{"history":[{"id":"f34a35c9-e4db-41d3-92ac-956f2592fb3a","wordChanged":"[sexual contacts between people of the opposite sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/heterosexuality)","newWord":":::summary\n![The red ribbon is a symbol for solidarity with HIV-positive people and those living with AIDS.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Red///Ribbon.svg)\n**Name:** HIV/AIDS \n**Image Size:** 220 \n**Field:** [Infectious disease](https://bliptext.com/articles/infectious-disease-medical-specialty), [immunology](https://bliptext.com/articles/immunology) \n**Synonyms:** HIV disease, HIV infection \n**Symptoms:** Early**: Flu-like illness · Later**: [Large lymph nodes](https://bliptext.com/articles/large-lymph-nodes), fever, weight loss \n**Complications:** [Opportunistic infections](https://bliptext.com/articles/opportunistic-infection), [tumors](https://bliptext.com/articles/neoplasm) \n**Duration:** Lifelong \n**Causes:** [Human immunodeficiency virus](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-immunodeficiency-virus) (HIV) \n**Risks:** [Unprotected](https://bliptext.com/articles/condom) [anal](https://bliptext.com/articles/anal-sex) or [vaginal sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/sexual-intercourse), having another [sexually transmitted infection](https://bliptext.com/articles/sexually-transmitted-infection), [needle sharing](https://bliptext.com/articles/needle-sharing), medical procedures involving [unsterile](https://bliptext.com/articles/sterilization-microbiology) cutting or piercing, and experiencing [needlestick injury](https://bliptext.com/articles/needlestick-injury) \n**Diagnosis:** [Blood tests](https://bliptext.com/articles/blood-test) \n**Prevention:** Using [male](https://bliptext.com/articles/condom) or fe[male](https://bliptext.com/articles/condom) condom during [sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-sexual-activity), [being tested for HIV](https://bliptext.com/articles/diagnosis-of-hiv-aids) and [sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-sexual-activity)ually transmitted infections, having a voluntary medical [male](https://bliptext.com/articles/condom) circumcision, [using harm reduction services for people who inject and use drugs](https://bliptext.com/articles/needle-and-syringe-programmes), [antiretroviral drugs](https://bliptext.com/articles/management-of-hiv-aids) (ARVs) (including [oral Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and long acting products](https://bliptext.com/articles/pre-exposure-prophylaxis-for-hiv-prevention), [dapivirine vaginal rings](https://bliptext.com/articles/dapivirine-ring), injectable long acting [cabotegravir](https://bliptext.com/articles/cabotegravir), etc. [post-exposure prophylaxis](https://bliptext.com/articles/post-exposure-prophylaxis) (PEP) safe [sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-sexual-activity) \n**Treatment:** Antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) \n**Prognosis:** Normal life expectancy with treatment · 11 years life expectancy without treatment \n**Frequency:** 71.3–112.8 million total cases · 1.3 million new cases (2022) · 39.9 million living with HIV (2022) \n**Deaths:** 42.3 million total deaths · 630,000 (2023) \n:::\n\n# \nThe **human immunodeficiency virus** (**HIV**) is a [retrovirus](https://bliptext.com/articles/retrovirus) that attacks the [immune system](https://bliptext.com/articles/immune-system).\nIt is a [preventable disease](https://bliptext.com/articles/preventive-healthcare).\nThere is no [vaccine](https://bliptext.com/articles/vaccine) or [cure](https://bliptext.com/articles/cure) for HIV.\nIt can be managed with treatment and become a manageable chronic health condition.\nWhile there is no cure or vaccine, antiretroviral treatment can slow the course of the disease and enable people living with HIV to lead long and healthy lives.\nAn HIV-positive person on treatment can expect to live a normal life, and die with the virus, not of it.\nEffective [treatment](https://bliptext.com/articles/) for [[HIV](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv)-positive people](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-positive-people) (people living with [HIV](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv)) involves a life-long regimen of medicine to suppress the virus, making the [viral load](https://bliptext.com/articles/viral-load) undetectable.\nWithout treatment it can lead to a spectrum of conditions including **acquired immunodeficiency syndrome** (**AIDS**).\nTreatment is recommended as soon as the diagnosis is made.\nAn HIV-positive person who has an undetectable viral load as a result of long-term treatment has effectively no risk of transmitting HIV sexually.\nCampaigns by [UNAIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/joint-united-nations-programme-on-hiv-aids) and organizations around the world have communicated this as [Undetectable = Untransmittable](https://bliptext.com/articles/undetectable-untransmittable).\nWithout treatment the infection can interfere with the [immune system](https://bliptext.com/articles/immune-system), and eventually [progress to AIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/), sometimes taking many years.\nFollowing initial infection an individual may not notice any symptoms, or may experience a brief period of [influenza-like illness](https://bliptext.com/articles/influenza-like-illness).\nDuring this period the person may not know that they are HIV-positive, yet they will be able to [pass on the virus](https://bliptext.com/articles/).\nTypically, this period is followed by a prolonged incubation period with no symptoms.\nEventually the HIV infection increases the risk of developing other infections such as [tuberculosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/tuberculosis), as well as other [opportunistic infections](https://bliptext.com/articles/opportunistic-infection), and [tumors](https://bliptext.com/articles/tumors) which are rare in people who have normal immune function.\nThe late stage is often also associated with [unintended weight loss](https://bliptext.com/articles/cachexia).\nWithout treatment a person living with HIV can expect to live for 11 years.\nEarly [testing](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-testing) can show if treatment is needed to stop this progression and to prevent infecting others.\nHIV is [spread](https://bliptext.com/articles/) primarily by [unprotected sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/unprotected-sex) (including [anal](https://bliptext.com/articles/anal-sex) and [vaginal sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/vaginal-sex)), contaminated [hypodermic needles](https://bliptext.com/articles/hypodermic-needle) or [blood transfusions](https://bliptext.com/articles/blood-transfusion), and [from mother to child](https://bliptext.com/articles/vertically-transmitted-infection) during [pregnancy](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-and-pregnancy), delivery, or breastfeeding.\nSome bodily fluids, such as saliva, sweat, and tears, do not transmit the virus.\nOral sex has little risk of transmitting the virus.\nWays to avoid catching HIV and [preventing the spread](https://bliptext.com/articles/preventive-healthcare) include [safe sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/safe-sex), treatment to prevent infection (\"[PrEP](https://bliptext.com/articles/pre-exposure-prophylaxis)\"), treatment to stop infection in someone who has been recently exposed (\"[PEP](https://bliptext.com/articles/post-exposure-prophylaxis)\"), [treating those who are infected](https://bliptext.com/articles/treatment-as-prevention), and [needle exchange programs](https://bliptext.com/articles/needle-exchange-program).\nDisease in a baby can often be prevented by giving both the mother and child [antiretroviral medication](https://bliptext.com/articles/management-of-hiv-aids).\nRecognized worldwide in the early 1980s, HIV/AIDS has had a large impact on society, both as an illness and as a source of [discrimination](https://bliptext.com/articles/discrimination-against-people-with-hiv-aids).\nThe disease also has large [economic impacts](https://bliptext.com/articles/economic-impact-of-hiv-aids).\nThere are many [misconceptions about HIV/AIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/misconceptions-about-hiv-aids), such as the belief that it can be transmitted by casual non-sexual contact.\nThe disease has become subject to many [controversies involving religion](https://bliptext.com/articles/religion-and-hiv-aids), including the [Catholic Church's position](https://bliptext.com/articles/catholic-church-and-hiv-aids) not to support [condom](https://bliptext.com/articles/condom) use as prevention.\nIt has attracted international medical and political attention as well as large-scale funding since it was identified in the 1980s.\nHIV made the jump from other primates to humans in west-central Africa in the early-to-mid-20th century.\nAIDS was [first recognized](https://bliptext.com/articles/history-of-hiv-aids) by the U.S. [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](https://bliptext.com/articles/centers-for-disease-control-and-prevention) (CDC) in 1981 and its cause—HIV infection—was identified in the early part of the decade.\nBetween the first time AIDS was readily identified through 2024, the disease is estimated to have caused at least 42.3 million deaths worldwide.\nIn 2023, 630,000 people died from HIV-related causes, an estimated 1.3 million people acquired HIV and about 39.9 million people worldwide living with HIV, 65% of whom are in the [World Health Organization](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-organization) (WHO) [African](https://bliptext.com/articles/africa) Region.\nHIV/AIDS is considered a [pandemic](https://bliptext.com/articles/pandemic)—a disease outbreak which is present over a large area and is actively spreading.\nThe United States' National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the [Gates Foundation](https://bliptext.com/articles/gates-foundation) have pledged $200 million focused on developing a global cure for AIDS.\n\n# Signs and symptoms\nThere are three main stages of [HIV](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-immunodeficiency-virus) infection: acute infection, clinical latency, and AIDS.\n\n## First main stage: acute infection\nThe initial period following infection with HIV is called acute HIV, primary HIV or acute retroviral syndrome.\nMany individuals develop an [illness like influenza](https://bliptext.com/articles/influenza-like-illness), [mononucleosis or glandular fever](https://bliptext.com/articles/infectious-mononucleosis) 2–4 weeks after exposure while others have no significant symptoms.\nSymptoms occur in 40–90% of cases and most commonly include [fever](https://bliptext.com/articles/fever), [large tender lymph nodes](https://bliptext.com/articles/lymphadenopathy), [throat inflammation](https://bliptext.com/articles/pharyngitis), a [rash](https://bliptext.com/articles/rash), headache, tiredness, and/or sores of the mouth and genitals.\nThe rash, which occurs in 20–50% of cases, presents itself on the trunk and is [maculopapular](https://bliptext.com/articles/maculopapular), classically.\nSome people also develop [opportunistic infections](https://bliptext.com/articles/opportunistic-infections) at this stage.\nGastrointestinal symptoms, such as vomiting or [diarrhea](https://bliptext.com/articles/diarrhea) may occur.\nNeurological symptoms of [peripheral neuropathy](https://bliptext.com/articles/peripheral-neuropathy) or [Guillain–Barré syndrome](https://bliptext.com/articles/guillain-barr-syndrome) also occur.\nThe duration of the symptoms varies, but is usually one or two weeks.\nThese [symptoms](https://bliptext.com/articles/signs-and-symptoms) are not often [recognized](https://bliptext.com/articles/medical-diagnosis) as signs of HIV infection.\nFamily doctors or hospitals can misdiagnose cases as one of the many common [infectious diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/infectious-disease) with similar symptoms.\nSomeone with an [unexplained fever](https://bliptext.com/articles/fever-of-unknown-origin) who may have been recently exposed to HIV should consider testing to find out if they have been infected.\n# [Main symptoms of acute HIV infection | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Symptoms///of///acute///HIV///infection.svg]\n\n## Second main stage: clinical latency\nThe initial symptoms are followed by a stage called clinical latency, asymptomatic HIV, or chronic HIV.\nWithout treatment, this second stage of the [natural history](https://bliptext.com/articles/natural-history-of-disease) of HIV infection can last from about three years to over 20 years (on average, about eight years).\nWhile typically there are few or no symptoms at first, near the end of this stage many people experience fever, weight loss, gastrointestinal problems and muscle pains.\nBetween 50% and 70% of people also develop [persistent generalized lymphadenopathy](https://bliptext.com/articles/persistent-generalized-lymphadenopathy), characterized by unexplained, non-painful enlargement of more than one group of lymph nodes (other than in the groin) for over three to six months.\nAlthough most [HIV-1](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-1) infected individuals have a detectable viral load and in the absence of treatment will eventually progress to AIDS, a small proportion (about 5%) retain high levels of [CD4](https://bliptext.com/articles/cd4)⁺ T cells ([T helper cells](https://bliptext.com/articles/t-helper-cell)) without [antiretroviral therapy](https://bliptext.com/articles/management-of-hiv-aids) for more than five years.\nThese individuals are classified as \"HIV controllers\" or [long-term nonprogressors](https://bliptext.com/articles/long-term-nonprogressors) (LTNP).\nAnother group consists of those who maintain a low or undetectable viral load without anti-retroviral treatment, known as \"elite controllers\" or \"elite suppressors\".\nThey represent approximately 1 in 300 infected persons.\n\n## Third main stage: AIDS\nAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is defined as an HIV infection with either a CD4⁺ T cell count below 200 cells per μL or the occurrence of specific diseases associated with HIV infection.\nIn the absence of specific treatment, around half of people infected with HIV develop AIDS within ten years.\nThe most common initial conditions that alert to the presence of AIDS are [pneumocystis pneumonia](https://bliptext.com/articles/pneumocystis-pneumonia) (40%), [cachexia](https://bliptext.com/articles/cachexia) in the form of HIV wasting syndrome (20%), and [esophageal candidiasis](https://bliptext.com/articles/esophageal-candidiasis).\nOther common signs include recurrent [respiratory tract infections](https://bliptext.com/articles/respiratory-tract-infection).\n[Opportunistic infections](https://bliptext.com/articles/opportunistic-infections) may be caused by [bacteria](https://bliptext.com/articles/bacteria), [viruses](https://bliptext.com/articles/virus), [fungi](https://bliptext.com/articles/fungi), and [parasites](https://bliptext.com/articles/parasite) that are normally controlled by the immune system.\nWhich infections occur depends partly on what organisms are common in the person's environment.\nThese infections may affect nearly every [organ system](https://bliptext.com/articles/biological-system).\nPeople with AIDS have an increased risk of developing various viral-induced cancers, including [Kaposi's sarcoma](https://bliptext.com/articles/kaposi-s-sarcoma), [Burkitt's lymphoma](https://bliptext.com/articles/burkitt-s-lymphoma), [primary central nervous system lymphoma](https://bliptext.com/articles/primary-central-nervous-system-lymphoma), and [cervical cancer](https://bliptext.com/articles/cervical-cancer).\nKaposi's sarcoma is the most common cancer, occurring in 10% to 20% of people with HIV.\nThe second-most common cancer is lymphoma, which is the cause of death of nearly 16% of people with AIDS and is the initial sign of AIDS in 3% to 4%.\nBoth these cancers are associated with [human herpesvirus 8](https://bliptext.com/articles/kaposi-s-sarcoma-associated-herpesvirus) (HHV-8).\nCervical cancer occurs more frequently in those with AIDS because of its association with [human papillomavirus](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-papillomavirus) (HPV).\n[Conjunctival cancer](https://bliptext.com/articles/conjunctiva) (of the layer that lines the inner part of eyelids and the white part of the eye) is also more common in those with HIV.\nAdditionally, people with AIDS frequently have systemic symptoms such as prolonged fevers, [sweats](https://bliptext.com/articles/night-sweats) (particularly at night), swollen lymph nodes, chills, weakness, and [unintended weight loss](https://bliptext.com/articles/cachexia).\nDiarrhea is another common symptom, present in about 90% of people with AIDS.\nThey can also be affected by diverse psychiatric and neurological symptoms independent of opportunistic infections and cancers.\n# [Main symptoms of AIDS | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Symptoms///of///AIDS.svg]\n\n# Transmission\nHIV is spread by three main routes: [sexual contact](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-sexual-activity), significant exposure to infected body fluids or tissues, and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding (known as [vertical transmission](https://bliptext.com/articles/vertical-transmission)).\nThere is no risk of acquiring HIV if exposed to [feces](https://bliptext.com/articles/feces), nasal secretions, saliva, [sputum](https://bliptext.com/articles/sputum), sweat, tears, urine, or vomit unless these are contaminated with blood.\nIt is also possible to be [co-infected](https://bliptext.com/articles/coinfection) by more than one strain of HIV—a condition known as [HIV superinfection](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-superinfection).\n\n## Sexual\nThe most frequent mode of transmission of HIV is through sexual contact with an infected person.\nHowever, an HIV-positive person who has an undetectable viral load as a result of long-term treatment has effectively no risk of transmitting HIV sexually, known as [Undetectable = Untransmittable](https://bliptext.com/articles/undetectable-untransmittable).\nThe existence of functionally noncontagious HIV-positive people on antiretroviral therapy was controversially publicized in the 2008 [Swiss Statement](https://bliptext.com/articles/swiss-statement), and has since become accepted as medically sound.\nGlobally, the most common mode of HIV transmission is via same; however, the pattern of transmission varies among countries.\n, most HIV transmission in the United States occurred among [men who had sex with men](https://bliptext.com/articles/men-who-had-sex-with-men) (82% of new HIV diagnoses among males aged 13 and older and 70% of total new diagnoses).\nIn the US, gay and bisexual men aged 13 to 24 accounted for an estimated 92% of new HIV diagnoses among all men in their age group and 27% of new diagnoses among all gay and bisexual men.\nWith regard to [unprotected](https://bliptext.com/articles/unprotected-sex) heterosexual contacts, estimates of the risk of HIV transmission per sexual act appear to be four to ten times higher in low-income countries than in high-income countries.\nIn low-income countries, the risk of female-to-male transmission is estimated as 0.38% per act, and of male-to-female transmission as 0.30% per act; the equivalent estimates for high-income countries are 0.04% per act for female-to-male transmission, and 0.08% per act for male-to-female transmission.\nThe risk of transmission from anal intercourse is especially high, estimated as 1.4–1.7% per act in both heterosexual and homosexual contacts.\nWhile the risk of transmission from [oral sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/oral-sex) is relatively low, it is still present.\nThe risk from receiving oral sex has been described as \"nearly nil\"; however, a few cases have been reported.\nThe per-act risk is estimated at 0–0.04% for receptive oral intercourse.\nIn settings involving [prostitution](https://bliptext.com/articles/prostitution) in low-income countries, risk of female-to-male transmission has been estimated as 2.4% per act, and of male-to-female transmission as 0.05% per act.\nRisk of transmission increases in the presence of many [sexually transmitted infections](https://bliptext.com/articles/sexually-transmitted-infection) and [genital ulcers](https://bliptext.com/articles/genital-ulcer).\nGenital ulcers increase the risk approximately fivefold.\nOther sexually transmitted infections, such as [gonorrhea](https://bliptext.com/articles/gonorrhea), [chlamydia](https://bliptext.com/articles/chlamydia-infection), [trichomoniasis](https://bliptext.com/articles/trichomoniasis), and [bacterial vaginosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/bacterial-vaginosis), are associated with somewhat smaller increases in risk of transmission.\nThe [viral load](https://bliptext.com/articles/viral-load) of an infected person is an important risk factor in both sexual and mother-to-child transmission.\nDuring the first 2.5 months of an HIV infection, a person's infectiousness is twelve times higher due to the high viral load associated with acute HIV.\nIf the person is in the late stages of infection, rates of transmission are approximately eightfold greater.\nCommercial sex workers (including [those in pornography](https://bliptext.com/articles/sexually-transmitted-infections-in-the-pornography-industry)) have an increased likelihood of contracting HIV.\nRough sex can be a factor associated with an increased risk of transmission.\n[Sexual assault](https://bliptext.com/articles/sexual-assault) is also believed to carry an increased risk of HIV transmission as condoms are rarely worn, physical trauma to the vagina or rectum is likely, and there may be a greater risk of concurrent sexually transmitted infections.\n\n## Body fluids\nThe second-most frequent mode of HIV transmission is via blood and blood products.\nBlood-borne transmission can be through needle-sharing during intravenous drug use, needle-stick injury, transfusion of contaminated blood or blood product, or medical injections with unsterilized equipment.\nThe risk from sharing a needle during [drug injection](https://bliptext.com/articles/drug-injection) is between 0.63% and 2.4% per act, with an average of 0.8%.\nThe risk of acquiring HIV from a needle stick from an HIV-infected person is estimated as 0.3% (about 1 in 333) per act and the risk following [mucous membrane](https://bliptext.com/articles/mucous-membrane) exposure to infected blood as 0.09% (about 1 in 1000) per act.\nThis risk may, however, be up to 5% if the introduced blood was from a person with a high viral load and the cut was deep.\nIn the United States, intravenous drug users made up 12% of all new cases of HIV in 2009, and in some areas more than 80% of people who inject drugs are HIV-positive.\nHIV is transmitted in about 90% of [blood transfusions](https://bliptext.com/articles/blood-transfusion) using infected blood.\nIn developed countries the risk of acquiring HIV from a blood transfusion is extremely low (less than one in half a million) where improved donor selection and [HIV screening](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-screening) is performed; for example, in the UK the risk is reported at one in five million and in the United States it was one in 1.5 million in 2008.\nIn low-income countries, only half of transfusions may be appropriately screened (as of 2008), and it is estimated that up to 15% of HIV infections in these areas come from transfusion of infected blood and blood products, representing between 5% and 10% of global infections.\nIt is possible to acquire HIV from organ and tissue [transplantation](https://bliptext.com/articles/organ-transplantation), although this is rare because of [screening](https://bliptext.com/articles/diagnosis-of-hiv-aids).\nUnsafe medical injections play a role in [HIV spread in sub-Saharan Africa](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-aids-in-africa).\nIn 2007, between 12% and 17% of infections in this region were attributed to medical syringe use.\nThe [World Health Organization](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-organization) estimates the risk of transmission as a result of a medical injection in Africa at 1.2%.\nRisks are also associated with invasive procedures, assisted delivery, and dental care in this area of the world.\nPeople giving or receiving [tattoos](https://bliptext.com/articles/tattoo), [piercings](https://bliptext.com/articles/body-piercing), and [scarification](https://bliptext.com/articles/scarification) are theoretically at risk of infection but no confirmed cases have been documented.\nIt is not possible for [mosquitoes](https://bliptext.com/articles/mosquito) or other insects to transmit HIV.\n# [CDC poster from 1989 highlighting the threat of AIDS associated with drug use | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/AIDS///Poster///If///You%27re///Dabbling///in///Drugs///1989.jpg]\n\n## Mother-to-child\nHIV can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, during delivery, or through breast milk, resulting in the baby also contracting HIV.\nAs of 2008, vertical transmission accounted for about 90% of cases of HIV in children.\nIn the absence of treatment, the risk of transmission before or during birth is around 20%, and in those who also breastfeed 35%.\nTreatment decreases this risk to less than 5%.\nAntiretrovirals when taken by either the mother or the baby decrease the risk of transmission in those who do breastfeed.\nIf blood contaminates food during [pre-chewing](https://bliptext.com/articles/pre-chewing) it may pose a risk of transmission.\nIf a woman is untreated, two years of breastfeeding results in an HIV/AIDS risk in her baby of about 17%.