begins with didong 蝃蝀: \"There is a girdle in the east; No one dares point at it. A girl has run away, Far from father and mother, far from brothers young and old.\"\n[Arthur Waley](https://bliptext.com/articles/arthur-waley) explains translating zhuo 蝃 \"spider\" as a loan for di 螮 \"girdle\".\n\"The girdle is the rainbow. Its appearance announces that someone who ought not to is about to have a baby; for the arc of the rainbow typifies the swelling girdle of a pregnant woman. No one dares point at it, because pointing is disrespectful, and one must respect a warning sent by Heaven.'\"\n\"Although many ancient cultures believed rainbows were good omens,\"Carr explains, \"the Chinese saw them as meteorological disasters. Unlike the auspicious [long] 龍 dragon symbolizing forthcoming rain, the two-headed [hong] 虹 was inauspicious because it appeared after a rain shower.\"\nThe [Huainanzi](https://bliptext.com/articles/huainanzi) says both rainbows and comets were warnings from [tian](https://bliptext.com/articles/tian) \"heaven; god\".\nSeveral classic texts (e.g., [Liu Xiang](https://bliptext.com/articles/liu-xiang-scholar)'s Shuoyuan and Xinxu) use the phrase baihong guan ri 白虹貫日 \"bright rainbow threads the sun\".\nFor example, it is a portent of assassination in the [Zhanguoce](https://bliptext.com/articles/zhanguoce) \"a white halo pierced the sun.\"\nOne notable exception is the [Mengzi](https://bliptext.com/articles/mencius-book) using yunni 雲霓 \"cloud and rainbow\" to describe the legendary [Tang of Shang](https://bliptext.com/articles/tang-of-shang): \"the people looked to him, as we look in a time of great drought to the clouds and rainbows.\"\nThe oldest [Chinese dictionary](https://bliptext.com/articles/chinese-dictionary), the ca. 3rd century BCE [Erya](https://bliptext.com/articles/erya) says didong 螮蝀 was called yu \"rain sacrifice\", defines it as hong 虹 \"rainbow\", and says ni 蜺 \"secondary rainbow\" was called qie'er 挈貳 \"lift/carry two.\"\nThe commentary of [Guo Pu](https://bliptext.com/articles/guo-pu) notes rainbows were called yu in Jiangdong (present day [Jiangsu](https://bliptext.com/articles/jiangsu) and [Zhejiang](https://bliptext.com/articles/zhejiang)), and gives additional names of meiren 美人 \"beautiful woman\" and xiyi 析翳 \"split cover/screen\".\nThe [Chuci](https://bliptext.com/articles/chuci) has more rainbow occurrences (8 虹, 10 霓, and 5 蜺) than any other early text.\nIt graphically interchanges ni 蜺 and ni 霓 except the latter is exclusively used in yunni 雲霓 \"clouds and rainbows\" (both with the \"cloud radical\").\nMany rainbows occur in Chuci descriptions of [shamanic](https://bliptext.com/articles/shamanism) \"flights\" through the skies, frequently in contexts with other dragons, for instance: \"To hang at my girdle the coiling Green Dragon, To wear at my belt the sinuous [虹] rainbow serpent ... A great [霓] rainbow flag like an awning above me, And pennants dyed in the hues of the sunset.\"\nThis mythical Green or [Azure Dragon](https://bliptext.com/articles/azure-dragon) ruling the eastern sky and the [Vermilion Bird](https://bliptext.com/articles/vermilion-bird) ruling the southern sky reoccur with baini 白霓 \"Bright rainbows darting swiftly in the traces\".\nThe Yueling 月令 \"Monthly Ordinances\" section of the [Liji](https://bliptext.com/articles/liji) Legge claims hong 虹 rainbows only appear during half the year.\nIn the last month of spring, \"Moles are transformed into quails. Rainbows begin to appear.\"\nIn the first month of winter, \"Pheasants enter the great water and become [[shen](https://bliptext.com/articles/shen-clam-monster)] large mollusks. Rainbows are hidden and do not appear.\"\nAlong with the rainbow, the shen 蜃 is considered to be a dragon.\n[Yin and Yang](https://bliptext.com/articles/yin-and-yang) cosmology dichotomized between primary hong 虹 \"Yang/male rainbow\" and secondary ni 霓 \"Yin/female rainbow\".\nGranet analyzed ancient Chinese beliefs about rainbows, which were believed to emanate from interchanges between earthly Yin qi and heavenly Yang qi (see Shiming below).\nRainbows thus symbolized a sexual union of Yin-Yang (Shijing 51 above) and a competition between male and female river gods or dragons.\nEberhard explains the Chinese symbolism.\n\"The rainbow is seen as a resplendent symbol of the union of yang and yin; it serves therefore as an emblem of a marriage. You should never point your finger at a rainbow. But the rainbow can have another meaning, in that it may appear when either husband or wife is more handsome and attractive than the other, and therefore enters upon an adulterous relationship. The rainbow is then an emblem of fornication or sexual abuse, and forebodes ill.\"\nLike rainbows, dragons were explained in Yin-Yang theory.\nRain-dragons supposedly had Yin powers since they controlled water.\n[Edward H. Schafer](https://bliptext.com/articles/edward-h-schafer) says.\n\"In China, dragon essence is woman essence. The connection is through the mysterious powers of fertilizing rain, and its extensions in running streams, lakes, and marshes. In common belief as in literature, the dark, wet side of nature showed itself alternately in women and in dragons. The great water deities of Chinese antiquity were therefore snake queens and dragon ladies: they were avatars of dragons precisely because they were equally spirits of the meres and mists and nimbus clouds.