\nDue to the increased risk of death without breastfeeding in many areas in the developing world, the World Health Organization recommends either exclusive breastfeeding or the provision of safe formula.\nAll women known to be HIV-positive should be taking lifelong antiretroviral therapy.\n\n# Virology\n[HIV](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv) is the cause of the spectrum of disease known as [HIV](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv)/AIDS.\nHIV is a [retrovirus](https://bliptext.com/articles/retrovirus) that primarily infects components of the human [immune system](https://bliptext.com/articles/immune-system) such as CD4⁺ T cells, [macrophages](https://bliptext.com/articles/macrophage) and [dendritic cells](https://bliptext.com/articles/dendritic-cell).\nIt directly and indirectly destroys CD4⁺ T cells.\nHIV is a member of the [genus](https://bliptext.com/articles/genus) [Lentivirus](https://bliptext.com/articles/lentivirus), part of the family [Retroviridae](https://bliptext.com/articles/retroviridae).\nLentiviruses share many [morphological](https://bliptext.com/articles/morphology-biology) and [biological](https://bliptext.com/articles/biology) characteristics.\nMany species of mammals are infected by lentiviruses, which are characteristically responsible for long-duration illnesses with a long [incubation period](https://bliptext.com/articles/incubation-period).\nLentiviruses are transmitted as single-stranded, positive-[sense](https://bliptext.com/articles/sense-molecular-biology), enveloped [RNA viruses](https://bliptext.com/articles/rna-virus).\nUpon entry into the target cell, the viral [RNA](https://bliptext.com/articles/rna) [genome](https://bliptext.com/articles/genome) is converted (reverse transcribed) into double-stranded [DNA](https://bliptext.com/articles/dna) by a virally encoded [reverse transcriptase](https://bliptext.com/articles/reverse-transcriptase) that is transported along with the viral [genome](https://bliptext.com/articles/genome) in the virus particle.\nThe resulting viral DNA is then imported into the cell nucleus and integrated into the cellular DNA by a virally encoded [integrase](https://bliptext.com/articles/integrase) and host co-factors.\nOnce integrated, the virus may become [latent](https://bliptext.com/articles/incubation-period), allowing the virus and its host cell to avoid detection by the immune system.\nAlternatively, the virus may be [transcribed](https://bliptext.com/articles/transcription-genetics), producing new RNA genomes and viral proteins that are packaged and released from the cell as new virus particles that begin the replication cycle anew.\nHIV is now known to spread between CD4⁺ T cells by two parallel routes: cell-free spread and cell-to-cell spread, i.e. it employs hybrid spreading mechanisms.\nIn the cell-free spread, virus particles bud from an infected T cell, enter the blood/extracellular fluid and then infect another T cell following a chance encounter.\nHIV can also disseminate by direct transmission from one cell to another by a process of cell-to-cell spread.\nThe hybrid spreading mechanisms of HIV contribute to the virus' ongoing replication against antiretroviral therapies.\nTwo [types of HIV](https://bliptext.com/articles/subtypes-of-hiv) have been characterized: HIV-1 and HIV-2.\nHIV-1 is the virus that was originally discovered (and initially referred to also as LAV or HTLV-III).\nIt is more [virulent](https://bliptext.com/articles/virulent), more [infective](https://bliptext.com/articles/infectivity), and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally.\nThe lower infectivity of HIV-2 as compared with HIV-1 implies that fewer people exposed to HIV-2 will be infected per exposure.\nBecause of its relatively poor capacity for transmission, HIV-2 is largely confined to [West Africa](https://bliptext.com/articles/west-africa).\n# [Diagram of an HIV virion structure | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/HI-virion-structure///en.svg]\n# [Scanning electron micrograph of HIV-1, colored green, budding from a cultured lymphocyte | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/HIV-budding-Color.jpg]\n\n# Pathophysiology\nAfter the virus enters the body, there is a period of rapid [viral replication](https://bliptext.com/articles/viral-replication), leading to an abundance of virus in the peripheral blood.\nDuring primary infection, the level of HIV may reach several million virus particles per milliliter of blood.\nThis response is accompanied by a marked drop in the number of circulating [CD4+ T cells](https://bliptext.com/articles/t-helper-cell).\nThe acute [viremia](https://bliptext.com/articles/viremia) is almost invariably associated with activation of [CD8+ T cells](https://bliptext.com/articles/cytotoxic-t-cell), which kill HIV-infected cells, and subsequently with antibody production, or [seroconversion](https://bliptext.com/articles/seroconversion).\nThe CD8+ T cell response is thought to be important in controlling virus levels, which peak and then decline, as the CD4+ T cell counts recover.\nA good CD8+ T cell response has been linked to slower disease progression and a better prognosis, though it does not eliminate the virus.\nUltimately, HIV causes AIDS by depleting CD4+ T cells.\nThis weakens the immune system and allows [opportunistic infections](https://bliptext.com/articles/opportunistic-infection).\nT cells are essential to the immune response and without them, the body cannot fight infections or kill cancerous cells.\nThe mechanism of CD4+ T cell depletion differs in the acute and chronic phases.\nDuring the acute phase, HIV-induced cell lysis and killing of infected cells by CD8+ T cells accounts for CD4+ T cell depletion, although [apoptosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/apoptosis) may also be a factor.\nDuring the chronic phase, the consequences of generalized immune activation coupled with the gradual loss of the ability of the immune system to generate new T cells appear to account for the slow decline in CD4+ T cell numbers.\nAlthough the symptoms of immune deficiency characteristic of AIDS do not appear for years after a person is infected, the bulk of CD4+ T cell loss occurs during the first weeks of infection, especially in the intestinal mucosa, which harbors the majority of the lymphocytes found in the body.\nThe reason for the preferential loss of mucosal CD4+ T cells is that the majority of mucosal CD4+ T cells express the [CCR5](https://bliptext.com/articles/ccr5) protein which HIV uses as a [co-receptor](https://bliptext.com/articles/co-receptor) to gain access to the cells, whereas only a small fraction of CD4+ T cells in the bloodstream do so.\nA [specific genetic change](https://bliptext.com/articles/ccr5-32) that alters the CCR5 protein when present in both [chromosomes](https://bliptext.com/articles/chromosome) very effectively prevents HIV-1 infection.\nHIV seeks out and destroys CCR5 expressing CD4+ T cells during acute infection.\nA vigorous immune response eventually controls the infection and initiates the clinically latent phase.\nCD4+ T cells in mucosal tissues remain particularly affected.\nContinuous HIV replication causes a state of generalized immune activation persisting throughout the chronic phase.\nImmune activation, which is reflected by the increased activation state of immune cells and release of pro-inflammatory [cytokines](https://bliptext.com/articles/cytokine), results from the activity of several HIV [gene products](https://bliptext.com/articles/gene-product) and the immune response to ongoing HIV replication.\nIt is also linked to the breakdown of the immune surveillance system of the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier caused by the depletion of mucosal CD4+ T cells during the acute phase of disease.\n\n# Diagnosis\nHIV/AIDS is diagnosed via laboratory testing and then staged based on the presence of [certain signs or symptoms](https://bliptext.com/articles/aids-defining-clinical-condition).\nHIV screening is recommended by the [United States Preventive Services Task Force](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-states-preventive-services-task-force) for all people 15 years to 65 years of age, including all pregnant women.\nAdditionally, testing is recommended for those at high risk, which includes anyone diagnosed with a sexually transmitted illness.\nIn many areas of the world, a third of HIV carriers only discover they are infected at an advanced stage of the disease when AIDS or severe immunodeficiency has become apparent.\n# [A generalized graph of the relationship between HIV copies (viral load) and CD4⁺ T cell counts over the average course of untreated HIV infection: | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Hiv-timecourse///copy.svg]\n\n## HIV testing\nMost people infected with HIV develop [seroconverted](https://bliptext.com/articles/seroconvert) (antigen-specific) [antibodies](https://bliptext.com/articles/antibodies) within three to twelve weeks after the initial infection.\nDiagnosis of primary HIV before seroconversion is done by measuring HIV-[RNA](https://bliptext.com/articles/rna) or [p24 antigen](https://bliptext.com/articles/diagnosis-of-hiv-aids).\nPositive results obtained by antibody or [PCR](https://bliptext.com/articles/polymerase-chain-reaction) testing are confirmed either by a different antibody or by [PCR](https://bliptext.com/articles/polymerase-chain-reaction).\nAntibody tests in children younger than 18 months are typically inaccurate, due to the continued presence of [maternal antibodies](https://bliptext.com/articles/maternal-passive-immunity).\nThus HIV infection can only be diagnosed by PCR testing for HIV RNA or DNA, or via testing for the p24 antigen.\nMuch of the world lacks access to reliable PCR testing, and people in many places simply wait until either symptoms develop or the child is old enough for accurate antibody testing.\nIn sub-Saharan Africa between 2007 and 2009, between 30% and 70% of the population were aware of their HIV status.\nIn 2009, between 3.6% and 42% of men and women in sub-Saharan countries were tested; this represented a significant increase compared to previous years.\n# [HIV rapid test being administered | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/HIV///Rapid///Test///being///administered.jpg]\n# [Oraquick HIV test | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Oraquick.jpg]\n\n## Classifications\nTwo main clinical staging systems are used to classify HIV and HIV-related disease for [surveillance](https://bliptext.com/articles/disease-surveillance) purposes: the [WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease](https://bliptext.com/articles/who-disease-staging-system-for-hiv-infection-and-disease), and the [CDC classification system for HIV infection](https://bliptext.com/articles/cdc-classification-system-for-hiv-infection).\nThe CDC's classification system is more frequently adopted in developed countries.\nSince the WHO's staging system does not require laboratory tests, it is suited to the resource-restricted conditions encountered in developing countries, where it can also be used to help guide clinical management.\nDespite their differences, the two systems allow a comparison for statistical purposes.\nThe World Health Organization first proposed a definition for AIDS in 1986.\nSince then, the WHO classification has been updated and expanded several times, with the most recent version being published in 2007.\nThe WHO system uses the following categories:\nThe U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also created a classification system for HIV, and updated it in 2008 and 2014.\nThis system classifies HIV infections based on CD4 count and clinical symptoms, and describes the infection in five groups.\nIn those greater than six years of age it is:\nFor surveillance purposes, the AIDS diagnosis still stands even if, after treatment, the CD4⁺ T cell count rises to above 200 per μL of blood or other AIDS-defining illnesses are cured.\n\n# Prevention\n# [AIDS clinic, McLeod Ganj, Himachal Pradesh, India, 2010 | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/AIDS///Clinic%2C///McLeod///Ganj%2C///2010.jpg]\n\n## Sexual contact\nConsistent [condom](https://bliptext.com/articles/condom) use reduces the risk of HIV transmission by approximately 80% over the long term.\nWhen condoms are used consistently by a couple in which one person is infected, the rate of HIV infection is less than 1% per year.\nThere is some evidence to suggest that [female condoms](https://bliptext.com/articles/female-condom) may provide an equivalent level of protection.\nApplication of a vaginal gel containing [tenofovir](https://bliptext.com/articles/tenofovir) (a [reverse transcriptase inhibitor](https://bliptext.com/articles/reverse-transcriptase-inhibitor)) immediately before sex seems to reduce infection rates by approximately 40% among African women.\nBy contrast, use of the [spermicide](https://bliptext.com/articles/spermicide) [nonoxynol-9](https://bliptext.com/articles/nonoxynol-9) may increase the risk of transmission due to its tendency to cause vaginal and rectal irritation.\n[Circumcision](https://bliptext.com/articles/circumcision) in [sub-Saharan Africa](https://bliptext.com/articles/sub-saharan-africa) \"reduces the acquisition of HIV by heterosexual men by between 38% and 66% over 24 months\".\nOwing to these studies, both the World Health Organization and [UNAIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/unaids) recommended male circumcision in 2007 as a method of preventing female-to-male HIV transmission in areas with high rates of HIV.\nHowever, whether it protects against male-to-female transmission is disputed, and whether it is of benefit in [developed countries](https://bliptext.com/articles/developed-countries) and among [men who have sex with men](https://bliptext.com/articles/men-who-have-sex-with-men) is undetermined.\nPrograms encouraging [sexual abstinence](https://bliptext.com/articles/abstinence-only-sex-education) do not appear to affect subsequent HIV risk.\nEvidence of any benefit from [peer education](https://bliptext.com/articles/peer-education) is equally poor.\nComprehensive [sexual education](https://bliptext.com/articles/sex-education) provided at school may decrease high-risk behavior.\nA substantial minority of young people continues to engage in high-risk practices despite knowing about HIV/AIDS, underestimating their own risk of becoming infected with HIV.\nVoluntary counseling and testing people for HIV does not affect risky behavior in those who test negative but does increase condom use in those who test positive.\nEnhanced family planning services appear to increase the likelihood of women with HIV using contraception, compared to basic services.\nIt is not known whether treating other sexually transmitted infections is effective in preventing HIV.\n# [People wearing AIDS awareness signs. On the left: \"Facing AIDS a condom and a pill at a time\"; on the right: \"I am Facing AIDS because people I ♥ are infected\" | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/FACING///AIDS///a///condom///and///a///pill///at///a///time///-///I///am///FACING///AIDS///because///people///I///-3///are///infected.///%285202985364%29.jpg]\n\n## Pre-exposure\nAntiretroviral treatment among people with HIV whose CD4 count ≤ 550 cells/μL is a very effective way to prevent HIV infection of their partner (a strategy known as treatment as prevention, or TASP).\nTASP is associated with a 10- to 20-fold reduction in transmission risk.\n[Pre-exposure prophylaxis](https://bliptext.com/articles/pre-exposure-prophylaxis) for HIV (\"[PrEP](https://bliptext.com/articles/pre-exposure-prophylaxis-for-hiv-prevention)\") with a daily dose of the medications [tenofovir](https://bliptext.com/articles/tenofovir), with or without [emtricitabine](https://bliptext.com/articles/emtricitabine), is effective in people at high risk including men who have sex with men, couples where one is HIV-positive, and young heterosexuals in Africa.\nIt may also be effective in intravenous drug users, with a study finding a decrease in risk of 0.7 to 0.4 per 100 person years.\nThe [USPSTF](https://bliptext.com/articles/uspstf), in 2019, recommended PrEP in those who are at high risk.\n[Universal precautions](https://bliptext.com/articles/universal-precautions) within the health care environment are believed to be effective in decreasing the risk of HIV.\n[Intravenous drug use](https://bliptext.com/articles/intravenous-drug-use) is an important risk factor, and [harm reduction](https://bliptext.com/articles/harm-reduction) strategies such as [needle-exchange programs](https://bliptext.com/articles/needle-exchange-program) and [opioid substitution therapy](https://bliptext.com/articles/opioid-replacement-therapy) appear effective in decreasing this risk.\n\n## Post-exposure\nA course of antiretrovirals administered within 48 to 72 hours after exposure to HIV-positive blood or genital secretions is referred to as [post-exposure prophylaxis](https://bliptext.com/articles/post-exposure-prophylaxis) (PEP).\nThe use of the single agent [zidovudine](https://bliptext.com/articles/zidovudine) reduces the risk of an HIV infection five-fold following a needle-stick injury.\n, the prevention regimen recommended in the United States consists of three medications—[tenofovir](https://bliptext.com/articles/tenofovir), [emtricitabine](https://bliptext.com/articles/emtricitabine) and [raltegravir](https://bliptext.com/articles/raltegravir)—as this may reduce the risk further.\nPEP treatment is recommended after a [sexual assault](https://bliptext.com/articles/sexual-assault) when the perpetrator is known to be HIV-positive, but is controversial when their HIV status is unknown.\nThe duration of treatment is usually four weeks and is frequently associated with adverse effects—where zidovudine is used, about 70% of cases result in adverse effects such as nausea (24%), fatigue (22%), emotional distress (13%) and headaches (9%).\n\n## Mother-to-child\nPrograms to prevent the [vertical transmission](https://bliptext.com/articles/vertical-transmission) of HIV (from mothers to children) can reduce rates of transmission by 92–99%.\nThis primarily involves the use of a combination of antiviral medications during pregnancy and after birth in the infant, and potentially includes [bottle feeding](https://bliptext.com/articles/bottle-feeding) rather than [breastfeeding](https://bliptext.com/articles/breastfeeding).\nIf replacement feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe, mothers should avoid breastfeeding their infants; however, exclusive breastfeeding is recommended during the first months of life if this is not the case.\nIf exclusive breastfeeding is carried out, the provision of extended antiretroviral prophylaxis to the infant decreases the risk of transmission.\nIn 2015, [Cuba](https://bliptext.com/articles/cuba) became the first country in the world to eradicate mother-to-child transmission of HIV.\n\n## Vaccination\nCurrently there is no licensed [vaccine for HIV or AIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-vaccine-development).\nThe most effective vaccine trial to date, [RV 144](https://bliptext.com/articles/rv-144), was published in 2009; it found a partial reduction in the risk of transmission of roughly 30%, stimulating some hope in the research community of developing a truly effective vaccine.\n\n# Treatment\nThere is currently no cure, nor an effective HIV vaccine.\nTreatment consists of [highly active antiretroviral therapy](https://bliptext.com/articles/highly-active-antiretroviral-therapy) (ART), which slows progression of the disease.\nAs of 2022, 39 million people globally were living with HIV, and 29.8 million people were accessing ART.\nTreatment also includes preventive and active treatment of opportunistic infections.\n, four people have been successfully cleared of HIV.\nRapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy within one week of diagnosis appear to improve treatment outcomes in low and medium-income settings and is recommend for newly diagnosed HIV patients.\n\n## Antiviral therapy\nCurrent ART options are combinations (or \"cocktails\") consisting of at least three medications belonging to at least two types, or \"classes\", of [antiretroviral](https://bliptext.com/articles/antiretroviral) agents.\nThere are eight classes of antiretroviral agents (ARVs), and over 30 individual drugs: nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase, inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), a fusion inhibitor, a CCR5 antagonist, a CD4 T lymphocyte (CD4) post-attachment inhibitor, and a gp120 attachment inhibitor.\nThere are also two drugs, ritonavir (RTV) and cobicistat (COBI) which can be used as pharmacokinetic (PK) enhancers (or boosters) to improve the PK profiles of PIs and the INSTI elvitegravir (EVG).\nDepending on the guidelines being followed, initial treatment generally consists of two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors along with a third ARV, either an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI), a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), or a protease inhibitor with a pharmacokinetic enhancer (also known as a booster).\nThe World Health Organization and the United States recommend antiretrovirals in people of all ages (including pregnant women) as soon as the diagnosis is made, regardless of CD4 count.\nOnce treatment is begun, it is recommended that it is continued without breaks or \"holidays\".\nMany people are diagnosed only after treatment ideally should have begun.\nThe desired outcome of treatment is a long-term plasma HIV-RNA count below 50 copies/mL.\nLevels to determine if treatment is effective are initially recommended after four weeks and once levels fall below 50 copies/mL checks every three to six months are typically adequate.\nInadequate control is deemed to be greater than 400 copies/mL.\nBased on these criteria treatment is effective in more than 95% of people during the first year.\nBenefits of treatment include a decreased risk of progression to AIDS and a decreased risk of death.\nIn the developing world, treatment also improves physical and mental health.\nWith treatment, there is a 70% reduced risk of acquiring tuberculosis.\nAdditional benefits include a decreased risk of transmission of the disease to sexual partners and a decrease in mother-to-child transmission.\nThe effectiveness of treatment depends to a large part on compliance.\nReasons for non-adherence to treatment include poor access to medical care, inadequate social supports, [mental illness](https://bliptext.com/articles/mental-illness) and [drug abuse](https://bliptext.com/articles/drug-abuse).\nThe complexity of treatment regimens (due to pill numbers and dosing frequency) and [adverse effects](https://bliptext.com/articles/adverse-effect) may reduce adherence.\nEven though cost is an important issue with some medications, 47% of those who needed them were taking them in low- and middle-income countries, and the rate of adherence is similar in low-income and high-income countries.\nSpecific adverse events are related to the antiretroviral agent taken.\nSome relatively common adverse events include: [lipodystrophy syndrome](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-associated-lipodystrophy), [dyslipidemia](https://bliptext.com/articles/dyslipidemia), and [diabetes mellitus](https://bliptext.com/articles/diabetes-mellitus), especially with protease inhibitors.\nOther common symptoms include diarrhea, and an increased risk of [cardiovascular disease](https://bliptext.com/articles/cardiovascular-disease).\nNewer recommended treatments are associated with fewer adverse effects.\nCertain medications may be associated with [birth defects](https://bliptext.com/articles/birth-defect) and therefore may be unsuitable for women hoping to have children.\nTreatment recommendations for children are somewhat different from those for adults.\nThe World Health Organization recommends treating all children less than five years of age; children above five are treated like adults.\nThe United States guidelines recommend treating all children less than 12 months of age and all those with HIV RNA counts greater than 100,000 copies/mL between one year and five years of age.\nThe [European Medicines Agency](https://bliptext.com/articles/european-medicines-agency) (EMA) has recommended the granting of marketing authorizations for two new antiretroviral (ARV) medicines, [rilpivirine](https://bliptext.com/articles/rilpivirine) (Rekambys) and [cabotegravir](https://bliptext.com/articles/cabotegravir) (Vocabria), to be used together for the treatment of people with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection.\nThe two medicines are the first ARVs that come in a long-acting injectable formulation.\nThis means that instead of daily pills, people receive intramuscular injections monthly or every two months.\nThe combination of Rekambys and Vocabria injection is intended for maintenance treatment of adults who have undetectable HIV levels in the blood (viral load less than 50 copies/mL) with their current ARV treatment, and when the virus has not developed resistance to a certain class of anti-HIV medicines called non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INIs).\n[Cabotegravir combined with [rilpivirine](https://bliptext.com/articles/rilpivirine)](https://bliptext.com/articles/[cabotegravir](https://bliptext.com/articles/cabotegravir)-[rilpivirine](https://bliptext.com/articles/rilpivirine)) (Cabenuva) is a complete regimen for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in adults to replace a current antiretroviral regimen in those who are virologically suppressed on a stable antiretroviral regimen with no history of treatment failure and with no known or suspected resistance to either [cabotegravir](https://bliptext.com/articles/cabotegravir) or [rilpivirine](https://bliptext.com/articles/rilpivirine).\n# [Stribild – a common once-daily ART regime consisting of elvitegravir, emtricitabine, tenofovir and the booster cobicistat | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Stribild///bottle///Dutch///labeling.jpg]\n\n## Opportunistic infections\nMeasures to prevent opportunistic infections are effective in many people with HIV/AIDS.\nIn addition to improving current disease, treatment with antiretrovirals reduces the risk of developing additional opportunistic infections.\nAdults and adolescents who are living with HIV (even on anti-retroviral therapy) with no evidence of active tuberculosis in settings with high tuberculosis burden should receive [isoniazid preventive therapy](https://bliptext.com/articles/isoniazid) (IPT); the [tuberculin skin test](https://bliptext.com/articles/mantoux-test) can be used to help decide if IPT is needed.\nChildren with HIV may benefit from screening for tuberculosis.\n[Vaccination](https://bliptext.com/articles/vaccination) against [hepatitis](https://bliptext.com/articles/hepatitis) A and B is advised for all people at risk of HIV before they become infected; however, it may also be given after infection.\n[Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole](https://bliptext.com/articles/trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) prophylaxis between four and six weeks of age, and ceasing breastfeeding of infants born to HIV-positive mothers, is recommended in resource-limited settings.\nIt is also recommended to prevent PCP when a person's CD4 count is below 200 cells/uL and in those who have or have previously had PCP.\nPeople with substantial immunosuppression are also advised to receive prophylactic therapy for [toxoplasmosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/toxoplasmosis) and [MAC](https://bliptext.com/articles/mycobacterium-avium-intracellulare-infection).\nAppropriate preventive measures reduced the rate of these infections by 50% between 1992 and 1997.\n[Influenza vaccination](https://bliptext.com/articles/influenza-vaccination) and [pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine](https://bliptext.com/articles/pneumococcal-polysaccharide-vaccine) are often recommended in people with HIV/AIDS with some evidence of benefit.\n\n## Diet\nThe World Health Organization (WHO) has issued recommendations regarding nutrient requirements in HIV/AIDS.\nA generally healthy diet is promoted.\nDietary intake of micronutrients at [RDA](https://bliptext.com/articles/reference-daily-intake) levels by HIV-infected adults is recommended by the WHO; higher intake of [vitamin A](https://bliptext.com/articles/vitamin-a), [zinc](https://bliptext.com/articles/zinc), and iron can produce adverse effects in HIV-positive adults, and is not recommended unless there is documented deficiency.\nDietary supplementation for people who are infected with HIV and who have inadequate nutrition or dietary deficiencies may strengthen their immune systems or help them recover from infections; however, evidence indicating an overall benefit in morbidity or reduction in mortality is not consistent.\nPeople with HIV/AIDS are up to four times more likely to develop type 2 [diabetes](https://bliptext.com/articles/diabetes) than those who are not tested positive with the virus.\nEvidence for supplementation with [selenium](https://bliptext.com/articles/selenium) is mixed with some tentative evidence of benefit.\nFor pregnant and lactating women with HIV, [multivitamin](https://bliptext.com/articles/multivitamin) supplement improves outcomes for both mothers and children.\nIf the pregnant or lactating mother has been advised to take anti-retroviral medication to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission, multivitamin supplements should not replace these treatments.\nThere is some evidence that vitamin A supplementation in children with an HIV infection reduces mortality and improves growth.\n\n## Alternative medicine\nIn the US, approximately 60% of people with HIV use various forms of [complementary or alternative medicine](https://bliptext.com/articles/alternative-medicine), whose effectiveness has not been established.\nThere is not enough evidence to support the use of [herbal medicines](https://bliptext.com/articles/herbal-medicine).\nThere is insufficient evidence to recommend or support the use of [medical cannabis](https://bliptext.com/articles/medical-cannabis) to try to increase appetite or weight gain.\n\n# Prognosis\nHIV/AIDS has become a [chronic](https://bliptext.com/articles/chronic-medicine) rather than an acutely fatal disease in many areas of the world.\nPrognosis varies between people, and both the CD4 count and viral load are useful for predicted outcomes.\nWithout treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype.\nAfter the diagnosis of AIDS, if treatment is not available, survival ranges between 6 and 19 months.\n[ART](https://bliptext.com/articles/haart) and appropriate prevention of opportunistic infections reduces the death rate by 80%, and raises the life expectancy for a newly diagnosed young adult to 20–50 years.\nThis is between two thirds and nearly that of the general population.\nIf treatment is started late in the infection, prognosis is not as good: for example, if treatment is begun following the diagnosis of AIDS, life expectancy is ~10–40 years.\nHalf of infants born with HIV die before two years of age without treatment.\nHIV-AIDS world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg for HIV and AIDS per 100,000 inhabitants as of 2004:\n{{legend|#b3b3b3| no data }}\n{{legend|#ffff65| ≤ 10 }}\n{{legend|#fff200| 10–25 }}\n{{legend|#ffdc00| 25–50 }}\n{{legend|#ffc600| 50–100 }}\n{{legend|#ffb000| 100–500 }}\n{{legend|#ff9a00| 500–1000 }}\n{{legend|#ff8400| 1,000–2,500 }}\n{{legend|#ff6e00| 2,500–5,000 }}\n{{legend|#ff5800| 5,000–7500 }}\n{{legend|#ff4200| 7,500–10,000 }}\n{{legend|#ff2c00| 10,000–50,000 }}\n{{legend|#cb0000| ≥ 50,000 }}\n]] The primary causes of death from HIV/AIDS are [opportunistic infections](https://bliptext.com/articles/opportunistic-infections) and [cancer](https://bliptext.com/articles/cancer), both of which are frequently the result of the progressive failure of the immune system.\nRisk of cancer appears to increase once the CD4 count is below 500/μL.\nThe rate of clinical disease progression varies widely between individuals and has been shown to be affected by a number of factors such as a person's susceptibility and immune function; their access to health care, the presence of co-infections; and the particular strain (or strains) of the virus involved.\n[Tuberculosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/tuberculosis) co-infection is one of the leading causes of sickness and death in those with HIV/AIDS being present in a third of all HIV-infected people and causing 25% of HIV-related deaths.\nHIV is also one of the most important risk factors for tuberculosis.\n[Hepatitis C](https://bliptext.com/articles/hepatitis-c) is another very common co-infection where each disease increases the progression of the other.\nThe two most common cancers associated with HIV/AIDS are [Kaposi's sarcoma](https://bliptext.com/articles/kaposi-s-sarcoma) and AIDS-related [non-Hodgkin's lymphoma](https://bliptext.com/articles/non-hodgkin-s-lymphoma).\nOther cancers that are more frequent include [anal cancer](https://bliptext.com/articles/anal-cancer), [Burkitt's lymphoma](https://bliptext.com/articles/burkitt-s-lymphoma), [primary central nervous system lymphoma](https://bliptext.com/articles/primary-central-nervous-system-lymphoma), and [cervical cancer](https://bliptext.com/articles/cervical-cancer).\nEven with anti-retroviral treatment, over the long term HIV-infected people may experience [neurocognitive disorders](https://bliptext.com/articles/aids-dementia-complex), [osteoporosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/osteoporosis), [neuropathy](https://bliptext.com/articles/peripheral-neuropathy), cancers, [nephropathy](https://bliptext.com/articles/nephropathy), and [cardiovascular disease](https://bliptext.com/articles/cardiovascular-disease).\nSome conditions, such as [lipodystrophy](https://bliptext.com/articles/lipodystrophy), may be caused both by HIV and its treatment.\n# [Deaths due to HIV/AIDS per million people in 2012: {{legend|#ffff20|0}}{{legend|#ffe820|1–4}}{{legend|#ffd820|5–12}}{{legend|#ffc020|13–34}}{{legend|#ffa020|35–61}}{{legend|#ff9a20|62–134}}{{legend|#f08015|135–215}}{{legend|#e06815|216–458}}{{legend|#d85010|459–1,402}}{{legend|#d02010|1,403–5,828|undefined | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/HIV-AIDS///world///map-Deaths///per///million///persons-WHO2012.svg]\n\n# Epidemiology\nHIV/AIDS is considered a global [pandemic](https://bliptext.com/articles/pandemic).\n, approximately 39.0 million people worldwide are living with HIV, the number of new infections that year being about 1.3 million.\nThis is down from 2.1 million new infections in 2010.\nAmong new infections, 46% are in women and are children globally.\nThere were 630,000 AIDS related deaths in 2022, down from a peak of 2 million in 2005.\nThe [World Health Organization](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-organization) has reported that deaths from HIV and AIDS have \"fallen by 61%, moving from the world’s seventh leading cause of death in 2000 to the twenty-first in 2021.\"\nAmong persons living with HIV (PLWH), the largest proportion reside in eastern and southern Africa (20.6 million, 54.6%).\nThis region also had the highest rate of adult and child deaths due to AIDS in 2020 (310,000, 46.6%).\nSub-Saharan African adolescent girls and young women (aged 15–24 years) account for 77% of new infections among this age-range globally.\nHere, in contrast to other regions, adolescent girls and young women are three times more likely to acquire HIV than age-matched males.\nDespite these statistics, overall, new HIV infections and AIDS-related deaths have substantially decreased in this region since 2010.\nEastern Europe and central Asia has observed a 43% increase in new HIV infections and 32% increase in AIDS-related deaths since 2010, the highest of all global regions.\nThese infections are predominantly distributed in persons who inject drugs, with gay men and other men who have sex with men or persons who engage in transaction sex the second and third populations most impacted in this region.\nAt the end of 2019, United States indicated that approximately 1.2 million people aged ≥13 years were living with HIV, resulting in about 18,500 deaths in 2020.\nThere were 34,800 estimated new infections in the US in 2019, 53% of which were in the southern region of the country.\nIn addition to geographic location, significant disparities in HIV incidence exist among men, Black or Hispanic populations, and men who reported male-to-male sexual contact.\nThe US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that in that year, 158,500 people or 13% of infected Americans were unaware of their infection.\nIn the [United Kingdom](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-aids-in-the-united-kingdom), there were approximately 101,200 cases which resulted in 594 deaths.\nIn Canada as of 2008, there were about 65,000 cases causing 53 deaths.\nBetween the first recognition of AIDS (in 1981) and 2009, it has led to nearly 30 million deaths.\nRates of HIV are lowest in North Africa and the Middle East (0.1% or less), [East Asia](https://bliptext.com/articles/east-asia) (0.1%), and Western and Central Europe (0.2%).\nThe worst-affected European countries, in 2009 and 2012 estimates, are [Russia](https://bliptext.com/articles/russia), [Ukraine](https://bliptext.com/articles/ukraine), [Latvia](https://bliptext.com/articles/latvia), [Moldova](https://bliptext.com/articles/moldova), [Portugal](https://bliptext.com/articles/portugal) and [Belarus](https://bliptext.com/articles/belarus), in decreasing order of prevalence.\nGroups at higher risk of acquiring HIV include persons who engage in [transactional sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/transactional-sex), [gay men](https://bliptext.com/articles/gay-men) and other [men who have sex with men](https://bliptext.com/articles/men-who-have-sex-with-men), [persons who inject drugs](https://bliptext.com/articles/drug-injection), [transgender persons](https://bliptext.com/articles/transgender), and those who are [incarcerated](https://bliptext.com/articles/prison) or [detained](https://bliptext.com/articles/prison).\n# [Trends in new cases and deaths per year from HIV/AIDS, 1990-2017 | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Deaths-and-new-cases-of-hiv.png]\n\n# History\n\n## Discovery\nThe first news story on the disease appeared on May 18, 1981, in the gay newspaper [New York Native](https://bliptext.com/articles/new-york-native).\nAIDS was first clinically reported on June 5, 1981, with five cases in the United States.\nThe initial cases were a cluster of injecting drug users and gay men with no known cause of impaired immunity who showed symptoms of [Pneumocystis carinii](https://bliptext.com/articles/pneumocystis-carinii) pneumonia (PCP), a rare opportunistic infection that was known to occur in people with very compromised immune systems.\nSoon thereafter, a large number of homosexual men developed a generally rare skin cancer called [Kaposi's sarcoma](https://bliptext.com/articles/kaposi-s-sarcoma) (KS).\nMany more cases of PCP and KS emerged, alerting U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and a CDC task force was formed to monitor the outbreak.\nIn the early days, the CDC did not have an official name for the disease, often referring to it by way of diseases associated with it, such as [lymphadenopathy](https://bliptext.com/articles/lymphadenopathy), the disease after which the discoverers of HIV originally named the virus.\nThey also used Kaposi's sarcoma and opportunistic infections, the name by which a task force had been set up in 1981.\nAt one point the CDC referred to it as the \"4H disease\", as the syndrome seemed to affect heroin users, homosexuals, [hemophiliacs](https://bliptext.com/articles/hemophilia), and [Haitians](https://bliptext.com/articles/haiti).\nThe term GRID, which stood for [gay-related immune deficiency](https://bliptext.com/articles/gay-related-immune-deficiency), had also been coined.\nHowever, after determining that AIDS was not isolated to the [gay community](https://bliptext.com/articles/gay-community), it was realized that the term GRID was misleading, and the term AIDS was introduced at a meeting in July 1982.\nBy September 1982 the CDC started referring to the disease as AIDS.\nIn 1983, two separate research groups led by [Robert Gallo](https://bliptext.com/articles/robert-gallo) and [Luc Montagnier](https://bliptext.com/articles/luc-montagnier) declared that a novel retrovirus may have been infecting people with AIDS, and published their findings in the same issue of the journal [Science](https://bliptext.com/articles/science-journal).\nGallo claimed a virus which his group had isolated from a person with AIDS was strikingly similar in [shape](https://bliptext.com/articles/virus-structure) to other [human T-lymphotropic viruses](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-t-lymphotropic-virus) (HTLVs) that his group had been the first to isolate.\nGallo's group called their newly isolated virus HTLV-III.\nAt the same time, Montagnier's group isolated a virus from a person presenting with swelling of the [lymph nodes](https://bliptext.com/articles/lymph-node) of the neck and [physical weakness](https://bliptext.com/articles/asthenia), two characteristic symptoms of AIDS.\nContradicting the report from Gallo's group, Montagnier and his colleagues showed that core proteins of this virus were immunologically different from those of HTLV-I.\nMontagnier's group named their isolated virus lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV).\nAs these two viruses turned out to be the same, in 1986, LAV and HTLV-III were renamed HIV.\n# [The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report reported in 1981 on what was later to be called \"AIDS\". | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Mmwr-aids-July1981-report-101.png]\n\n## Origins\nThe origin of HIV / AIDS and the circumstances that led to its emergence remain unsolved.\nBoth HIV-1 and HIV-2 are believed to have originated in non-human [primates](https://bliptext.com/articles/primate) in West-central Africa and were [transferred to humans](https://bliptext.com/articles/zoonosis) in the early 20th century.\nHIV-1 appears to have originated in southern [Cameroon](https://bliptext.com/articles/cameroon) through the evolution of SIV(cpz), a [simian immunodeficiency virus](https://bliptext.com/articles/simian-immunodeficiency-virus) (SIV) that infects wild [chimpanzees](https://bliptext.com/articles/common-chimpanzee) (HIV-1 descends from the SIVcpz endemic in the chimpanzee subspecies Pan troglodytes troglodytes).\nThe closest relative of HIV-2 is SIV (smm), a virus of the [sooty mangabey](https://bliptext.com/articles/sooty-mangabey) (Cercocebus atys atys), an [Old World monkey](https://bliptext.com/articles/old-world-monkey) living in coastal West Africa (from southern [Senegal](https://bliptext.com/articles/senegal) to western [Ivory Coast](https://bliptext.com/articles/ivory-coast)).\n[New World monkeys](https://bliptext.com/articles/new-world-monkey) such as the [owl monkey](https://bliptext.com/articles/night-monkey) are resistant to [HIV-1](https://bliptext.com/articles/subtypes-of-hiv) infection, possibly because of a genomic [fusion](https://bliptext.com/articles/fusion-gene) of two viral resistance genes.\nHIV-1 is thought to have jumped the species barrier on at least three separate occasions, giving rise to the three groups of the virus, M, N, and O.\nThere is evidence that humans who participate in [bushmeat](https://bliptext.com/articles/bushmeat) activities, either as hunters or as [bushmeat](https://bliptext.com/articles/bushmeat) vendors, commonly acquire SIV.\nHowever, SIV is a weak virus which is typically suppressed by the human immune system within weeks of infection.\nIt is thought that several transmissions of the virus from individual to individual in quick succession are necessary to allow it enough time to mutate into HIV.\nFurthermore, due to its relatively low person-to-person transmission rate, SIV can only spread throughout the population in the presence of one or more high-risk transmission channels, which are thought to have been absent in Africa before the 20th century.\nSpecific proposed high-risk transmission channels, allowing the virus to adapt to humans and spread throughout society, depend on the proposed timing of the animal-to-human crossing.\nGenetic studies of the virus suggest that the most recent common ancestor of the HIV-1 M group dates back to c. 1910.\nProponents of this dating link the HIV epidemic with the emergence of [colonialism](https://bliptext.com/articles/colonialism) and growth of large colonial African cities, leading to social changes, including a higher degree of sexual promiscuity, the spread of prostitution, and the accompanying high frequency of [genital ulcer diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/genital-ulcer-disease) (such as [syphilis](https://bliptext.com/articles/syphilis)) in nascent colonial cities.\nWhile transmission rates of HIV during vaginal intercourse are low under regular circumstances, they are increased manyfold if one of the partners has a [sexually transmitted infection](https://bliptext.com/articles/sexually-transmitted-disease) causing genital ulcers.\nEarly 1900s colonial cities were notable for their high prevalence of prostitution and genital ulcers, to the degree that, as of 1928, as many as 45% of female residents of eastern [Kinshasa](https://bliptext.com/articles/kinshasa) were thought to have been prostitutes, and, as of 1933, around 15% of all residents of the same city had syphilis.\nAn alternative view holds that unsafe medical practices in Africa after World War II, such as unsterile reuse of single-use syringes during mass vaccination, antibiotic and anti-malaria treatment campaigns, were the initial vector that allowed the virus to adapt to humans and spread.\nThe earliest well-documented case of HIV in a human dates back to 1959 in the [Congo](https://bliptext.com/articles/belgian-congo).\nThe virus may have been present in the U.S. as early as the mid-to-late 1950s, as a sixteen-year-old male named [Robert Rayford](https://bliptext.com/articles/robert-rayford) presented with symptoms in 1966 and died in 1969.\nIn the 1970s, there were cases of getting parasites and becoming sick with what was called \"gay bowel disease\", but what is now suspected to have been AIDS.\nThe earliest retrospectively described case of AIDS is believed to have been in Norway beginning in 1966, that of [Arvid Noe](https://bliptext.com/articles/arvid-noe).\nIn July 1960, in the wake of [Congo's independence](https://bliptext.com/articles/democratic-republic-of-the-congo), the [United Nations](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-nations) recruited [Francophone](https://bliptext.com/articles/french-language) experts and technicians from all over the world to assist in filling administrative gaps left by [Belgium](https://bliptext.com/articles/belgium), who did not leave behind an African elite to run the country.\nBy 1962, Haitians made up the second-largest group of well-educated experts (out of the 48 national groups recruited), that totaled around 4,500 in the country.\nDr. Jacques Pépin, a Canadian author of The Origins of AIDS, stipulates that [Haiti](https://bliptext.com/articles/haiti) was one of HIV's entry points to the U.S. and that a [Haiti](https://bliptext.com/articles/haiti)an may have carried HIV back across the Atlantic in the 1960s.\nAlthough there was known to have been at least one case of AIDS in the U.S. from 1966, the vast majority of infections occurring outside sub-Saharan Africa (including the U.S.) can be traced back to a single unknown individual who became infected with HIV in Haiti and brought the infection to the U.S. at some time around 1969.\nThe epidemic rapidly spread among high-risk groups (initially, sexually promiscuous men who have sex with men).\nBy 1978, the prevalence of HIV-1 among gay male residents of [New York City](https://bliptext.com/articles/new-york-city) and [San Francisco](https://bliptext.com/articles/san-francisco) was estimated at 5%, suggesting that several thousand individuals in the country had been infected.\n# [Left to right: the African green monkey source of SIV, the sooty mangabey source of HIV-2, and the chimpanzee source of HIV-1 | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/SIV///primates.jpg]\n\n# Society and culture\n\n## Stigma\nAIDS stigma exists around the world in a variety of ways, including [ostracism](https://bliptext.com/articles/shunning), [rejection](https://bliptext.com/articles/social-rejection), discrimination and avoidance of HIV-infected people; compulsory HIV testing without prior [consent](https://bliptext.com/articles/consent) or protection of [confidentiality](https://bliptext.com/articles/confidentiality); violence against HIV-infected individuals or people who are perceived to be infected with HIV; and the [quarantine](https://bliptext.com/articles/quarantine) of HIV-infected individuals.\nStigma-related violence or the fear of violence prevents many people from seeking HIV testing, returning for their results, or securing treatment, possibly turning what could be a manageable chronic illness into a death sentence and perpetuating the spread of HIV.\nAIDS stigma has been further divided into the following three categories:\nOften, AIDS stigma is expressed in conjunction with one or more other stigmas, particularly those associated with homosexuality, [bisexuality](https://bliptext.com/articles/bisexuality), [promiscuity](https://bliptext.com/articles/promiscuity), prostitution, and [intravenous drug use](https://bliptext.com/articles/intravenous-drug-use-recreational).\nIn many [developed countries](https://bliptext.com/articles/developed-country), there is an [association between AIDS and homosexuality or bisexuality](https://bliptext.com/articles/aids-and-homosexuality), and this association is correlated with higher levels of sexual prejudice, such as [anti-homosexual](https://bliptext.com/articles/homophobia) or [anti-bisexual](https://bliptext.com/articles/biphobia) attitudes.\nThere is also a perceived association between AIDS and all male-male sexual behavior, including sex between uninfected men.\nHowever, the dominant mode of spread worldwide for HIV remains heterosexual transmission.\nThe [NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt](https://bliptext.com/articles/names-project-aids-memorial-quilt) was conceived in 1985 to celebrate the lives of those who had died of AIDS when stigma prevented many from receiving funerals.\nIt is now cared for by the [National AIDS Memorial](https://bliptext.com/articles/national-aids-memorial) in San Francisco.\nIn 2003, as part of an overall reform of marriage and population legislation, it became legal for those diagnosed with AIDS to marry in China.\nIn 2013, the [U.S. National Library of Medicine](https://bliptext.com/articles/national-library-of-medicine) developed a traveling exhibition titled Surviving and Thriving: AIDS, Politics, and Culture; this covered medical research, the U.S. government's response, and personal stories from people with AIDS, caregivers, and activists.\nStigma has proved an obstacle to the update of [PrEP](https://bliptext.com/articles/pre-exposure-prophylaxis-for-hiv-prevention).\nWithin the MSM community, the greatest barrier to PrEP use has been the stigma surrounding HIV and gay men.\nGay men on PrEP have experienced \"[slut-shaming](https://bliptext.com/articles/slut-shaming)\".\nNumerous other barriers have been identified, including lack of quality LGBTQ care, cost, and adherence to medication use.\n# [Ryan White became a poster child for HIV after being expelled from school because he was infected. | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Ryan///White.jpg]\n\n## Economic impact\nHIV/AIDS affects the economics of both individuals and countries.