\"\n\n# Etymologies\nThe ca. 200 CE [Shiming](https://bliptext.com/articles/shiming) dictionary (1, Shitian 釋天 \"Explaining Heaven\"), which defines words through phono-semantic glosses, gave the oldest Chinese \"etymologies\" for rainbows.\nUsing \"[etymology](https://bliptext.com/articles/etymology)\" in the usual Western sense of [historical linguistics](https://bliptext.com/articles/historical-linguistics), [Joseph Edkins](https://bliptext.com/articles/joseph-edkins) first proposed Chinese hong 虹 \"rainbow\" was \"doubtless a variant\" of gung \"bow\" and compared it with [\"Siamese\"](https://bliptext.com/articles/thai-language) lung \"rainbow\".\nCarr compares Proto-[Sino-Tibetan](https://bliptext.com/articles/sino-tibetan-languages) and Proto-[Austro-Tai](https://bliptext.com/articles/austro-tai) etymological proposals for hong and didong.\nBoodberg thought *g'ung < *glung 虹 \"rainbow (dragon)\" and *lyung-t'lia 龍魑 \"dragon\" descended from a Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-brong \"wug\" root.\nfirst thought *lyung 龍 and *g'ung 虹 were early Chinese borrowings from Proto-Austro-Tai *ruŋ \"dragon; rainbow\"; but later saw *g'ung < *g'[l]uŋ or *k[l]ung 虹 \"rainbow\" and *tiadtung < *tiad-[skl]ung 蝃蝀 \"rainbow\" (with a *tung 東 \"east\" phonetic signifying \"red part of the sky\") as semantically related with *g'ung < *g[l]ung \"red\".\nFor hong 虹 \"rainbow\", Schuessler reconstructs Old Chinese *gôŋ < *gloŋ and compares \"very irregular\" dialect forms such as Proto-[Min](https://bliptext.com/articles/min-chinese) ghioŋB and [Gan](https://bliptext.com/articles/gan-chinese) Shanggao dialect lɑnB-luŋH.\nHe lists etymological proposals of hong 虹 from Proto-[Miao–Yao](https://bliptext.com/articles/miao-yao) *kluŋA or Chinese long 龍 \"dragon\" and hong 紅 \"red\".( For jiang 虹 \"rainbow\", Schuessler reconstructs *krôŋh and notes the survival in Gan Wuning dialect kɔŋC1. He concludes the \"wide range of forms\" including didong 蝃蝀 < *tê(t)s-tôŋ < *tê(t)s-tlôŋ suggests a non-Sino-Tibetan \"source for this etymon\", possibly include [Kam–[Tai](https://bliptext.com/articles/tai-languages)](https://bliptext.com/articles/kam-tai) and [Zhuang](https://bliptext.com/articles/standard-zhuang) words like tu2-tuŋ2 or Proto-[Tai](https://bliptext.com/articles/tai-languages) *Druŋ (cf.\n[Thai](https://bliptext.com/articles/thai-language) ruŋC2 \"rainbow\".)\n\n# Mythological parallels\n\"Hong < *g'ung 虹 'rainbow' has always represented a dragon to the Chinese,\" says Carr, \"from Shang oracle pictographs of dicephalous sky-serpents to the modern 虹 graph with the 'wug' radical.\"\nThe mythic Chinese hong \"rainbow\" dragon has a few parallels in the natural world ([two-headed snake](https://bliptext.com/articles/two-headed-snake), Rainbow Snake [Farancia erytrogramma](https://bliptext.com/articles/farancia-erytrogramma), and Rainbow Boa [Epicrates cenchria](https://bliptext.com/articles/epicrates-cenchria)) and many in [comparative mythology](https://bliptext.com/articles/comparative-mythology) (see [rainbows in mythology](https://bliptext.com/articles/rainbows-in-mythology) and [snakes in mythology](https://bliptext.com/articles/snakes-in-mythology)).\nLoewenstein compares rainbow-serpent legends throughout Southeast Asia, the Pacific, Australia, Africa, and South America; and concludes:\n\"Myths of a giant rainbow-serpent are common among primitive tribes inhabiting the tropics. Outside the tropical belt the rainbow-serpent concept is hardly to be found. This points to the fact that the myth must be intimately connected with the occurrence and geographic distribution of a particular family of snakes, the Boidae, which includes the largest specimens in existence, namely the Pythons and the Boas.\"\nThe well-known [Rainbow Serpent](https://bliptext.com/articles/rainbow-serpent) is central to [creation myths](https://bliptext.com/articles/creation-myth) of the [Indigenous Australians](https://bliptext.com/articles/indigenous-australians) (translated as Chinese hongshe and Japanese nijihebi 虹蛇 \"rainbow snake\").\nSome other examples include:\nLastly, another Chinese rainbow myth involves the creator [Nüwa](https://bliptext.com/articles/n-wa) 女媧 repairing a crack in the sky caused by the water deity [Gong Gong](https://bliptext.com/articles/gonggong) 共工 (cf. 虹).\nShe supposedly created the first rainbow by melting stones of 5 or 7 different colors to patch the sky.\nNüwa and her brother-consort [Fuxi](https://bliptext.com/articles/fuxi) are represented as having the upper body of a human and the tail of a dragon or serpent.\nThey are associated with yin and yang, like secondary and primary rainbows.\n# [Tomb painting of Nüwa and Fuxi excavated in Xinjiang. | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Anonymous-Fuxi///and///N%C3%BCwa.jpg]","revisionCount":0},"hasMore":false,"nextCursor":null}

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