\nThe [gross domestic product](https://bliptext.com/articles/gross-domestic-product) of the most affected countries has decreased due to the lack of [human capital](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-capital).\nWithout proper nutrition, health care and medicine, large numbers of people die from AIDS-related complications.\nBefore death they will not only be unable to work, but will also require significant medical care.\nIt is estimated that as of 2007 there were 12 million [AIDS orphans](https://bliptext.com/articles/aids-orphan).\nMany are cared for by elderly grandparents.\nReturning to work after beginning treatment for HIV/AIDS is difficult, and affected people often work less than the average worker.\n[Unemployment](https://bliptext.com/articles/unemployment) in people with HIV/AIDS also is associated with [suicidal ideation](https://bliptext.com/articles/suicidal-ideation), memory problems, and social isolation.\nEmployment increases [self-esteem](https://bliptext.com/articles/self-esteem), sense of dignity, confidence, and [quality of life](https://bliptext.com/articles/quality-of-life) for people with HIV/AIDS.\nAnti-retroviral treatment may help people with HIV/AIDS work more, and may increase the chance that a person with HIV/AIDS will be employed (low-quality evidence).\nBy affecting mainly young adults, AIDS reduces the taxable population, in turn reducing the resources available for [public expenditures](https://bliptext.com/articles/government-spending) such as education and health services not related to AIDS, resulting in increasing pressure on the state's finances and slower growth of the economy.\nThis causes a slower growth of the tax base, an effect that is reinforced if there are growing expenditures on treating the sick, training (to replace sick workers), sick pay, and caring for AIDS orphans.\nThis is especially true if the sharp increase in adult mortality shifts the responsibility from the family to the government in caring for these orphans.\nAt the household level, AIDS causes both loss of income and increased spending on healthcare.\nA study in [Côte d'Ivoire](https://bliptext.com/articles/c-te-d-ivoire) showed that households having a person with HIV/AIDS spent twice as much on medical expenses as other households.\nThis additional expenditure also leaves less income to spend on education and other personal or family investment.\n# [Changes in life expectancy in some African countries, 1960–2012 | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Life///expectancy///in///select///Southern///African///countries///1960-2012.svg]\n\n## Religion and AIDS\nThe topic of religion and AIDS has become highly controversial, primarily because some religious authorities have publicly declared their opposition to the use of condoms.\nThe religious approach to prevent the spread of AIDS, according to a report by American health expert Matthew Hanley titled The Catholic Church and the Global AIDS Crisis, argues that cultural changes are needed, including a re-emphasis on fidelity within marriage and sexual abstinence outside of it.\nSome religious organizations have claimed that prayer can cure HIV/AIDS.\nIn 2011, the BBC reported that some churches in London were claiming that prayer would cure AIDS, and the [Hackney](https://bliptext.com/articles/london-borough-of-hackney)-based Centre for the Study of Sexual Health and HIV reported that several people stopped taking their medication, sometimes on the direct advice of their pastor, leading to many deaths.\nThe [Synagogue Church Of All Nations](https://bliptext.com/articles/synagogue-church-of-all-nations) advertised an \"anointing water\" to promote God's healing, although the group denies advising people to stop taking medication.\n\n## Media portrayal\nOne of the first high-profile cases of AIDS was the American gay actor [Rock Hudson](https://bliptext.com/articles/rock-hudson).\nHe had been diagnosed during 1984, announced that he had had the virus on July 25, 1985, and died a few months later on October 2, 1985.\nAnother notable British casualty of AIDS that year was [Nicholas Eden](https://bliptext.com/articles/nicholas-eden-2nd-earl-of-avon), a gay politician and son of former prime minister [Anthony Eden](https://bliptext.com/articles/anthony-eden).\nOn November 24, 1991, British rock star [Freddie Mercury](https://bliptext.com/articles/freddie-mercury) died from an AIDS-related illness, having revealed the diagnosis only on the previous day.\nOne of the first high-profile heterosexual cases of the virus was American tennis player [Arthur Ashe](https://bliptext.com/articles/arthur-ashe).\nHe was diagnosed as HIV-positive on August 31, 1988, having contracted the virus from blood transfusions during heart surgery earlier in the 1980s.\nFurther tests within 24 hours of the initial diagnosis revealed that Ashe had AIDS, but he did not tell the public about his diagnosis until April 1992.\nHe died as a result on February 6, 1993, aged 49.\nTherese Frare's photograph of gay activist [David Kirby](https://bliptext.com/articles/david-kirby-activist), as he lay dying from AIDS while surrounded by family, was taken in April 1990.\n[Life](https://bliptext.com/articles/life-magazine) magazine said the photo became the one image \"most powerfully identified with the HIV/AIDS epidemic.\"\nThe photo was displayed in Life, was the winner of the [World Press Photo](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-press-photo), and acquired worldwide notoriety after being used in a [United Colors of Benetton](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-colors-of-benetton) advertising campaign in 1992.\nMany famous artists and AIDS activists such as [Larry Kramer](https://bliptext.com/articles/larry-kramer), [Diamanda Galás](https://bliptext.com/articles/diamanda-gal-s) and [Rosa von Praunheim](https://bliptext.com/articles/rosa-von-praunheim) campaign for AIDS education and the rights of those affected.\nThese artists worked with various media formats.\n\n## Criminal transmission\nCriminal transmission of HIV is the [intentional](https://bliptext.com/articles/intention-criminal-law) or [reckless](https://bliptext.com/articles/recklessness-law) infection of a person with the [human immunodeficiency virus](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-immunodeficiency-virus) (HIV).\nSome countries or jurisdictions, including some areas of the United States, have laws that criminalize HIV transmission or exposure.\nOthers may charge the accused under laws enacted before the HIV pandemic.\nIn 1996, Ugandan-born Canadian [Johnson Aziga](https://bliptext.com/articles/johnson-aziga) was diagnosed with HIV; he subsequently had unprotected sex with eleven women without disclosing his diagnosis.\nBy 2003, seven had contracted HIV; two died from complications related to AIDS.\nAziga was convicted of [first-degree murder](https://bliptext.com/articles/first-degree-murder) and sentenced to [life imprisonment](https://bliptext.com/articles/life-imprisonment-in-canada).\n\n## Misconceptions\nThere are many [misconceptions about HIV and AIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/misconceptions-about-hiv-and-aids).\nThree misconceptions are that AIDS can spread through casual contact, that [sexual intercourse with a virgin](https://bliptext.com/articles/virgin-cleansing-myth) will cure AIDS, and that HIV can infect only gay men and drug users.\nIn 2014, some among the British public wrongly thought one could get HIV from kissing (16%), sharing a glass (5%), spitting (16%), a public toilet seat (4%), and coughing or sneezing (5%).\nOther misconceptions are that any act of anal intercourse between two uninfected gay men can lead to HIV infection, and that open discussion of HIV and homosexuality in schools will lead to increased rates of AIDS.\nA small group of individuals continue to dispute the connection between HIV and AIDS, the existence of HIV itself, or the validity of HIV testing and treatment methods.\nThese claims, known as [AIDS denialism](https://bliptext.com/articles/aids-denialism), have been examined and rejected by the scientific community.\nHowever, they have had a significant political impact, particularly [in South Africa](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-aids-denialism-in-south-africa), where the government's official embrace of AIDS denialism (1999–2005) was responsible for its ineffective response to that country's AIDS epidemic, and has been blamed for hundreds of thousands of avoidable deaths and HIV infections.\nSeveral discredited [conspiracy theories](https://bliptext.com/articles/conspiracy-theories) have held that HIV was created by scientists, either inadvertently or deliberately.\n[Operation INFEKTION](https://bliptext.com/articles/operation-infektion) was a worldwide Soviet [active measures](https://bliptext.com/articles/active-measures) operation to spread the claim that the United States had created HIV/AIDS.\nSurveys show that a significant number of people believed—and continue to believe—in such claims.\n\n# Research\nHIV/AIDS research includes all [medical research](https://bliptext.com/articles/medical-research) which attempts to prevent, treat, or cure HIV/AIDS, along with fundamental research about the nature of HIV as an infectious agent, and about AIDS as the disease caused by HIV.\nMany governments and research institutions participate in HIV/AIDS research.\nThis research includes behavioral [health interventions](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-interventions) such as [sex education](https://bliptext.com/articles/sex-education), and [drug development](https://bliptext.com/articles/drug-development), such as research into [microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/microbicides-for-sexually-transmitted-diseases), [HIV vaccines](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-vaccines), and [antiretroviral drugs](https://bliptext.com/articles/antiretroviral-drugs).\nOther medical research areas include the topics of [pre-exposure prophylaxis](https://bliptext.com/articles/pre-exposure-prophylaxis), [post-exposure prophylaxis](https://bliptext.com/articles/post-exposure-prophylaxis), and [circumcision and HIV](https://bliptext.com/articles/circumcision-and-hiv).\nPublic health officials, researchers, and programs can gain a more comprehensive picture of the barriers they face, and the efficacy of current approaches to HIV treatment and prevention, by tracking standard HIV indicators.\nUse of common indicators is an increasing focus of development organizations and researchers.","wordIndex":1506,"createdAt":"2025-02-27T22:36:07.139Z","user":{"id":"c2aJELszkaV4j0hptKd52AglAbBtBxeO","name":"pikafan2","image":"https://cdn.discordapp.com/avatars/1212384644369096725/60b6749ad931d5251db20efdd515f01a.png"}}],"article":{"id":"c928c54a-eafc-46dc-9f51-e040e74e96bf","title":"HIV/AIDS","slug":"hiv-aids","content":":::summary\n![The red ribbon is a symbol for solidarity with HIV-positive people and those living with AIDS.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Red///Ribbon.svg)\n**Name:** HIV/AIDS \n**Image Size:** 220 \n**Field:** [Infectious disease](https://bliptext.com/articles/infectious-disease-medical-specialty), [immunology](https://bliptext.com/articles/immunology) \n**Synonyms:** HIV disease, HIV infection \n**Symptoms:** Early**: Flu-like illness · Later**: [Large lymph nodes](https://bliptext.com/articles/large-lymph-nodes), fever, weight loss \n**Complications:** [Opportunistic infections](https://bliptext.com/articles/opportunistic-infection), [tumors](https://bliptext.com/articles/neoplasm) \n**Duration:** Lifelong \n**Causes:** [Human immunodeficiency virus](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-immunodeficiency-virus) (HIV) \n**Risks:** [Unprotected](https://bliptext.com/articles/condom) [anal](https://bliptext.com/articles/anal-sex) or [vaginal sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/sexual-intercourse), having another [sexually transmitted infection](https://bliptext.com/articles/sexually-transmitted-infection), [needle sharing](https://bliptext.com/articles/needle-sharing), medical procedures involving [unsterile](https://bliptext.com/articles/sterilization-microbiology) cutting or piercing, and experiencing [needlestick injury](https://bliptext.com/articles/needlestick-injury) \n**Diagnosis:** [Blood tests](https://bliptext.com/articles/blood-test) \n**Prevention:** Using [male](https://bliptext.com/articles/condom) or fe[male](https://bliptext.com/articles/condom) condom during [sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-sexual-activity), [being tested for HIV](https://bliptext.com/articles/diagnosis-of-hiv-aids) and [sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-sexual-activity)ually transmitted infections, having a voluntary medical [male](https://bliptext.com/articles/condom) circumcision, [using harm reduction services for people who inject and use drugs](https://bliptext.com/articles/needle-and-syringe-programmes), [antiretroviral drugs](https://bliptext.com/articles/management-of-hiv-aids) (ARVs) (including [oral Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and long acting products](https://bliptext.com/articles/pre-exposure-prophylaxis-for-hiv-prevention), [dapivirine vaginal rings](https://bliptext.com/articles/dapivirine-ring), injectable long acting [cabotegravir](https://bliptext.com/articles/cabotegravir), etc. [post-exposure prophylaxis](https://bliptext.com/articles/post-exposure-prophylaxis) (PEP) safe [sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-sexual-activity) \n**Treatment:** Antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) \n**Prognosis:** Normal life expectancy with treatment · 11 years life expectancy without treatment \n**Frequency:** 71.3–112.8 million total cases · 1.3 million new cases (2022) · 39.9 million living with HIV (2022) \n**Deaths:** 42.3 million total deaths · 630,000 (2023) \n:::\n\n# \nThe **human immunodeficiency virus** (**HIV**) is a [retrovirus](https://bliptext.com/articles/retrovirus) that attacks the [immune system](https://bliptext.com/articles/immune-system).\nIt is a [preventable disease](https://bliptext.com/articles/preventive-healthcare).\nThere is no [vaccine](https://bliptext.com/articles/vaccine) or [cure](https://bliptext.com/articles/cure) for HIV.\nIt can be managed with treatment and become a manageable chronic health condition.\nWhile there is no cure or vaccine, antiretroviral treatment can slow the course of the disease and enable people living with HIV to lead long and healthy lives.\nAn HIV-positive person on treatment can expect to live a normal life, and die with the virus, not of it.\nEffective [treatment](https://bliptext.com/articles/) for [HIV-positive people](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-positive-people) (people living with [HIV](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv)) involves a life-long regimen of medicine to suppress the virus, making the [viral load](https://bliptext.com/articles/viral-load) undetectable.\nWithout treatment it can lead to a spectrum of conditions including **acquired immunodeficiency syndrome** (**AIDS**).\nTreatment is recommended as soon as the diagnosis is made.\nAn HIV-positive person who has an undetectable viral load as a result of long-term treatment has effectively no risk of transmitting HIV sexually.\nCampaigns by [UNAIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/joint-united-nations-programme-on-hiv-aids) and organizations around the world have communicated this as [Undetectable = Untransmittable](https://bliptext.com/articles/undetectable-untransmittable).\nWithout treatment the infection can interfere with the [immune system](https://bliptext.com/articles/immune-system), and eventually [progress to AIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/), sometimes taking many years.\nFollowing initial infection an individual may not notice any symptoms, or may experience a brief period of [influenza-like illness](https://bliptext.com/articles/influenza-like-illness).\nDuring this period the person may not know that they are HIV-positive, yet they will be able to [pass on the virus](https://bliptext.com/articles/).\nTypically, this period is followed by a prolonged incubation period with no symptoms.\nEventually the HIV infection increases the risk of developing other infections such as [tuberculosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/tuberculosis), as well as other [opportunistic infections](https://bliptext.com/articles/opportunistic-infection), and [tumors](https://bliptext.com/articles/tumors) which are rare in people who have normal immune function.\nThe late stage is often also associated with [unintended weight loss](https://bliptext.com/articles/cachexia).\nWithout treatment a person living with HIV can expect to live for 11 years.\nEarly [testing](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-testing) can show if treatment is needed to stop this progression and to prevent infecting others.\nHIV is [spread](https://bliptext.com/articles/) primarily by [unprotected sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/unprotected-sex) (including [anal](https://bliptext.com/articles/anal-sex) and [vaginal sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/vaginal-sex)), contaminated [hypodermic needles](https://bliptext.com/articles/hypodermic-needle) or [blood transfusions](https://bliptext.com/articles/blood-transfusion), and [from mother to child](https://bliptext.com/articles/vertically-transmitted-infection) during [pregnancy](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-and-pregnancy), delivery, or breastfeeding.\nSome bodily fluids, such as saliva, sweat, and tears, do not transmit the virus.\nOral sex has little risk of transmitting the virus.\nWays to avoid catching HIV and [preventing the spread](https://bliptext.com/articles/preventive-healthcare) include [safe sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/safe-sex), treatment to prevent infection (\"[PrEP](https://bliptext.com/articles/pre-exposure-prophylaxis)\"), treatment to stop infection in someone who has been recently exposed (\"[PEP](https://bliptext.com/articles/post-exposure-prophylaxis)\"), [treating those who are infected](https://bliptext.com/articles/treatment-as-prevention), and [needle exchange programs](https://bliptext.com/articles/needle-exchange-program).\nDisease in a baby can often be prevented by giving both the mother and child [antiretroviral medication](https://bliptext.com/articles/management-of-hiv-aids).\nRecognized worldwide in the early 1980s, HIV/AIDS has had a large impact on society, both as an illness and as a source of [discrimination](https://bliptext.com/articles/discrimination-against-people-with-hiv-aids).\nThe disease also has large [economic impacts](https://bliptext.com/articles/economic-impact-of-hiv-aids).\nThere are many [misconceptions about HIV/AIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/misconceptions-about-hiv-aids), such as the belief that it can be transmitted by casual non-sexual contact.\nThe disease has become subject to many [controversies involving religion](https://bliptext.com/articles/religion-and-hiv-aids), including the [Catholic Church's position](https://bliptext.com/articles/catholic-church-and-hiv-aids) not to support [condom](https://bliptext.com/articles/condom) use as prevention.\nIt has attracted international medical and political attention as well as large-scale funding since it was identified in the 1980s.\nHIV made the jump from other primates to humans in west-central Africa in the early-to-mid-20th century.\nAIDS was [first recognized](https://bliptext.com/articles/history-of-hiv-aids) by the U.S. [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](https://bliptext.com/articles/centers-for-disease-control-and-prevention) (CDC) in 1981 and its cause—HIV infection—was identified in the early part of the decade.\nBetween the first time AIDS was readily identified through 2024, the disease is estimated to have caused at least 42.3 million deaths worldwide.\nIn 2023, 630,000 people died from HIV-related causes, an estimated 1.3 million people acquired HIV and about 39.9 million people worldwide living with HIV, 65% of whom are in the [World Health Organization](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-organization) (WHO) [African](https://bliptext.com/articles/africa) Region.\nHIV/AIDS is considered a [pandemic](https://bliptext.com/articles/pandemic)—a disease outbreak which is present over a large area and is actively spreading.\nThe United States' National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the [Gates Foundation](https://bliptext.com/articles/gates-foundation) have pledged $200 million focused on developing a global cure for AIDS.\n\n# Signs and symptoms\nThere are three main stages of [HIV](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-immunodeficiency-virus) infection: acute infection, clinical latency, and AIDS.\n\n## First main stage: acute infection\nThe initial period following infection with HIV is called acute HIV, primary HIV or acute retroviral syndrome.\nMany individuals develop an [illness like influenza](https://bliptext.com/articles/influenza-like-illness), [mononucleosis or glandular fever](https://bliptext.com/articles/infectious-mononucleosis) 2–4 weeks after exposure while others have no significant symptoms.\nSymptoms occur in 40–90% of cases and most commonly include [fever](https://bliptext.com/articles/fever), [large tender lymph nodes](https://bliptext.com/articles/lymphadenopathy), [throat inflammation](https://bliptext.com/articles/pharyngitis), a [rash](https://bliptext.com/articles/rash), headache, tiredness, and/or sores of the mouth and genitals.\nThe rash, which occurs in 20–50% of cases, presents itself on the trunk and is [maculopapular](https://bliptext.com/articles/maculopapular), classically.\nSome people also develop [opportunistic infections](https://bliptext.com/articles/opportunistic-infections) at this stage.\nGastrointestinal symptoms, such as vomiting or [diarrhea](https://bliptext.com/articles/diarrhea) may occur.\nNeurological symptoms of [peripheral neuropathy](https://bliptext.com/articles/peripheral-neuropathy) or [Guillain–Barré syndrome](https://bliptext.com/articles/guillain-barr-syndrome) also occur.\nThe duration of the symptoms varies, but is usually one or two weeks.\nThese [symptoms](https://bliptext.com/articles/signs-and-symptoms) are not often [recognized](https://bliptext.com/articles/medical-diagnosis) as signs of HIV infection.\nFamily doctors or hospitals can misdiagnose cases as one of the many common [infectious diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/infectious-disease) with similar symptoms.\nSomeone with an [unexplained fever](https://bliptext.com/articles/fever-of-unknown-origin) who may have been recently exposed to HIV should consider testing to find out if they have been infected.\n# [Main symptoms of acute HIV infection | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Symptoms///of///acute///HIV///infection.svg]\n\n## Second main stage: clinical latency\nThe initial symptoms are followed by a stage called clinical latency, asymptomatic HIV, or chronic HIV.\nWithout treatment, this second stage of the [natural history](https://bliptext.com/articles/natural-history-of-disease) of HIV infection can last from about three years to over 20 years (on average, about eight years).\nWhile typically there are few or no symptoms at first, near the end of this stage many people experience fever, weight loss, gastrointestinal problems and muscle pains.\nBetween 50% and 70% of people also develop [persistent generalized lymphadenopathy](https://bliptext.com/articles/persistent-generalized-lymphadenopathy), characterized by unexplained, non-painful enlargement of more than one group of lymph nodes (other than in the groin) for over three to six months.\nAlthough most [HIV-1](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-1) infected individuals have a detectable viral load and in the absence of treatment will eventually progress to AIDS, a small proportion (about 5%) retain high levels of [CD4](https://bliptext.com/articles/cd4)⁺ T cells ([T helper cells](https://bliptext.com/articles/t-helper-cell)) without [antiretroviral therapy](https://bliptext.com/articles/management-of-hiv-aids) for more than five years.\nThese individuals are classified as \"HIV controllers\" or [long-term nonprogressors](https://bliptext.com/articles/long-term-nonprogressors) (LTNP).\nAnother group consists of those who maintain a low or undetectable viral load without anti-retroviral treatment, known as \"elite controllers\" or \"elite suppressors\".\nThey represent approximately 1 in 300 infected persons.\n\n## Third main stage: AIDS\nAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is defined as an HIV infection with either a CD4⁺ T cell count below 200 cells per μL or the occurrence of specific diseases associated with HIV infection.\nIn the absence of specific treatment, around half of people infected with HIV develop AIDS within ten years.\nThe most common initial conditions that alert to the presence of AIDS are [pneumocystis pneumonia](https://bliptext.com/articles/pneumocystis-pneumonia) (40%), [cachexia](https://bliptext.com/articles/cachexia) in the form of HIV wasting syndrome (20%), and [esophageal candidiasis](https://bliptext.com/articles/esophageal-candidiasis).\nOther common signs include recurrent [respiratory tract infections](https://bliptext.com/articles/respiratory-tract-infection).\n[Opportunistic infections](https://bliptext.com/articles/opportunistic-infections) may be caused by [bacteria](https://bliptext.com/articles/bacteria), [viruses](https://bliptext.com/articles/virus), [fungi](https://bliptext.com/articles/fungi), and [parasites](https://bliptext.com/articles/parasite) that are normally controlled by the immune system.\nWhich infections occur depends partly on what organisms are common in the person's environment.\nThese infections may affect nearly every [organ system](https://bliptext.com/articles/biological-system).\nPeople with AIDS have an increased risk of developing various viral-induced cancers, including [Kaposi's sarcoma](https://bliptext.com/articles/kaposi-s-sarcoma), [Burkitt's lymphoma](https://bliptext.com/articles/burkitt-s-lymphoma), [primary central nervous system lymphoma](https://bliptext.com/articles/primary-central-nervous-system-lymphoma), and [cervical cancer](https://bliptext.com/articles/cervical-cancer).\nKaposi's sarcoma is the most common cancer, occurring in 10% to 20% of people with HIV.\nThe second-most common cancer is lymphoma, which is the cause of death of nearly 16% of people with AIDS and is the initial sign of AIDS in 3% to 4%.\nBoth these cancers are associated with [human herpesvirus 8](https://bliptext.com/articles/kaposi-s-sarcoma-associated-herpesvirus) (HHV-8).\nCervical cancer occurs more frequently in those with AIDS because of its association with [human papillomavirus](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-papillomavirus) (HPV).\n[Conjunctival cancer](https://bliptext.com/articles/conjunctiva) (of the layer that lines the inner part of eyelids and the white part of the eye) is also more common in those with HIV.\nAdditionally, people with AIDS frequently have systemic symptoms such as prolonged fevers, [sweats](https://bliptext.com/articles/night-sweats) (particularly at night), swollen lymph nodes, chills, weakness, and [unintended weight loss](https://bliptext.com/articles/cachexia).\nDiarrhea is another common symptom, present in about 90% of people with AIDS.\nThey can also be affected by diverse psychiatric and neurological symptoms independent of opportunistic infections and cancers.\n# [Main symptoms of AIDS | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Symptoms///of///AIDS.svg]\n\n# Transmission\nHIV is spread by three main routes: [sexual contact](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-sexual-activity), significant exposure to infected body fluids or tissues, and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding (known as [vertical transmission](https://bliptext.com/articles/vertical-transmission)).\nThere is no risk of acquiring HIV if exposed to [feces](https://bliptext.com/articles/feces), nasal secretions, saliva, [sputum](https://bliptext.com/articles/sputum), sweat, tears, urine, or vomit unless these are contaminated with blood.\nIt is also possible to be [co-infected](https://bliptext.com/articles/coinfection) by more than one strain of HIV—a condition known as [HIV superinfection](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-superinfection).\n\n## Sexual\nThe most frequent mode of transmission of HIV is through sexual contact with an infected person.\nHowever, an HIV-positive person who has an undetectable viral load as a result of long-term treatment has effectively no risk of transmitting HIV sexually, known as [Undetectable = Untransmittable](https://bliptext.com/articles/undetectable-untransmittable).\nThe existence of functionally noncontagious HIV-positive people on antiretroviral therapy was controversially publicized in the 2008 [Swiss Statement](https://bliptext.com/articles/swiss-statement), and has since become accepted as medically sound.\nGlobally, the most common mode of HIV transmission is via same; however, the pattern of transmission varies among countries.\n, most HIV transmission in the United States occurred among [men who had sex with men](https://bliptext.com/articles/men-who-had-sex-with-men) (82% of new HIV diagnoses among males aged 13 and older and 70% of total new diagnoses).\nIn the US, gay and bisexual men aged 13 to 24 accounted for an estimated 92% of new HIV diagnoses among all men in their age group and 27% of new diagnoses among all gay and bisexual men.\nWith regard to [unprotected](https://bliptext.com/articles/unprotected-sex) heterosexual contacts, estimates of the risk of HIV transmission per sexual act appear to be four to ten times higher in low-income countries than in high-income countries.\nIn low-income countries, the risk of female-to-male transmission is estimated as 0.38% per act, and of male-to-female transmission as 0.30% per act; the equivalent estimates for high-income countries are 0.04% per act for female-to-male transmission, and 0.08% per act for male-to-female transmission.\nThe risk of transmission from anal intercourse is especially high, estimated as 1.4–1.7% per act in both heterosexual and homosexual contacts.\nWhile the risk of transmission from [oral sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/oral-sex) is relatively low, it is still present.\nThe risk from receiving oral sex has been described as \"nearly nil\"; however, a few cases have been reported.\nThe per-act risk is estimated at 0–0.04% for receptive oral intercourse.\nIn settings involving [prostitution](https://bliptext.com/articles/prostitution) in low-income countries, risk of female-to-male transmission has been estimated as 2.4% per act, and of male-to-female transmission as 0.05% per act.\nRisk of transmission increases in the presence of many [sexually transmitted infections](https://bliptext.com/articles/sexually-transmitted-infection) and [genital ulcers](https://bliptext.com/articles/genital-ulcer).\nGenital ulcers increase the risk approximately fivefold.\nOther sexually transmitted infections, such as [gonorrhea](https://bliptext.com/articles/gonorrhea), [chlamydia](https://bliptext.com/articles/chlamydia-infection), [trichomoniasis](https://bliptext.com/articles/trichomoniasis), and [bacterial vaginosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/bacterial-vaginosis), are associated with somewhat smaller increases in risk of transmission.\nThe [viral load](https://bliptext.com/articles/viral-load) of an infected person is an important risk factor in both sexual and mother-to-child transmission.\nDuring the first 2.5 months of an HIV infection, a person's infectiousness is twelve times higher due to the high viral load associated with acute HIV.\nIf the person is in the late stages of infection, rates of transmission are approximately eightfold greater.\nCommercial sex workers (including [those in pornography](https://bliptext.com/articles/sexually-transmitted-infections-in-the-pornography-industry)) have an increased likelihood of contracting HIV.\nRough sex can be a factor associated with an increased risk of transmission.\n[Sexual assault](https://bliptext.com/articles/sexual-assault) is also believed to carry an increased risk of HIV transmission as condoms are rarely worn, physical trauma to the vagina or rectum is likely, and there may be a greater risk of concurrent sexually transmitted infections.\n\n## Body fluids\nThe second-most frequent mode of HIV transmission is via blood and blood products.\nBlood-borne transmission can be through needle-sharing during intravenous drug use, needle-stick injury, transfusion of contaminated blood or blood product, or medical injections with unsterilized equipment.\nThe risk from sharing a needle during [drug injection](https://bliptext.com/articles/drug-injection) is between 0.63% and 2.4% per act, with an average of 0.8%.\nThe risk of acquiring HIV from a needle stick from an HIV-infected person is estimated as 0.3% (about 1 in 333) per act and the risk following [mucous membrane](https://bliptext.com/articles/mucous-membrane) exposure to infected blood as 0.09% (about 1 in 1000) per act.\nThis risk may, however, be up to 5% if the introduced blood was from a person with a high viral load and the cut was deep.\nIn the United States, intravenous drug users made up 12% of all new cases of HIV in 2009, and in some areas more than 80% of people who inject drugs are HIV-positive.\nHIV is transmitted in about 90% of [blood transfusions](https://bliptext.com/articles/blood-transfusion) using infected blood.\nIn developed countries the risk of acquiring HIV from a blood transfusion is extremely low (less than one in half a million) where improved donor selection and [HIV screening](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-screening) is performed; for example, in the UK the risk is reported at one in five million and in the United States it was one in 1.5 million in 2008.\nIn low-income countries, only half of transfusions may be appropriately screened (as of 2008), and it is estimated that up to 15% of HIV infections in these areas come from transfusion of infected blood and blood products, representing between 5% and 10% of global infections.\nIt is possible to acquire HIV from organ and tissue [transplantation](https://bliptext.com/articles/organ-transplantation), although this is rare because of [screening](https://bliptext.com/articles/diagnosis-of-hiv-aids).\nUnsafe medical injections play a role in [HIV spread in sub-Saharan Africa](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-aids-in-africa).\nIn 2007, between 12% and 17% of infections in this region were attributed to medical syringe use.\nThe [World Health Organization](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-organization) estimates the risk of transmission as a result of a medical injection in Africa at 1.2%.\nRisks are also associated with invasive procedures, assisted delivery, and dental care in this area of the world.\nPeople giving or receiving [tattoos](https://bliptext.com/articles/tattoo), [piercings](https://bliptext.com/articles/body-piercing), and [scarification](https://bliptext.com/articles/scarification) are theoretically at risk of infection but no confirmed cases have been documented.\nIt is not possible for [mosquitoes](https://bliptext.com/articles/mosquito) or other insects to transmit HIV.\n# [CDC poster from 1989 highlighting the threat of AIDS associated with drug use | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/AIDS///Poster///If///You%27re///Dabbling///in///Drugs///1989.jpg]\n\n## Mother-to-child\nHIV can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, during delivery, or through breast milk, resulting in the baby also contracting HIV.\nAs of 2008, vertical transmission accounted for about 90% of cases of HIV in children.\nIn the absence of treatment, the risk of transmission before or during birth is around 20%, and in those who also breastfeed 35%.\nTreatment decreases this risk to less than 5%.\nAntiretrovirals when taken by either the mother or the baby decrease the risk of transmission in those who do breastfeed.\nIf blood contaminates food during [pre-chewing](https://bliptext.com/articles/pre-chewing) it may pose a risk of transmission.\nIf a woman is untreated, two years of breastfeeding results in an HIV/AIDS risk in her baby of about 17%.\nDue to the increased risk of death without breastfeeding in many areas in the developing world, the World Health Organization recommends either exclusive breastfeeding or the provision of safe formula.\nAll women known to be HIV-positive should be taking lifelong antiretroviral therapy.\n\n# Virology\n[HIV](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv) is the cause of the spectrum of disease known as [HIV](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv)/AIDS.\nHIV is a [retrovirus](https://bliptext.com/articles/retrovirus) that primarily infects components of the human [immune system](https://bliptext.com/articles/immune-system) such as CD4⁺ T cells, [macrophages](https://bliptext.com/articles/macrophage) and [dendritic cells](https://bliptext.com/articles/dendritic-cell).\nIt directly and indirectly destroys CD4⁺ T cells.\nHIV is a member of the [genus](https://bliptext.com/articles/genus) [Lentivirus](https://bliptext.com/articles/lentivirus), part of the family [Retroviridae](https://bliptext.com/articles/retroviridae).\nLentiviruses share many [morphological](https://bliptext.com/articles/morphology-biology) and [biological](https://bliptext.com/articles/biology) characteristics.\nMany species of mammals are infected by lentiviruses, which are characteristically responsible for long-duration illnesses with a long [incubation period](https://bliptext.com/articles/incubation-period).\nLentiviruses are transmitted as single-stranded, positive-[sense](https://bliptext.com/articles/sense-molecular-biology), enveloped [RNA viruses](https://bliptext.com/articles/rna-virus).\nUpon entry into the target cell, the viral [RNA](https://bliptext.com/articles/rna) [genome](https://bliptext.com/articles/genome) is converted (reverse transcribed) into double-stranded [DNA](https://bliptext.com/articles/dna) by a virally encoded [reverse transcriptase](https://bliptext.com/articles/reverse-transcriptase) that is transported along with the viral [genome](https://bliptext.com/articles/genome) in the virus particle.\nThe resulting viral DNA is then imported into the cell nucleus and integrated into the cellular DNA by a virally encoded [integrase](https://bliptext.com/articles/integrase) and host co-factors.\nOnce integrated, the virus may become [latent](https://bliptext.com/articles/incubation-period), allowing the virus and its host cell to avoid detection by the immune system.\nAlternatively, the virus may be [transcribed](https://bliptext.com/articles/transcription-genetics), producing new RNA genomes and viral proteins that are packaged and released from the cell as new virus particles that begin the replication cycle anew.\nHIV is now known to spread between CD4⁺ T cells by two parallel routes: cell-free spread and cell-to-cell spread, i.e. it employs hybrid spreading mechanisms.\nIn the cell-free spread, virus particles bud from an infected T cell, enter the blood/extracellular fluid and then infect another T cell following a chance encounter.\nHIV can also disseminate by direct transmission from one cell to another by a process of cell-to-cell spread.\nThe hybrid spreading mechanisms of HIV contribute to the virus' ongoing replication against antiretroviral therapies.\nTwo [types of HIV](https://bliptext.com/articles/subtypes-of-hiv) have been characterized: HIV-1 and HIV-2.\nHIV-1 is the virus that was originally discovered (and initially referred to also as LAV or HTLV-III).\nIt is more [virulent](https://bliptext.com/articles/virulent), more [infective](https://bliptext.com/articles/infectivity), and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally.\nThe lower infectivity of HIV-2 as compared with HIV-1 implies that fewer people exposed to HIV-2 will be infected per exposure.\nBecause of its relatively poor capacity for transmission, HIV-2 is largely confined to [West Africa](https://bliptext.com/articles/west-africa).\n# [Diagram of an HIV virion structure | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/HI-virion-structure///en.svg]\n# [Scanning electron micrograph of HIV-1, colored green, budding from a cultured lymphocyte | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/HIV-budding-Color.jpg]\n\n# Pathophysiology\nAfter the virus enters the body, there is a period of rapid [viral replication](https://bliptext.com/articles/viral-replication), leading to an abundance of virus in the peripheral blood.\nDuring primary infection, the level of HIV may reach several million virus particles per milliliter of blood.\nThis response is accompanied by a marked drop in the number of circulating [CD4+ T cells](https://bliptext.com/articles/t-helper-cell).\nThe acute [viremia](https://bliptext.com/articles/viremia) is almost invariably associated with activation of [CD8+ T cells](https://bliptext.com/articles/cytotoxic-t-cell), which kill HIV-infected cells, and subsequently with antibody production, or [seroconversion](https://bliptext.com/articles/seroconversion).\nThe CD8+ T cell response is thought to be important in controlling virus levels, which peak and then decline, as the CD4+ T cell counts recover.\nA good CD8+ T cell response has been linked to slower disease progression and a better prognosis, though it does not eliminate the virus.\nUltimately, HIV causes AIDS by depleting CD4+ T cells.\nThis weakens the immune system and allows [opportunistic infections](https://bliptext.com/articles/opportunistic-infection).\nT cells are essential to the immune response and without them, the body cannot fight infections or kill cancerous cells.\nThe mechanism of CD4+ T cell depletion differs in the acute and chronic phases.\nDuring the acute phase, HIV-induced cell lysis and killing of infected cells by CD8+ T cells accounts for CD4+ T cell depletion, although [apoptosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/apoptosis) may also be a factor.\nDuring the chronic phase, the consequences of generalized immune activation coupled with the gradual loss of the ability of the immune system to generate new T cells appear to account for the slow decline in CD4+ T cell numbers.\nAlthough the symptoms of immune deficiency characteristic of AIDS do not appear for years after a person is infected, the bulk of CD4+ T cell loss occurs during the first weeks of infection, especially in the intestinal mucosa, which harbors the majority of the lymphocytes found in the body.\nThe reason for the preferential loss of mucosal CD4+ T cells is that the majority of mucosal CD4+ T cells express the [CCR5](https://bliptext.com/articles/ccr5) protein which HIV uses as a [co-receptor](https://bliptext.com/articles/co-receptor) to gain access to the cells, whereas only a small fraction of CD4+ T cells in the bloodstream do so.\nA [specific genetic change](https://bliptext.com/articles/ccr5-32) that alters the CCR5 protein when present in both [chromosomes](https://bliptext.com/articles/chromosome) very effectively prevents HIV-1 infection.\nHIV seeks out and destroys CCR5 expressing CD4+ T cells during acute infection.\nA vigorous immune response eventually controls the infection and initiates the clinically latent phase.\nCD4+ T cells in mucosal tissues remain particularly affected.\nContinuous HIV replication causes a state of generalized immune activation persisting throughout the chronic phase.\nImmune activation, which is reflected by the increased activation state of immune cells and release of pro-inflammatory [cytokines](https://bliptext.com/articles/cytokine), results from the activity of several HIV [gene products](https://bliptext.com/articles/gene-product) and the immune response to ongoing HIV replication.\nIt is also linked to the breakdown of the immune surveillance system of the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier caused by the depletion of mucosal CD4+ T cells during the acute phase of disease.\n\n# Diagnosis\nHIV/AIDS is diagnosed via laboratory testing and then staged based on the presence of [certain signs or symptoms](https://bliptext.com/articles/aids-defining-clinical-condition).\nHIV screening is recommended by the [United States Preventive Services Task Force](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-states-preventive-services-task-force) for all people 15 years to 65 years of age, including all pregnant women.\nAdditionally, testing is recommended for those at high risk, which includes anyone diagnosed with a sexually transmitted illness.\nIn many areas of the world, a third of HIV carriers only discover they are infected at an advanced stage of the disease when AIDS or severe immunodeficiency has become apparent.\n# [A generalized graph of the relationship between HIV copies (viral load) and CD4⁺ T cell counts over the average course of untreated HIV infection: | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Hiv-timecourse///copy.svg]\n\n## HIV testing\nMost people infected with HIV develop [seroconverted](https://bliptext.com/articles/seroconvert) (antigen-specific) [antibodies](https://bliptext.com/articles/antibodies) within three to twelve weeks after the initial infection.\nDiagnosis of primary HIV before seroconversion is done by measuring HIV-[RNA](https://bliptext.com/articles/rna) or [p24 antigen](https://bliptext.com/articles/diagnosis-of-hiv-aids).\nPositive results obtained by antibody or [PCR](https://bliptext.com/articles/polymerase-chain-reaction) testing are confirmed either by a different antibody or by [PCR](https://bliptext.com/articles/polymerase-chain-reaction).\nAntibody tests in children younger than 18 months are typically inaccurate, due to the continued presence of [maternal antibodies](https://bliptext.com/articles/maternal-passive-immunity).\nThus HIV infection can only be diagnosed by PCR testing for HIV RNA or DNA, or via testing for the p24 antigen.\nMuch of the world lacks access to reliable PCR testing, and people in many places simply wait until either symptoms develop or the child is old enough for accurate antibody testing.\nIn sub-Saharan Africa between 2007 and 2009, between 30% and 70% of the population were aware of their HIV status.\nIn 2009, between 3.6% and 42% of men and women in sub-Saharan countries were tested; this represented a significant increase compared to previous years.\n# [HIV rapid test being administered | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/HIV///Rapid///Test///being///administered.jpg]\n# [Oraquick HIV test | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Oraquick.jpg]\n\n## Classifications\nTwo main clinical staging systems are used to classify HIV and HIV-related disease for [surveillance](https://bliptext.com/articles/disease-surveillance) purposes: the [WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease](https://bliptext.com/articles/who-disease-staging-system-for-hiv-infection-and-disease), and the [CDC classification system for HIV infection](https://bliptext.com/articles/cdc-classification-system-for-hiv-infection).\nThe CDC's classification system is more frequently adopted in developed countries.\nSince the WHO's staging system does not require laboratory tests, it is suited to the resource-restricted conditions encountered in developing countries, where it can also be used to help guide clinical management.\nDespite their differences, the two systems allow a comparison for statistical purposes.\nThe World Health Organization first proposed a definition for AIDS in 1986.\nSince then, the WHO classification has been updated and expanded several times, with the most recent version being published in 2007.\nThe WHO system uses the following categories:\nThe U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also created a classification system for HIV, and updated it in 2008 and 2014.\nThis system classifies HIV infections based on CD4 count and clinical symptoms, and describes the infection in five groups.\nIn those greater than six years of age it is:\nFor surveillance purposes, the AIDS diagnosis still stands even if, after treatment, the CD4⁺ T cell count rises to above 200 per μL of blood or other AIDS-defining illnesses are cured.\n\n# Prevention\n# [AIDS clinic, McLeod Ganj, Himachal Pradesh, India, 2010 | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/AIDS///Clinic%2C///McLeod///Ganj%2C///2010.jpg]\n\n## Sexual contact\nConsistent [condom](https://bliptext.com/articles/condom) use reduces the risk of HIV transmission by approximately 80% over the long term.\nWhen condoms are used consistently by a couple in which one person is infected, the rate of HIV infection is less than 1% per year.\nThere is some evidence to suggest that [female condoms](https://bliptext.com/articles/female-condom) may provide an equivalent level of protection.\nApplication of a vaginal gel containing [tenofovir](https://bliptext.com/articles/tenofovir) (a [reverse transcriptase inhibitor](https://bliptext.com/articles/reverse-transcriptase-inhibitor)) immediately before sex seems to reduce infection rates by approximately 40% among African women.\nBy contrast, use of the [spermicide](https://bliptext.com/articles/spermicide) [nonoxynol-9](https://bliptext.com/articles/nonoxynol-9) may increase the risk of transmission due to its tendency to cause vaginal and rectal irritation.\n[Circumcision](https://bliptext.com/articles/circumcision) in [sub-Saharan Africa](https://bliptext.com/articles/sub-saharan-africa) \"reduces the acquisition of HIV by heterosexual men by between 38% and 66% over 24 months\".\nOwing to these studies, both the World Health Organization and [UNAIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/unaids) recommended male circumcision in 2007 as a method of preventing female-to-male HIV transmission in areas with high rates of HIV.\nHowever, whether it protects against male-to-female transmission is disputed, and whether it is of benefit in [developed countries](https://bliptext.com/articles/developed-countries) and among [men who have sex with men](https://bliptext.com/articles/men-who-have-sex-with-men) is undetermined.\nPrograms encouraging [sexual abstinence](https://bliptext.com/articles/abstinence-only-sex-education) do not appear to affect subsequent HIV risk.\nEvidence of any benefit from [peer education](https://bliptext.com/articles/peer-education) is equally poor.\nComprehensive [sexual education](https://bliptext.com/articles/sex-education) provided at school may decrease high-risk behavior.\nA substantial minority of young people continues to engage in high-risk practices despite knowing about HIV/AIDS, underestimating their own risk of becoming infected with HIV.\nVoluntary counseling and testing people for HIV does not affect risky behavior in those who test negative but does increase condom use in those who test positive.\nEnhanced family planning services appear to increase the likelihood of women with HIV using contraception, compared to basic services.\nIt is not known whether treating other sexually transmitted infections is effective in preventing HIV.\n# [People wearing AIDS awareness signs. On the left: \"Facing AIDS a condom and a pill at a time\"; on the right: \"I am Facing AIDS because people I ♥ are infected\" | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/FACING///AIDS///a///condom///and///a///pill///at///a///time///-///I///am///FACING///AIDS///because///people///I///-3///are///infected.///%285202985364%29.jpg]\n\n## Pre-exposure\nAntiretroviral treatment among people with HIV whose CD4 count ≤ 550 cells/μL is a very effective way to prevent HIV infection of their partner (a strategy known as treatment as prevention, or TASP).\nTASP is associated with a 10- to 20-fold reduction in transmission risk.\n[Pre-exposure prophylaxis](https://bliptext.com/articles/pre-exposure-prophylaxis) for HIV (\"[PrEP](https://bliptext.com/articles/pre-exposure-prophylaxis-for-hiv-prevention)\") with a daily dose of the medications [tenofovir](https://bliptext.com/articles/tenofovir), with or without [emtricitabine](https://bliptext.com/articles/emtricitabine), is effective in people at high risk including men who have sex with men, couples where one is HIV-positive, and young heterosexuals in Africa.\nIt may also be effective in intravenous drug users, with a study finding a decrease in risk of 0.7 to 0.4 per 100 person years.\nThe [USPSTF](https://bliptext.com/articles/uspstf), in 2019, recommended PrEP in those who are at high risk.\n[Universal precautions](https://bliptext.com/articles/universal-precautions) within the health care environment are believed to be effective in decreasing the risk of HIV.\n[Intravenous drug use](https://bliptext.com/articles/intravenous-drug-use) is an important risk factor, and [harm reduction](https://bliptext.com/articles/harm-reduction) strategies such as [needle-exchange programs](https://bliptext.com/articles/needle-exchange-program) and [opioid substitution therapy](https://bliptext.com/articles/opioid-replacement-therapy) appear effective in decreasing this risk.\n\n## Post-exposure\nA course of antiretrovirals administered within 48 to 72 hours after exposure to HIV-positive blood or genital secretions is referred to as [post-exposure prophylaxis](https://bliptext.com/articles/post-exposure-prophylaxis) (PEP).\nThe use of the single agent [zidovudine](https://bliptext.com/articles/zidovudine) reduces the risk of an HIV infection five-fold following a needle-stick injury.\n, the prevention regimen recommended in the United States consists of three medications—[tenofovir](https://bliptext.com/articles/tenofovir), [emtricitabine](https://bliptext.com/articles/emtricitabine) and [raltegravir](https://bliptext.com/articles/raltegravir)—as this may reduce the risk further.\nPEP treatment is recommended after a [sexual assault](https://bliptext.com/articles/sexual-assault) when the perpetrator is known to be HIV-positive, but is controversial when their HIV status is unknown.\nThe duration of treatment is usually four weeks and is frequently associated with adverse effects—where zidovudine is used, about 70% of cases result in adverse effects such as nausea (24%), fatigue (22%), emotional distress (13%) and headaches (9%).\n\n## Mother-to-child\nPrograms to prevent the [vertical transmission](https://bliptext.com/articles/vertical-transmission) of HIV (from mothers to children) can reduce rates of transmission by 92–99%.\nThis primarily involves the use of a combination of antiviral medications during pregnancy and after birth in the infant, and potentially includes [bottle feeding](https://bliptext.com/articles/bottle-feeding) rather than [breastfeeding](https://bliptext.com/articles/breastfeeding).\nIf replacement feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe, mothers should avoid breastfeeding their infants; however, exclusive breastfeeding is recommended during the first months of life if this is not the case.\nIf exclusive breastfeeding is carried out, the provision of extended antiretroviral prophylaxis to the infant decreases the risk of transmission.\nIn 2015, [Cuba](https://bliptext.com/articles/cuba) became the first country in the world to eradicate mother-to-child transmission of HIV.\n\n## Vaccination\nCurrently there is no licensed [vaccine for HIV or AIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-vaccine-development).\nThe most effective vaccine trial to date, [RV 144](https://bliptext.com/articles/rv-144), was published in 2009; it found a partial reduction in the risk of transmission of roughly 30%, stimulating some hope in the research community of developing a truly effective vaccine.\n\n# Treatment\nThere is currently no cure, nor an effective HIV vaccine.\nTreatment consists of [highly active antiretroviral therapy](https://bliptext.com/articles/highly-active-antiretroviral-therapy) (ART), which slows progression of the disease.\nAs of 2022, 39 million people globally were living with HIV, and 29.8 million people were accessing ART.\nTreatment also includes preventive and active treatment of opportunistic infections.\n, four people have been successfully cleared of HIV.\nRapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy within one week of diagnosis appear to improve treatment outcomes in low and medium-income settings and is recommend for newly diagnosed HIV patients.\n\n## Antiviral therapy\nCurrent ART options are combinations (or \"cocktails\") consisting of at least three medications belonging to at least two types, or \"classes\", of [antiretroviral](https://bliptext.com/articles/antiretroviral) agents.\nThere are eight classes of antiretroviral agents (ARVs), and over 30 individual drugs: nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase, inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), a fusion inhibitor, a CCR5 antagonist, a CD4 T lymphocyte (CD4) post-attachment inhibitor, and a gp120 attachment inhibitor.\nThere are also two drugs, ritonavir (RTV) and cobicistat (COBI) which can be used as pharmacokinetic (PK) enhancers (or boosters) to improve the PK profiles of PIs and the INSTI elvitegravir (EVG).\nDepending on the guidelines being followed, initial treatment generally consists of two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors along with a third ARV, either an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI), a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), or a protease inhibitor with a pharmacokinetic enhancer (also known as a booster).\nThe World Health Organization and the United States recommend antiretrovirals in people of all ages (including pregnant women) as soon as the diagnosis is made, regardless of CD4 count.\nOnce treatment is begun, it is recommended that it is continued without breaks or \"holidays\".\nMany people are diagnosed only after treatment ideally should have begun.\nThe desired outcome of treatment is a long-term plasma HIV-RNA count below 50 copies/mL.\nLevels to determine if treatment is effective are initially recommended after four weeks and once levels fall below 50 copies/mL checks every three to six months are typically adequate.\nInadequate control is deemed to be greater than 400 copies/mL.\nBased on these criteria treatment is effective in more than 95% of people during the first year.\nBenefits of treatment include a decreased risk of progression to AIDS and a decreased risk of death.\nIn the developing world, treatment also improves physical and mental health.\nWith treatment, there is a 70% reduced risk of acquiring tuberculosis.\nAdditional benefits include a decreased risk of transmission of the disease to sexual partners and a decrease in mother-to-child transmission.\nThe effectiveness of treatment depends to a large part on compliance.\nReasons for non-adherence to treatment include poor access to medical care, inadequate social supports, [mental illness](https://bliptext.com/articles/mental-illness) and [drug abuse](https://bliptext.com/articles/drug-abuse).\nThe complexity of treatment regimens (due to pill numbers and dosing frequency) and [adverse effects](https://bliptext.com/articles/adverse-effect) may reduce adherence.\nEven though cost is an important issue with some medications, 47% of those who needed them were taking them in low- and middle-income countries, and the rate of adherence is similar in low-income and high-income countries.\nSpecific adverse events are related to the antiretroviral agent taken.\nSome relatively common adverse events include: [lipodystrophy syndrome](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-associated-lipodystrophy), [dyslipidemia](https://bliptext.com/articles/dyslipidemia), and [diabetes mellitus](https://bliptext.com/articles/diabetes-mellitus), especially with protease inhibitors.\nOther common symptoms include diarrhea, and an increased risk of [cardiovascular disease](https://bliptext.com/articles/cardiovascular-disease).\nNewer recommended treatments are associated with fewer adverse effects.\nCertain medications may be associated with [birth defects](https://bliptext.com/articles/birth-defect) and therefore may be unsuitable for women hoping to have children.\nTreatment recommendations for children are somewhat different from those for adults.\nThe World Health Organization recommends treating all children less than five years of age; children above five are treated like adults.\nThe United States guidelines recommend treating all children less than 12 months of age and all those with HIV RNA counts greater than 100,000 copies/mL between one year and five years of age.\nThe [European Medicines Agency](https://bliptext.com/articles/european-medicines-agency) (EMA) has recommended the granting of marketing authorizations for two new antiretroviral (ARV) medicines, [rilpivirine](https://bliptext.com/articles/rilpivirine) (Rekambys) and [cabotegravir](https://bliptext.com/articles/cabotegravir) (Vocabria), to be used together for the treatment of people with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection.\nThe two medicines are the first ARVs that come in a long-acting injectable formulation.\nThis means that instead of daily pills, people receive intramuscular injections monthly or every two months.\nThe combination of Rekambys and Vocabria injection is intended for maintenance treatment of adults who have undetectable HIV levels in the blood (viral load less than 50 copies/mL) with their current ARV treatment, and when the virus has not developed resistance to a certain class of anti-HIV medicines called non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INIs).\n[Cabotegravir combined with rilpivirine](https://bliptext.com/articles/[cabotegravir](https://bliptext.com/articles/cabotegravir)-[rilpivirine](https://bliptext.com/articles/rilpivirine)) (Cabenuva) is a complete regimen for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in adults to replace a current antiretroviral regimen in those who are virologically suppressed on a stable antiretroviral regimen with no history of treatment failure and with no known or suspected resistance to either [cabotegravir](https://bliptext.com/articles/cabotegravir) or [rilpivirine](https://bliptext.com/articles/rilpivirine).\n# [Stribild – a common once-daily ART regime consisting of elvitegravir, emtricitabine, tenofovir and the booster cobicistat | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Stribild///bottle///Dutch///labeling.jpg]\n\n## Opportunistic infections\nMeasures to prevent opportunistic infections are effective in many people with HIV/AIDS.\nIn addition to improving current disease, treatment with antiretrovirals reduces the risk of developing additional opportunistic infections.\nAdults and adolescents who are living with HIV (even on anti-retroviral therapy) with no evidence of active tuberculosis in settings with high tuberculosis burden should receive [isoniazid preventive therapy](https://bliptext.com/articles/isoniazid) (IPT); the [tuberculin skin test](https://bliptext.com/articles/mantoux-test) can be used to help decide if IPT is needed.\nChildren with HIV may benefit from screening for tuberculosis.\n[Vaccination](https://bliptext.com/articles/vaccination) against [hepatitis](https://bliptext.com/articles/hepatitis) A and B is advised for all people at risk of HIV before they become infected; however, it may also be given after infection.\n[Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole](https://bliptext.com/articles/trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) prophylaxis between four and six weeks of age, and ceasing breastfeeding of infants born to HIV-positive mothers, is recommended in resource-limited settings.\nIt is also recommended to prevent PCP when a person's CD4 count is below 200 cells/uL and in those who have or have previously had PCP.\nPeople with substantial immunosuppression are also advised to receive prophylactic therapy for [toxoplasmosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/toxoplasmosis) and [MAC](https://bliptext.com/articles/mycobacterium-avium-intracellulare-infection).\nAppropriate preventive measures reduced the rate of these infections by 50% between 1992 and 1997.\n[Influenza vaccination](https://bliptext.com/articles/influenza-vaccination) and [pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine](https://bliptext.com/articles/pneumococcal-polysaccharide-vaccine) are often recommended in people with HIV/AIDS with some evidence of benefit.\n\n## Diet\nThe World Health Organization (WHO) has issued recommendations regarding nutrient requirements in HIV/AIDS.\nA generally healthy diet is promoted.\nDietary intake of micronutrients at [RDA](https://bliptext.com/articles/reference-daily-intake) levels by HIV-infected adults is recommended by the WHO; higher intake of [vitamin A](https://bliptext.com/articles/vitamin-a), [zinc](https://bliptext.com/articles/zinc), and iron can produce adverse effects in HIV-positive adults, and is not recommended unless there is documented deficiency.\nDietary supplementation for people who are infected with HIV and who have inadequate nutrition or dietary deficiencies may strengthen their immune systems or help them recover from infections; however, evidence indicating an overall benefit in morbidity or reduction in mortality is not consistent.\nPeople with HIV/AIDS are up to four times more likely to develop type 2 [diabetes](https://bliptext.com/articles/diabetes) than those who are not tested positive with the virus.\nEvidence for supplementation with [selenium](https://bliptext.com/articles/selenium) is mixed with some tentative evidence of benefit.\nFor pregnant and lactating women with HIV, [multivitamin](https://bliptext.com/articles/multivitamin) supplement improves outcomes for both mothers and children.\nIf the pregnant or lactating mother has been advised to take anti-retroviral medication to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission, multivitamin supplements should not replace these treatments.\nThere is some evidence that vitamin A supplementation in children with an HIV infection reduces mortality and improves growth.\n\n## Alternative medicine\nIn the US, approximately 60% of people with HIV use various forms of [complementary or alternative medicine](https://bliptext.com/articles/alternative-medicine), whose effectiveness has not been established.\nThere is not enough evidence to support the use of [herbal medicines](https://bliptext.com/articles/herbal-medicine).\nThere is insufficient evidence to recommend or support the use of [medical cannabis](https://bliptext.com/articles/medical-cannabis) to try to increase appetite or weight gain.\n\n# Prognosis\nHIV/AIDS has become a [chronic](https://bliptext.com/articles/chronic-medicine) rather than an acutely fatal disease in many areas of the world.\nPrognosis varies between people, and both the CD4 count and viral load are useful for predicted outcomes.\nWithout treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype.\nAfter the diagnosis of AIDS, if treatment is not available, survival ranges between 6 and 19 months.\n[ART](https://bliptext.com/articles/haart) and appropriate prevention of opportunistic infections reduces the death rate by 80%, and raises the life expectancy for a newly diagnosed young adult to 20–50 years.\nThis is between two thirds and nearly that of the general population.\nIf treatment is started late in the infection, prognosis is not as good: for example, if treatment is begun following the diagnosis of AIDS, life expectancy is ~10–40 years.\nHalf of infants born with HIV die before two years of age without treatment.\nHIV-AIDS world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg for HIV and AIDS per 100,000 inhabitants as of 2004:\n{{legend|#b3b3b3| no data }}\n{{legend|#ffff65| ≤ 10 }}\n{{legend|#fff200| 10–25 }}\n{{legend|#ffdc00| 25–50 }}\n{{legend|#ffc600| 50–100 }}\n{{legend|#ffb000| 100–500 }}\n{{legend|#ff9a00| 500–1000 }}\n{{legend|#ff8400| 1,000–2,500 }}\n{{legend|#ff6e00| 2,500–5,000 }}\n{{legend|#ff5800| 5,000–7500 }}\n{{legend|#ff4200| 7,500–10,000 }}\n{{legend|#ff2c00| 10,000–50,000 }}\n{{legend|#cb0000| ≥ 50,000 }}\n]] The primary causes of death from HIV/AIDS are [opportunistic infections](https://bliptext.com/articles/opportunistic-infections) and [cancer](https://bliptext.com/articles/cancer), both of which are frequently the result of the progressive failure of the immune system.\nRisk of cancer appears to increase once the CD4 count is below 500/μL.\nThe rate of clinical disease progression varies widely between individuals and has been shown to be affected by a number of factors such as a person's susceptibility and immune function; their access to health care, the presence of co-infections; and the particular strain (or strains) of the virus involved.\n[Tuberculosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/tuberculosis) co-infection is one of the leading causes of sickness and death in those with HIV/AIDS being present in a third of all HIV-infected people and causing 25% of HIV-related deaths.\nHIV is also one of the most important risk factors for tuberculosis.\n[Hepatitis C](https://bliptext.com/articles/hepatitis-c) is another very common co-infection where each disease increases the progression of the other.\nThe two most common cancers associated with HIV/AIDS are [Kaposi's sarcoma](https://bliptext.com/articles/kaposi-s-sarcoma) and AIDS-related [non-Hodgkin's lymphoma](https://bliptext.com/articles/non-hodgkin-s-lymphoma).\nOther cancers that are more frequent include [anal cancer](https://bliptext.com/articles/anal-cancer), [Burkitt's lymphoma](https://bliptext.com/articles/burkitt-s-lymphoma), [primary central nervous system lymphoma](https://bliptext.com/articles/primary-central-nervous-system-lymphoma), and [cervical cancer](https://bliptext.com/articles/cervical-cancer).\nEven with anti-retroviral treatment, over the long term HIV-infected people may experience [neurocognitive disorders](https://bliptext.com/articles/aids-dementia-complex), [osteoporosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/osteoporosis), [neuropathy](https://bliptext.com/articles/peripheral-neuropathy), cancers, [nephropathy](https://bliptext.com/articles/nephropathy), and [cardiovascular disease](https://bliptext.com/articles/cardiovascular-disease).\nSome conditions, such as [lipodystrophy](https://bliptext.com/articles/lipodystrophy), may be caused both by HIV and its treatment.\n# [Deaths due to HIV/AIDS per million people in 2012: {{legend|#ffff20|0}}{{legend|#ffe820|1–4}}{{legend|#ffd820|5–12}}{{legend|#ffc020|13–34}}{{legend|#ffa020|35–61}}{{legend|#ff9a20|62–134}}{{legend|#f08015|135–215}}{{legend|#e06815|216–458}}{{legend|#d85010|459–1,402}}{{legend|#d02010|1,403–5,828|undefined | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/HIV-AIDS///world///map-Deaths///per///million///persons-WHO2012.svg]\n\n# Epidemiology\nHIV/AIDS is considered a global [pandemic](https://bliptext.com/articles/pandemic).\n, approximately 39.0 million people worldwide are living with HIV, the number of new infections that year being about 1.3 million.\nThis is down from 2.1 million new infections in 2010.\nAmong new infections, 46% are in women and are children globally.\nThere were 630,000 AIDS related deaths in 2022, down from a peak of 2 million in 2005.\nThe [World Health Organization](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-organization) has reported that deaths from HIV and AIDS have \"fallen by 61%, moving from the world’s seventh leading cause of death in 2000 to the twenty-first in 2021.\"\nAmong persons living with HIV (PLWH), the largest proportion reside in eastern and southern Africa (20.6 million, 54.6%).\nThis region also had the highest rate of adult and child deaths due to AIDS in 2020 (310,000, 46.6%).\nSub-Saharan African adolescent girls and young women (aged 15–24 years) account for 77% of new infections among this age-range globally.\nHere, in contrast to other regions, adolescent girls and young women are three times more likely to acquire HIV than age-matched males.\nDespite these statistics, overall, new HIV infections and AIDS-related deaths have substantially decreased in this region since 2010.\nEastern Europe and central Asia has observed a 43% increase in new HIV infections and 32% increase in AIDS-related deaths since 2010, the highest of all global regions.\nThese infections are predominantly distributed in persons who inject drugs, with gay men and other men who have sex with men or persons who engage in transaction sex the second and third populations most impacted in this region.\nAt the end of 2019, United States indicated that approximately 1.2 million people aged ≥13 years were living with HIV, resulting in about 18,500 deaths in 2020.\nThere were 34,800 estimated new infections in the US in 2019, 53% of which were in the southern region of the country.\nIn addition to geographic location, significant disparities in HIV incidence exist among men, Black or Hispanic populations, and men who reported male-to-male sexual contact.\nThe US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that in that year, 158,500 people or 13% of infected Americans were unaware of their infection.\nIn the [United Kingdom](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-aids-in-the-united-kingdom), there were approximately 101,200 cases which resulted in 594 deaths.\nIn Canada as of 2008, there were about 65,000 cases causing 53 deaths.\nBetween the first recognition of AIDS (in 1981) and 2009, it has led to nearly 30 million deaths.\nRates of HIV are lowest in North Africa and the Middle East (0.1% or less), [East Asia](https://bliptext.com/articles/east-asia) (0.1%), and Western and Central Europe (0.2%).\nThe worst-affected European countries, in 2009 and 2012 estimates, are [Russia](https://bliptext.com/articles/russia), [Ukraine](https://bliptext.com/articles/ukraine), [Latvia](https://bliptext.com/articles/latvia), [Moldova](https://bliptext.com/articles/moldova), [Portugal](https://bliptext.com/articles/portugal) and [Belarus](https://bliptext.com/articles/belarus), in decreasing order of prevalence.\nGroups at higher risk of acquiring HIV include persons who engage in [transactional sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/transactional-sex), [gay men](https://bliptext.com/articles/gay-men) and other [men who have sex with men](https://bliptext.com/articles/men-who-have-sex-with-men), [persons who inject drugs](https://bliptext.com/articles/drug-injection), [transgender persons](https://bliptext.com/articles/transgender), and those who are [incarcerated](https://bliptext.com/articles/prison) or [detained](https://bliptext.com/articles/prison).\n# [Trends in new cases and deaths per year from HIV/AIDS, 1990-2017 | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Deaths-and-new-cases-of-hiv.png]\n\n# History\n\n## Discovery\nThe first news story on the disease appeared on May 18, 1981, in the gay newspaper [New York Native](https://bliptext.com/articles/new-york-native).\nAIDS was first clinically reported on June 5, 1981, with five cases in the United States.\nThe initial cases were a cluster of injecting drug users and gay men with no known cause of impaired immunity who showed symptoms of [Pneumocystis carinii](https://bliptext.com/articles/pneumocystis-carinii) pneumonia (PCP), a rare opportunistic infection that was known to occur in people with very compromised immune systems.\nSoon thereafter, a large number of homosexual men developed a generally rare skin cancer called [Kaposi's sarcoma](https://bliptext.com/articles/kaposi-s-sarcoma) (KS).\nMany more cases of PCP and KS emerged, alerting U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and a CDC task force was formed to monitor the outbreak.\nIn the early days, the CDC did not have an official name for the disease, often referring to it by way of diseases associated with it, such as [lymphadenopathy](https://bliptext.com/articles/lymphadenopathy), the disease after which the discoverers of HIV originally named the virus.\nThey also used Kaposi's sarcoma and opportunistic infections, the name by which a task force had been set up in 1981.\nAt one point the CDC referred to it as the \"4H disease\", as the syndrome seemed to affect heroin users, homosexuals, [hemophiliacs](https://bliptext.com/articles/hemophilia), and [Haitians](https://bliptext.com/articles/haiti).\nThe term GRID, which stood for [gay-related immune deficiency](https://bliptext.com/articles/gay-related-immune-deficiency), had also been coined.\nHowever, after determining that AIDS was not isolated to the [gay community](https://bliptext.com/articles/gay-community), it was realized that the term GRID was misleading, and the term AIDS was introduced at a meeting in July 1982.\nBy September 1982 the CDC started referring to the disease as AIDS.\nIn 1983, two separate research groups led by [Robert Gallo](https://bliptext.com/articles/robert-gallo) and [Luc Montagnier](https://bliptext.com/articles/luc-montagnier) declared that a novel retrovirus may have been infecting people with AIDS, and published their findings in the same issue of the journal [Science](https://bliptext.com/articles/science-journal).\nGallo claimed a virus which his group had isolated from a person with AIDS was strikingly similar in [shape](https://bliptext.com/articles/virus-structure) to other [human T-lymphotropic viruses](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-t-lymphotropic-virus) (HTLVs) that his group had been the first to isolate.\nGallo's group called their newly isolated virus HTLV-III.\nAt the same time, Montagnier's group isolated a virus from a person presenting with swelling of the [lymph nodes](https://bliptext.com/articles/lymph-node) of the neck and [physical weakness](https://bliptext.com/articles/asthenia), two characteristic symptoms of AIDS.\nContradicting the report from Gallo's group, Montagnier and his colleagues showed that core proteins of this virus were immunologically different from those of HTLV-I.\nMontagnier's group named their isolated virus lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV).\nAs these two viruses turned out to be the same, in 1986, LAV and HTLV-III were renamed HIV.\n# [The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report reported in 1981 on what was later to be called \"AIDS\". | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Mmwr-aids-July1981-report-101.png]\n\n## Origins\nThe origin of HIV / AIDS and the circumstances that led to its emergence remain unsolved.\nBoth HIV-1 and HIV-2 are believed to have originated in non-human [primates](https://bliptext.com/articles/primate) in West-central Africa and were [transferred to humans](https://bliptext.com/articles/zoonosis) in the early 20th century.\nHIV-1 appears to have originated in southern [Cameroon](https://bliptext.com/articles/cameroon) through the evolution of SIV(cpz), a [simian immunodeficiency virus](https://bliptext.com/articles/simian-immunodeficiency-virus) (SIV) that infects wild [chimpanzees](https://bliptext.com/articles/common-chimpanzee) (HIV-1 descends from the SIVcpz endemic in the chimpanzee subspecies Pan troglodytes troglodytes).\nThe closest relative of HIV-2 is SIV (smm), a virus of the [sooty mangabey](https://bliptext.com/articles/sooty-mangabey) (Cercocebus atys atys), an [Old World monkey](https://bliptext.com/articles/old-world-monkey) living in coastal West Africa (from southern [Senegal](https://bliptext.com/articles/senegal) to western [Ivory Coast](https://bliptext.com/articles/ivory-coast)).\n[New World monkeys](https://bliptext.com/articles/new-world-monkey) such as the [owl monkey](https://bliptext.com/articles/night-monkey) are resistant to [HIV-1](https://bliptext.com/articles/subtypes-of-hiv) infection, possibly because of a genomic [fusion](https://bliptext.com/articles/fusion-gene) of two viral resistance genes.\nHIV-1 is thought to have jumped the species barrier on at least three separate occasions, giving rise to the three groups of the virus, M, N, and O.\nThere is evidence that humans who participate in [bushmeat](https://bliptext.com/articles/bushmeat) activities, either as hunters or as [bushmeat](https://bliptext.com/articles/bushmeat) vendors, commonly acquire SIV.\nHowever, SIV is a weak virus which is typically suppressed by the human immune system within weeks of infection.\nIt is thought that several transmissions of the virus from individual to individual in quick succession are necessary to allow it enough time to mutate into HIV.\nFurthermore, due to its relatively low person-to-person transmission rate, SIV can only spread throughout the population in the presence of one or more high-risk transmission channels, which are thought to have been absent in Africa before the 20th century.\nSpecific proposed high-risk transmission channels, allowing the virus to adapt to humans and spread throughout society, depend on the proposed timing of the animal-to-human crossing.\nGenetic studies of the virus suggest that the most recent common ancestor of the HIV-1 M group dates back to c. 1910.\nProponents of this dating link the HIV epidemic with the emergence of [colonialism](https://bliptext.com/articles/colonialism) and growth of large colonial African cities, leading to social changes, including a higher degree of sexual promiscuity, the spread of prostitution, and the accompanying high frequency of [genital ulcer diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/genital-ulcer-disease) (such as [syphilis](https://bliptext.com/articles/syphilis)) in nascent colonial cities.\nWhile transmission rates of HIV during vaginal intercourse are low under regular circumstances, they are increased manyfold if one of the partners has a [sexually transmitted infection](https://bliptext.com/articles/sexually-transmitted-disease) causing genital ulcers.\nEarly 1900s colonial cities were notable for their high prevalence of prostitution and genital ulcers, to the degree that, as of 1928, as many as 45% of female residents of eastern [Kinshasa](https://bliptext.com/articles/kinshasa) were thought to have been prostitutes, and, as of 1933, around 15% of all residents of the same city had syphilis.\nAn alternative view holds that unsafe medical practices in Africa after World War II, such as unsterile reuse of single-use syringes during mass vaccination, antibiotic and anti-malaria treatment campaigns, were the initial vector that allowed the virus to adapt to humans and spread.\nThe earliest well-documented case of HIV in a human dates back to 1959 in the [Congo](https://bliptext.com/articles/belgian-congo).\nThe virus may have been present in the U.S. as early as the mid-to-late 1950s, as a sixteen-year-old male named [Robert Rayford](https://bliptext.com/articles/robert-rayford) presented with symptoms in 1966 and died in 1969.\nIn the 1970s, there were cases of getting parasites and becoming sick with what was called \"gay bowel disease\", but what is now suspected to have been AIDS.\nThe earliest retrospectively described case of AIDS is believed to have been in Norway beginning in 1966, that of [Arvid Noe](https://bliptext.com/articles/arvid-noe).\nIn July 1960, in the wake of [Congo's independence](https://bliptext.com/articles/democratic-republic-of-the-congo), the [United Nations](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-nations) recruited [Francophone](https://bliptext.com/articles/french-language) experts and technicians from all over the world to assist in filling administrative gaps left by [Belgium](https://bliptext.com/articles/belgium), who did not leave behind an African elite to run the country.\nBy 1962, Haitians made up the second-largest group of well-educated experts (out of the 48 national groups recruited), that totaled around 4,500 in the country.\nDr. Jacques Pépin, a Canadian author of The Origins of AIDS, stipulates that [Haiti](https://bliptext.com/articles/haiti) was one of HIV's entry points to the U.S. and that a [Haiti](https://bliptext.com/articles/haiti)an may have carried HIV back across the Atlantic in the 1960s.\nAlthough there was known to have been at least one case of AIDS in the U.S. from 1966, the vast majority of infections occurring outside sub-Saharan Africa (including the U.S.) can be traced back to a single unknown individual who became infected with HIV in Haiti and brought the infection to the U.S. at some time around 1969.\nThe epidemic rapidly spread among high-risk groups (initially, sexually promiscuous men who have sex with men).\nBy 1978, the prevalence of HIV-1 among gay male residents of [New York City](https://bliptext.com/articles/new-york-city) and [San Francisco](https://bliptext.com/articles/san-francisco) was estimated at 5%, suggesting that several thousand individuals in the country had been infected.\n# [Left to right: the African green monkey source of SIV, the sooty mangabey source of HIV-2, and the chimpanzee source of HIV-1 | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/SIV///primates.jpg]\n\n# Society and culture\n\n## Stigma\nAIDS stigma exists around the world in a variety of ways, including [ostracism](https://bliptext.com/articles/shunning), [rejection](https://bliptext.com/articles/social-rejection), discrimination and avoidance of HIV-infected people; compulsory HIV testing without prior [consent](https://bliptext.com/articles/consent) or protection of [confidentiality](https://bliptext.com/articles/confidentiality); violence against HIV-infected individuals or people who are perceived to be infected with HIV; and the [quarantine](https://bliptext.com/articles/quarantine) of HIV-infected individuals.\nStigma-related violence or the fear of violence prevents many people from seeking HIV testing, returning for their results, or securing treatment, possibly turning what could be a manageable chronic illness into a death sentence and perpetuating the spread of HIV.\nAIDS stigma has been further divided into the following three categories:\nOften, AIDS stigma is expressed in conjunction with one or more other stigmas, particularly those associated with homosexuality, [bisexuality](https://bliptext.com/articles/bisexuality), [promiscuity](https://bliptext.com/articles/promiscuity), prostitution, and [intravenous drug use](https://bliptext.com/articles/intravenous-drug-use-recreational).\nIn many [developed countries](https://bliptext.com/articles/developed-country), there is an [association between AIDS and homosexuality or bisexuality](https://bliptext.com/articles/aids-and-homosexuality), and this association is correlated with higher levels of sexual prejudice, such as [anti-homosexual](https://bliptext.com/articles/homophobia) or [anti-bisexual](https://bliptext.com/articles/biphobia) attitudes.\nThere is also a perceived association between AIDS and all male-male sexual behavior, including sex between uninfected men.\nHowever, the dominant mode of spread worldwide for HIV remains heterosexual transmission.\nThe [NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt](https://bliptext.com/articles/names-project-aids-memorial-quilt) was conceived in 1985 to celebrate the lives of those who had died of AIDS when stigma prevented many from receiving funerals.\nIt is now cared for by the [National AIDS Memorial](https://bliptext.com/articles/national-aids-memorial) in San Francisco.\nIn 2003, as part of an overall reform of marriage and population legislation, it became legal for those diagnosed with AIDS to marry in China.\nIn 2013, the [U.S. National Library of Medicine](https://bliptext.com/articles/national-library-of-medicine) developed a traveling exhibition titled Surviving and Thriving: AIDS, Politics, and Culture; this covered medical research, the U.S. government's response, and personal stories from people with AIDS, caregivers, and activists.\nStigma has proved an obstacle to the update of [PrEP](https://bliptext.com/articles/pre-exposure-prophylaxis-for-hiv-prevention).\nWithin the MSM community, the greatest barrier to PrEP use has been the stigma surrounding HIV and gay men.\nGay men on PrEP have experienced \"[slut-shaming](https://bliptext.com/articles/slut-shaming)\".\nNumerous other barriers have been identified, including lack of quality LGBTQ care, cost, and adherence to medication use.\n# [Ryan White became a poster child for HIV after being expelled from school because he was infected. | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Ryan///White.jpg]\n\n## Economic impact\nHIV/AIDS affects the economics of both individuals and countries.\nThe [gross domestic product](https://bliptext.com/articles/gross-domestic-product) of the most affected countries has decreased due to the lack of [human capital](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-capital).\nWithout proper nutrition, health care and medicine, large numbers of people die from AIDS-related complications.\nBefore death they will not only be unable to work, but will also require significant medical care.\nIt is estimated that as of 2007 there were 12 million [AIDS orphans](https://bliptext.com/articles/aids-orphan).\nMany are cared for by elderly grandparents.\nReturning to work after beginning treatment for HIV/AIDS is difficult, and affected people often work less than the average worker.\n[Unemployment](https://bliptext.com/articles/unemployment) in people with HIV/AIDS also is associated with [suicidal ideation](https://bliptext.com/articles/suicidal-ideation), memory problems, and social isolation.\nEmployment increases [self-esteem](https://bliptext.com/articles/self-esteem), sense of dignity, confidence, and [quality of life](https://bliptext.com/articles/quality-of-life) for people with HIV/AIDS.\nAnti-retroviral treatment may help people with HIV/AIDS work more, and may increase the chance that a person with HIV/AIDS will be employed (low-quality evidence).\nBy affecting mainly young adults, AIDS reduces the taxable population, in turn reducing the resources available for [public expenditures](https://bliptext.com/articles/government-spending) such as education and health services not related to AIDS, resulting in increasing pressure on the state's finances and slower growth of the economy.\nThis causes a slower growth of the tax base, an effect that is reinforced if there are growing expenditures on treating the sick, training (to replace sick workers), sick pay, and caring for AIDS orphans.\nThis is especially true if the sharp increase in adult mortality shifts the responsibility from the family to the government in caring for these orphans.\nAt the household level, AIDS causes both loss of income and increased spending on healthcare.\nA study in [Côte d'Ivoire](https://bliptext.com/articles/c-te-d-ivoire) showed that households having a person with HIV/AIDS spent twice as much on medical expenses as other households.\nThis additional expenditure also leaves less income to spend on education and other personal or family investment.\n# [Changes in life expectancy in some African countries, 1960–2012 | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Life///expectancy///in///select///Southern///African///countries///1960-2012.svg]\n\n## Religion and AIDS\nThe topic of religion and AIDS has become highly controversial, primarily because some religious authorities have publicly declared their opposition to the use of condoms.\nThe religious approach to prevent the spread of AIDS, according to a report by American health expert Matthew Hanley titled The Catholic Church and the Global AIDS Crisis, argues that cultural changes are needed, including a re-emphasis on fidelity within marriage and sexual abstinence outside of it.\nSome religious organizations have claimed that prayer can cure HIV/AIDS.\nIn 2011, the BBC reported that some churches in London were claiming that prayer would cure AIDS, and the [Hackney](https://bliptext.com/articles/london-borough-of-hackney)-based Centre for the Study of Sexual Health and HIV reported that several people stopped taking their medication, sometimes on the direct advice of their pastor, leading to many deaths.\nThe [Synagogue Church Of All Nations](https://bliptext.com/articles/synagogue-church-of-all-nations) advertised an \"anointing water\" to promote God's healing, although the group denies advising people to stop taking medication.\n\n## Media portrayal\nOne of the first high-profile cases of AIDS was the American gay actor [Rock Hudson](https://bliptext.com/articles/rock-hudson).\nHe had been diagnosed during 1984, announced that he had had the virus on July 25, 1985, and died a few months later on October 2, 1985.\nAnother notable British casualty of AIDS that year was [Nicholas Eden](https://bliptext.com/articles/nicholas-eden-2nd-earl-of-avon), a gay politician and son of former prime minister [Anthony Eden](https://bliptext.com/articles/anthony-eden).\nOn November 24, 1991, British rock star [Freddie Mercury](https://bliptext.com/articles/freddie-mercury) died from an AIDS-related illness, having revealed the diagnosis only on the previous day.\nOne of the first high-profile heterosexual cases of the virus was American tennis player [Arthur Ashe](https://bliptext.com/articles/arthur-ashe).\nHe was diagnosed as HIV-positive on August 31, 1988, having contracted the virus from blood transfusions during heart surgery earlier in the 1980s.\nFurther tests within 24 hours of the initial diagnosis revealed that Ashe had AIDS, but he did not tell the public about his diagnosis until April 1992.\nHe died as a result on February 6, 1993, aged 49.\nTherese Frare's photograph of gay activist [David Kirby](https://bliptext.com/articles/david-kirby-activist), as he lay dying from AIDS while surrounded by family, was taken in April 1990.\n[Life](https://bliptext.com/articles/life-magazine) magazine said the photo became the one image \"most powerfully identified with the HIV/AIDS epidemic.\"\nThe photo was displayed in Life, was the winner of the [World Press Photo](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-press-photo), and acquired worldwide notoriety after being used in a [United Colors of Benetton](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-colors-of-benetton) advertising campaign in 1992.\nMany famous artists and AIDS activists such as [Larry Kramer](https://bliptext.com/articles/larry-kramer), [Diamanda Galás](https://bliptext.com/articles/diamanda-gal-s) and [Rosa von Praunheim](https://bliptext.com/articles/rosa-von-praunheim) campaign for AIDS education and the rights of those affected.\nThese artists worked with various media formats.\n\n## Criminal transmission\nCriminal transmission of HIV is the [intentional](https://bliptext.com/articles/intention-criminal-law) or [reckless](https://bliptext.com/articles/recklessness-law) infection of a person with the [human immunodeficiency virus](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-immunodeficiency-virus) (HIV).\nSome countries or jurisdictions, including some areas of the United States, have laws that criminalize HIV transmission or exposure.\nOthers may charge the accused under laws enacted before the HIV pandemic.\nIn 1996, Ugandan-born Canadian [Johnson Aziga](https://bliptext.com/articles/johnson-aziga) was diagnosed with HIV; he subsequently had unprotected sex with eleven women without disclosing his diagnosis.\nBy 2003, seven had contracted HIV; two died from complications related to AIDS.\nAziga was convicted of [first-degree murder](https://bliptext.com/articles/first-degree-murder) and sentenced to [life imprisonment](https://bliptext.com/articles/life-imprisonment-in-canada).\n\n## Misconceptions\nThere are many [misconceptions about HIV and AIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/misconceptions-about-hiv-and-aids).\nThree misconceptions are that AIDS can spread through casual contact, that [sexual intercourse with a virgin](https://bliptext.com/articles/virgin-cleansing-myth) will cure AIDS, and that HIV can infect only gay men and drug users.\nIn 2014, some among the British public wrongly thought one could get HIV from kissing (16%), sharing a glass (5%), spitting (16%), a public toilet seat (4%), and coughing or sneezing (5%).\nOther misconceptions are that any act of anal intercourse between two uninfected gay men can lead to HIV infection, and that open discussion of HIV and homosexuality in schools will lead to increased rates of AIDS.\nA small group of individuals continue to dispute the connection between HIV and AIDS, the existence of HIV itself, or the validity of HIV testing and treatment methods.\nThese claims, known as [AIDS denialism](https://bliptext.com/articles/aids-denialism), have been examined and rejected by the scientific community.\nHowever, they have had a significant political impact, particularly [in South Africa](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-aids-denialism-in-south-africa), where the government's official embrace of AIDS denialism (1999–2005) was responsible for its ineffective response to that country's AIDS epidemic, and has been blamed for hundreds of thousands of avoidable deaths and HIV infections.\nSeveral discredited [conspiracy theories](https://bliptext.com/articles/conspiracy-theories) have held that HIV was created by scientists, either inadvertently or deliberately.\n[Operation INFEKTION](https://bliptext.com/articles/operation-infektion) was a worldwide Soviet [active measures](https://bliptext.com/articles/active-measures) operation to spread the claim that the United States had created HIV/AIDS.\nSurveys show that a significant number of people believed—and continue to believe—in such claims.\n\n# Research\nHIV/AIDS research includes all [medical research](https://bliptext.com/articles/medical-research) which attempts to prevent, treat, or cure HIV/AIDS, along with fundamental research about the nature of HIV as an infectious agent, and about AIDS as the disease caused by HIV.\nMany governments and research institutions participate in HIV/AIDS research.\nThis research includes behavioral [health interventions](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-interventions) such as [sex education](https://bliptext.com/articles/sex-education), and [drug development](https://bliptext.com/articles/drug-development), such as research into [microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/microbicides-for-sexually-transmitted-diseases), [HIV vaccines](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-vaccines), and [antiretroviral drugs](https://bliptext.com/articles/antiretroviral-drugs).\nOther medical research areas include the topics of [pre-exposure prophylaxis](https://bliptext.com/articles/pre-exposure-prophylaxis), [post-exposure prophylaxis](https://bliptext.com/articles/post-exposure-prophylaxis), and [circumcision and HIV](https://bliptext.com/articles/circumcision-and-hiv).\nPublic health officials, researchers, and programs can gain a more comprehensive picture of the barriers they face, and the efficacy of current approaches to HIV treatment and prevention, by tracking standard HIV indicators.\nUse of common indicators is an increasing focus of development organizations and researchers.","current_revision":"f34a35c9-e4db-41d3-92ac-956f2592fb3a","created_by":"kACnuQmH5k9Nr5VNVEpVeg7XpvUmMctD","created_at":"2025-01-26T07:42:03.539Z","updated_at":"2025-02-27T22:36:07.161Z","search_vector":"'hiv/aids':1","search_content":" \n \n**Name:** HIV/AIDS \n**Image Size:** 220 \n**Field:** [Infectious disease](https://bliptext.com/articles/infectious-disease-medical-specialty), [immunology](https://bliptext.com/articles/immunology) \n**Synonyms:** HIV disease, HIV infection \n**Symptoms:** Early**: Flu-like illness · Later**: [Large lymph nodes](https://bliptext.com/articles/large-lymph-nodes), fever, weight loss \n**Complications:** [Opportunistic infections](https://bliptext.com/articles/opportunistic-infection), [tumors](https://bliptext.com/articles/neoplasm) \n**Duration:** Lifelong \n**Causes:** [Human immunodeficiency virus](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-immunodeficiency-virus) (HIV) \n**Risks:** [Unprotected](https://bliptext.com/articles/condom) [anal](https://bliptext.com/articles/anal-sex) or [vaginal sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/sexual-intercourse), having another [sexually transmitted infection](https://bliptext.com/articles/sexually-transmitted-infection), [needle sharing](https://bliptext.com/articles/needle-sharing), medical procedures involving [unsterile](https://bliptext.com/articles/sterilization-microbiology) cutting or piercing, and experiencing [needlestick injury](https://bliptext.com/articles/needlestick-injury) \n**Diagnosis:** [Blood tests](https://bliptext.com/articles/blood-test) \n**Prevention:** Using [male](https://bliptext.com/articles/condom) or fe[male](https://bliptext.com/articles/condom) condom during [sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-sexual-activity), [being tested for HIV](https://bliptext.com/articles/diagnosis-of-hiv-aids) and [sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-sexual-activity)ually transmitted infections, having a voluntary medical [male](https://bliptext.com/articles/condom) circumcision, [using harm reduction services for people who inject and use drugs](https://bliptext.com/articles/needle-and-syringe-programmes), [antiretroviral drugs](https://bliptext.com/articles/management-of-hiv-aids) (ARVs) (including [oral Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and long acting products](https://bliptext.com/articles/pre-exposure-prophylaxis-for-hiv-prevention), [dapivirine vaginal rings](https://bliptext.com/articles/dapivirine-ring), injectable long acting [cabotegravir](https://bliptext.com/articles/cabotegravir), etc. [post-exposure prophylaxis](https://bliptext.com/articles/post-exposure-prophylaxis) (PEP) safe [sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-sexual-activity) \n**Treatment:** Antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) \n**Prognosis:** Normal life expectancy with treatment · 11 years life expectancy without treatment \n**Frequency:** 71.3–112.8 million total cases · 1.3 million new cases (2022) · 39.9 million living with HIV (2022) \n**Deaths:** 42.3 million total deaths · 630,000 (2023) \n \n\n# \nThe **human immunodeficiency virus** (**HIV**) is a [retrovirus](https://bliptext.com/articles/retrovirus) that attacks the [immune system](https://bliptext.com/articles/immune-system).\nIt is a [preventable disease](https://bliptext.com/articles/preventive-healthcare).\nThere is no [vaccine](https://bliptext.com/articles/vaccine) or [cure](https://bliptext.com/articles/cure) for HIV.\nIt can be managed with treatment and become a manageable chronic health condition.\nWhile there is no cure or vaccine, antiretroviral treatment can slow the course of the disease and enable people living with HIV to lead long and healthy lives.\nAn HIV-positive person on treatment can expect to live a normal life, and die with the virus, not of it.\nEffective [treatment](https://bliptext.com/articles/) for [[HIV](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv)-positive people](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-positive-people) (people living with [HIV](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv)) involves a life-long regimen of medicine to suppress the virus, making the [viral load](https://bliptext.com/articles/viral-load) undetectable.\nWithout treatment it can lead to a spectrum of conditions including **acquired immunodeficiency syndrome** (**AIDS**).\nTreatment is recommended as soon as the diagnosis is made.\nAn HIV-positive person who has an undetectable viral load as a result of long-term treatment has effectively no risk of transmitting HIV sexually.\nCampaigns by [UNAIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/joint-united-nations-programme-on-hiv-aids) and organizations around the world have communicated this as [Undetectable = Untransmittable](https://bliptext.com/articles/undetectable-untransmittable).\nWithout treatment the infection can interfere with the [immune system](https://bliptext.com/articles/immune-system), and eventually [progress to AIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/), sometimes taking many years.\nFollowing initial infection an individual may not notice any symptoms, or may experience a brief period of [influenza-like illness](https://bliptext.com/articles/influenza-like-illness).\nDuring this period the person may not know that they are HIV-positive, yet they will be able to [pass on the virus](https://bliptext.com/articles/).\nTypically, this period is followed by a prolonged incubation period with no symptoms.\nEventually the HIV infection increases the risk of developing other infections such as [tuberculosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/tuberculosis), as well as other [opportunistic infections](https://bliptext.com/articles/opportunistic-infection), and [tumors](https://bliptext.com/articles/tumors) which are rare in people who have normal immune function.\nThe late stage is often also associated with [unintended weight loss](https://bliptext.com/articles/cachexia).\nWithout treatment a person living with HIV can expect to live for 11 years.\nEarly [testing](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-testing) can show if treatment is needed to stop this progression and to prevent infecting others.\nHIV is [spread](https://bliptext.com/articles/) primarily by [unprotected sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/unprotected-sex) (including [anal](https://bliptext.com/articles/anal-sex) and [vaginal sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/vaginal-sex)), contaminated [hypodermic needles](https://bliptext.com/articles/hypodermic-needle) or [blood transfusions](https://bliptext.com/articles/blood-transfusion), and [from mother to child](https://bliptext.com/articles/vertically-transmitted-infection) during [pregnancy](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-and-pregnancy), delivery, or breastfeeding.\nSome bodily fluids, such as saliva, sweat, and tears, do not transmit the virus.\nOral sex has little risk of transmitting the virus.\nWays to avoid catching HIV and [preventing the spread](https://bliptext.com/articles/preventive-healthcare) include [safe sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/safe-sex), treatment to prevent infection (\"[PrEP](https://bliptext.com/articles/pre-exposure-prophylaxis)\"), treatment to stop infection in someone who has been recently exposed (\"[PEP](https://bliptext.com/articles/post-exposure-prophylaxis)\"), [treating those who are infected](https://bliptext.com/articles/treatment-as-prevention), and [needle exchange programs](https://bliptext.com/articles/needle-exchange-program).\nDisease in a baby can often be prevented by giving both the mother and child [antiretroviral medication](https://bliptext.com/articles/management-of-hiv-aids).\nRecognized worldwide in the early 1980s, HIV/AIDS has had a large impact on society, both as an illness and as a source of [discrimination](https://bliptext.com/articles/discrimination-against-people-with-hiv-aids).\nThe disease also has large [economic impacts](https://bliptext.com/articles/economic-impact-of-hiv-aids).\nThere are many [misconceptions about HIV/AIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/misconceptions-about-hiv-aids), such as the belief that it can be transmitted by casual non-sexual contact.\nThe disease has become subject to many [controversies involving religion](https://bliptext.com/articles/religion-and-hiv-aids), including the [Catholic Church's position](https://bliptext.com/articles/catholic-church-and-hiv-aids) not to support [condom](https://bliptext.com/articles/condom) use as prevention.\nIt has attracted international medical and political attention as well as large-scale funding since it was identified in the 1980s.\nHIV made the jump from other primates to humans in west-central Africa in the early-to-mid-20th century.\nAIDS was [first recognized](https://bliptext.com/articles/history-of-hiv-aids) by the U.S. [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](https://bliptext.com/articles/centers-for-disease-control-and-prevention) (CDC) in 1981 and its cause—HIV infection—was identified in the early part of the decade.\nBetween the first time AIDS was readily identified through 2024, the disease is estimated to have caused at least 42.3 million deaths worldwide.\nIn 2023, 630,000 people died from HIV-related causes, an estimated 1.3 million people acquired HIV and about 39.9 million people worldwide living with HIV, 65% of whom are in the [World Health Organization](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-organization) (WHO) [African](https://bliptext.com/articles/africa) Region.\nHIV/AIDS is considered a [pandemic](https://bliptext.com/articles/pandemic)—a disease outbreak which is present over a large area and is actively spreading.\nThe United States' National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the [Gates Foundation](https://bliptext.com/articles/gates-foundation) have pledged $200 million focused on developing a global cure for AIDS.\n\n# Signs and symptoms\nThere are three main stages of [HIV](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-immunodeficiency-virus) infection: acute infection, clinical latency, and AIDS.\n\n## First main stage: acute infection\nThe initial period following infection with HIV is called acute HIV, primary HIV or acute retroviral syndrome.\nMany individuals develop an [illness like influenza](https://bliptext.com/articles/influenza-like-illness), [mononucleosis or glandular fever](https://bliptext.com/articles/infectious-mononucleosis) 2–4 weeks after exposure while others have no significant symptoms.\nSymptoms occur in 40–90% of cases and most commonly include [fever](https://bliptext.com/articles/fever), [large tender lymph nodes](https://bliptext.com/articles/lymphadenopathy), [throat inflammation](https://bliptext.com/articles/pharyngitis), a [rash](https://bliptext.com/articles/rash), headache, tiredness, and/or sores of the mouth and genitals.\nThe rash, which occurs in 20–50% of cases, presents itself on the trunk and is [maculopapular](https://bliptext.com/articles/maculopapular), classically.\nSome people also develop [opportunistic infections](https://bliptext.com/articles/opportunistic-infections) at this stage.\nGastrointestinal symptoms, such as vomiting or [diarrhea](https://bliptext.com/articles/diarrhea) may occur.\nNeurological symptoms of [peripheral neuropathy](https://bliptext.com/articles/peripheral-neuropathy) or [Guillain–Barré syndrome](https://bliptext.com/articles/guillain-barr-syndrome) also occur.\nThe duration of the symptoms varies, but is usually one or two weeks.\nThese [symptoms](https://bliptext.com/articles/signs-and-symptoms) are not often [recognized](https://bliptext.com/articles/medical-diagnosis) as signs of HIV infection.\nFamily doctors or hospitals can misdiagnose cases as one of the many common [infectious diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/infectious-disease) with similar symptoms.\nSomeone with an [unexplained fever](https://bliptext.com/articles/fever-of-unknown-origin) who may have been recently exposed to HIV should consider testing to find out if they have been infected.\n# [Main symptoms of acute HIV infection | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Symptoms///of///acute///HIV///infection.svg]\n\n## Second main stage: clinical latency\nThe initial symptoms are followed by a stage called clinical latency, asymptomatic HIV, or chronic HIV.\nWithout treatment, this second stage of the [natural history](https://bliptext.com/articles/natural-history-of-disease) of HIV infection can last from about three years to over 20 years (on average, about eight years).\nWhile typically there are few or no symptoms at first, near the end of this stage many people experience fever, weight loss, gastrointestinal problems and muscle pains.\nBetween 50% and 70% of people also develop [persistent generalized lymphadenopathy](https://bliptext.com/articles/persistent-generalized-lymphadenopathy), characterized by unexplained, non-painful enlargement of more than one group of lymph nodes (other than in the groin) for over three to six months.\nAlthough most [HIV-1](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-1) infected individuals have a detectable viral load and in the absence of treatment will eventually progress to AIDS, a small proportion (about 5%) retain high levels of [CD4](https://bliptext.com/articles/cd4) + T cells ([T helper cells](https://bliptext.com/articles/t-helper-cell)) without [antiretroviral therapy](https://bliptext.com/articles/management-of-hiv-aids) for more than five years.\nThese individuals are classified as \"HIV controllers\" or [long-term nonprogressors](https://bliptext.com/articles/long-term-nonprogressors) (LTNP).\nAnother group consists of those who maintain a low or undetectable viral load without anti-retroviral treatment, known as \"elite controllers\" or \"elite suppressors\".\nThey represent approximately 1 in 300 infected persons.\n\n## Third main stage: AIDS\nAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is defined as an HIV infection with either a CD4 + T cell count below 200 cells per μL or the occurrence of specific diseases associated with HIV infection.\nIn the absence of specific treatment, around half of people infected with HIV develop AIDS within ten years.\nThe most common initial conditions that alert to the presence of AIDS are [pneumocystis pneumonia](https://bliptext.com/articles/pneumocystis-pneumonia) (40%), [cachexia](https://bliptext.com/articles/cachexia) in the form of HIV wasting syndrome (20%), and [esophageal candidiasis](https://bliptext.com/articles/esophageal-candidiasis).\nOther common signs include recurrent [respiratory tract infections](https://bliptext.com/articles/respiratory-tract-infection).\n[Opportunistic infections](https://bliptext.com/articles/opportunistic-infections) may be caused by [bacteria](https://bliptext.com/articles/bacteria), [viruses](https://bliptext.com/articles/virus), [fungi](https://bliptext.com/articles/fungi), and [parasites](https://bliptext.com/articles/parasite) that are normally controlled by the immune system.\nWhich infections occur depends partly on what organisms are common in the person's environment.\nThese infections may affect nearly every [organ system](https://bliptext.com/articles/biological-system).\nPeople with AIDS have an increased risk of developing various viral-induced cancers, including [Kaposi's sarcoma](https://bliptext.com/articles/kaposi-s-sarcoma), [Burkitt's lymphoma](https://bliptext.com/articles/burkitt-s-lymphoma), [primary central nervous system lymphoma](https://bliptext.com/articles/primary-central-nervous-system-lymphoma), and [cervical cancer](https://bliptext.com/articles/cervical-cancer).\nKaposi's sarcoma is the most common cancer, occurring in 10% to 20% of people with HIV.\nThe second-most common cancer is lymphoma, which is the cause of death of nearly 16% of people with AIDS and is the initial sign of AIDS in 3% to 4%.\nBoth these cancers are associated with [human herpesvirus 8](https://bliptext.com/articles/kaposi-s-sarcoma-associated-herpesvirus) (HHV-8).\nCervical cancer occurs more frequently in those with AIDS because of its association with [human papillomavirus](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-papillomavirus) (HPV).\n[Conjunctival cancer](https://bliptext.com/articles/conjunctiva) (of the layer that lines the inner part of eyelids and the white part of the eye) is also more common in those with HIV.\nAdditionally, people with AIDS frequently have systemic symptoms such as prolonged fevers, [sweats](https://bliptext.com/articles/night-sweats) (particularly at night), swollen lymph nodes, chills, weakness, and [unintended weight loss](https://bliptext.com/articles/cachexia).\nDiarrhea is another common symptom, present in about 90% of people with AIDS.\nThey can also be affected by diverse psychiatric and neurological symptoms independent of opportunistic infections and cancers.\n# [Main symptoms of AIDS | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Symptoms///of///AIDS.svg]\n\n# Transmission\nHIV is spread by three main routes: [sexual contact](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-sexual-activity), significant exposure to infected body fluids or tissues, and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding (known as [vertical transmission](https://bliptext.com/articles/vertical-transmission)).\nThere is no risk of acquiring HIV if exposed to [feces](https://bliptext.com/articles/feces), nasal secretions, saliva, [sputum](https://bliptext.com/articles/sputum), sweat, tears, urine, or vomit unless these are contaminated with blood.\nIt is also possible to be [co-infected](https://bliptext.com/articles/coinfection) by more than one strain of HIV—a condition known as [HIV superinfection](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-superinfection).\n\n## Sexual\nThe most frequent mode of transmission of HIV is through sexual contact with an infected person.\nHowever, an HIV-positive person who has an undetectable viral load as a result of long-term treatment has effectively no risk of transmitting HIV sexually, known as [Undetectable = Untransmittable](https://bliptext.com/articles/undetectable-untransmittable).\nThe existence of functionally noncontagious HIV-positive people on antiretroviral therapy was controversially publicized in the 2008 [Swiss Statement](https://bliptext.com/articles/swiss-statement), and has since become accepted as medically sound.\nGlobally, the most common mode of HIV transmission is via [sexual contacts between people of the opposite sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/heterosexuality); however, the pattern of transmission varies among countries.\n, most HIV transmission in the United States occurred among [men who had sex with men](https://bliptext.com/articles/men-who-had-sex-with-men) (82% of new HIV diagnoses among males aged 13 and older and 70% of total new diagnoses).\nIn the US, gay and bisexual men aged 13 to 24 accounted for an estimated 92% of new HIV diagnoses among all men in their age group and 27% of new diagnoses among all gay and bisexual men.\nWith regard to [unprotected](https://bliptext.com/articles/unprotected-sex) heterosexual contacts, estimates of the risk of HIV transmission per sexual act appear to be four to ten times higher in low-income countries than in high-income countries.\nIn low-income countries, the risk of female-to-male transmission is estimated as 0.38% per act, and of male-to-female transmission as 0.30% per act; the equivalent estimates for high-income countries are 0.04% per act for female-to-male transmission, and 0.08% per act for male-to-female transmission.\nThe risk of transmission from anal intercourse is especially high, estimated as 1.4–1.7% per act in both heterosexual and homosexual contacts.\nWhile the risk of transmission from [oral sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/oral-sex) is relatively low, it is still present.\nThe risk from receiving oral sex has been described as \"nearly nil\"; however, a few cases have been reported.\nThe per-act risk is estimated at 0–0.04% for receptive oral intercourse.\nIn settings involving [prostitution](https://bliptext.com/articles/prostitution) in low-income countries, risk of female-to-male transmission has been estimated as 2.4% per act, and of male-to-female transmission as 0.05% per act.\nRisk of transmission increases in the presence of many [sexually transmitted infections](https://bliptext.com/articles/sexually-transmitted-infection) and [genital ulcers](https://bliptext.com/articles/genital-ulcer).\nGenital ulcers increase the risk approximately fivefold.\nOther sexually transmitted infections, such as [gonorrhea](https://bliptext.com/articles/gonorrhea), [chlamydia](https://bliptext.com/articles/chlamydia-infection), [trichomoniasis](https://bliptext.com/articles/trichomoniasis), and [bacterial vaginosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/bacterial-vaginosis), are associated with somewhat smaller increases in risk of transmission.\nThe [viral load](https://bliptext.com/articles/viral-load) of an infected person is an important risk factor in both sexual and mother-to-child transmission.\nDuring the first 2.5 months of an HIV infection, a person's infectiousness is twelve times higher due to the high viral load associated with acute HIV.\nIf the person is in the late stages of infection, rates of transmission are approximately eightfold greater.\nCommercial sex workers (including [those in pornography](https://bliptext.com/articles/sexually-transmitted-infections-in-the-pornography-industry)) have an increased likelihood of contracting HIV.\nRough sex can be a factor associated with an increased risk of transmission.\n[Sexual assault](https://bliptext.com/articles/sexual-assault) is also believed to carry an increased risk of HIV transmission as condoms are rarely worn, physical trauma to the vagina or rectum is likely, and there may be a greater risk of concurrent sexually transmitted infections.\n\n## Body fluids\nThe second-most frequent mode of HIV transmission is via blood and blood products.\nBlood-borne transmission can be through needle-sharing during intravenous drug use, needle-stick injury, transfusion of contaminated blood or blood product, or medical injections with unsterilized equipment.\nThe risk from sharing a needle during [drug injection](https://bliptext.com/articles/drug-injection) is between 0.63% and 2.4% per act, with an average of 0.8%.\nThe risk of acquiring HIV from a needle stick from an HIV-infected person is estimated as 0.3% (about 1 in 333) per act and the risk following [mucous membrane](https://bliptext.com/articles/mucous-membrane) exposure to infected blood as 0.09% (about 1 in 1000) per act.\nThis risk may, however, be up to 5% if the introduced blood was from a person with a high viral load and the cut was deep.\nIn the United States, intravenous drug users made up 12% of all new cases of HIV in 2009, and in some areas more than 80% of people who inject drugs are HIV-positive.\nHIV is transmitted in about 90% of [blood transfusions](https://bliptext.com/articles/blood-transfusion) using infected blood.\nIn developed countries the risk of acquiring HIV from a blood transfusion is extremely low (less than one in half a million) where improved donor selection and [HIV screening](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-screening) is performed; for example, in the UK the risk is reported at one in five million and in the United States it was one in 1.5 million in 2008.\nIn low-income countries, only half of transfusions may be appropriately screened (as of 2008), and it is estimated that up to 15% of HIV infections in these areas come from transfusion of infected blood and blood products, representing between 5% and 10% of global infections.\nIt is possible to acquire HIV from organ and tissue [transplantation](https://bliptext.com/articles/organ-transplantation), although this is rare because of [screening](https://bliptext.com/articles/diagnosis-of-hiv-aids).\nUnsafe medical injections play a role in [HIV spread in sub-Saharan Africa](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-aids-in-africa).\nIn 2007, between 12% and 17% of infections in this region were attributed to medical syringe use.\nThe [World Health Organization](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-organization) estimates the risk of transmission as a result of a medical injection in Africa at 1.2%.\nRisks are also associated with invasive procedures, assisted delivery, and dental care in this area of the world.\nPeople giving or receiving [tattoos](https://bliptext.com/articles/tattoo), [piercings](https://bliptext.com/articles/body-piercing), and [scarification](https://bliptext.com/articles/scarification) are theoretically at risk of infection but no confirmed cases have been documented.\nIt is not possible for [mosquitoes](https://bliptext.com/articles/mosquito) or other insects to transmit HIV.\n# [CDC poster from 1989 highlighting the threat of AIDS associated with drug use | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/AIDS///Poster///If///You%27re///Dabbling///in///Drugs///1989.jpg]\n\n## Mother-to-child\nHIV can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, during delivery, or through breast milk, resulting in the baby also contracting HIV.\nAs of 2008, vertical transmission accounted for about 90% of cases of HIV in children.\nIn the absence of treatment, the risk of transmission before or during birth is around 20%, and in those who also breastfeed 35%.\nTreatment decreases this risk to less than 5%.\nAntiretrovirals when taken by either the mother or the baby decrease the risk of transmission in those who do breastfeed.\nIf blood contaminates food during [pre-chewing](https://bliptext.com/articles/pre-chewing) it may pose a risk of transmission.\nIf a woman is untreated, two years of breastfeeding results in an HIV/AIDS risk in her baby of about 17%.\nDue to the increased risk of death without breastfeeding in many areas in the developing world, the World Health Organization recommends either exclusive breastfeeding or the provision of safe formula.\nAll women known to be HIV-positive should be taking lifelong antiretroviral therapy.\n\n# Virology\n[HIV](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv) is the cause of the spectrum of disease known as [HIV](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv)/AIDS.\nHIV is a [retrovirus](https://bliptext.com/articles/retrovirus) that primarily infects components of the human [immune system](https://bliptext.com/articles/immune-system) such as CD4 + T cells, [macrophages](https://bliptext.com/articles/macrophage) and [dendritic cells](https://bliptext.com/articles/dendritic-cell).\nIt directly and indirectly destroys CD4 + T cells.\nHIV is a member of the [genus](https://bliptext.com/articles/genus) [Lentivirus](https://bliptext.com/articles/lentivirus), part of the family [Retroviridae](https://bliptext.com/articles/retroviridae).\nLentiviruses share many [morphological](https://bliptext.com/articles/morphology-biology) and [biological](https://bliptext.com/articles/biology) characteristics.\nMany species of mammals are infected by lentiviruses, which are characteristically responsible for long-duration illnesses with a long [incubation period](https://bliptext.com/articles/incubation-period).\nLentiviruses are transmitted as single-stranded, positive-[sense](https://bliptext.com/articles/sense-molecular-biology), enveloped [RNA viruses](https://bliptext.com/articles/rna-virus).\nUpon entry into the target cell, the viral [RNA](https://bliptext.com/articles/rna) [genome](https://bliptext.com/articles/genome) is converted (reverse transcribed) into double-stranded [DNA](https://bliptext.com/articles/dna) by a virally encoded [reverse transcriptase](https://bliptext.com/articles/reverse-transcriptase) that is transported along with the viral [genome](https://bliptext.com/articles/genome) in the virus particle.\nThe resulting viral DNA is then imported into the cell nucleus and integrated into the cellular DNA by a virally encoded [integrase](https://bliptext.com/articles/integrase) and host co-factors.\nOnce integrated, the virus may become [latent](https://bliptext.com/articles/incubation-period), allowing the virus and its host cell to avoid detection by the immune system.\nAlternatively, the virus may be [transcribed](https://bliptext.com/articles/transcription-genetics), producing new RNA genomes and viral proteins that are packaged and released from the cell as new virus particles that begin the replication cycle anew.\nHIV is now known to spread between CD4 + T cells by two parallel routes: cell-free spread and cell-to-cell spread, i.e. it employs hybrid spreading mechanisms.\nIn the cell-free spread, virus particles bud from an infected T cell, enter the blood/extracellular fluid and then infect another T cell following a chance encounter.\nHIV can also disseminate by direct transmission from one cell to another by a process of cell-to-cell spread.\nThe hybrid spreading mechanisms of HIV contribute to the virus' ongoing replication against antiretroviral therapies.\nTwo [types of HIV](https://bliptext.com/articles/subtypes-of-hiv) have been characterized: HIV-1 and HIV-2.\nHIV-1 is the virus that was originally discovered (and initially referred to also as LAV or HTLV-III).\nIt is more [virulent](https://bliptext.com/articles/virulent), more [infective](https://bliptext.com/articles/infectivity), and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally.\nThe lower infectivity of HIV-2 as compared with HIV-1 implies that fewer people exposed to HIV-2 will be infected per exposure.\nBecause of its relatively poor capacity for transmission, HIV-2 is largely confined to [West Africa](https://bliptext.com/articles/west-africa).\n# [Diagram of an HIV virion structure | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/HI-virion-structure///en.svg]\n# [Scanning electron micrograph of HIV-1, colored green, budding from a cultured lymphocyte | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/HIV-budding-Color.jpg]\n\n# Pathophysiology\nAfter the virus enters the body, there is a period of rapid [viral replication](https://bliptext.com/articles/viral-replication), leading to an abundance of virus in the peripheral blood.\nDuring primary infection, the level of HIV may reach several million virus particles per milliliter of blood.\nThis response is accompanied by a marked drop in the number of circulating [CD4+ T cells](https://bliptext.com/articles/t-helper-cell).\nThe acute [viremia](https://bliptext.com/articles/viremia) is almost invariably associated with activation of [CD8+ T cells](https://bliptext.com/articles/cytotoxic-t-cell), which kill HIV-infected cells, and subsequently with antibody production, or [seroconversion](https://bliptext.com/articles/seroconversion).\nThe CD8+ T cell response is thought to be important in controlling virus levels, which peak and then decline, as the CD4+ T cell counts recover.\nA good CD8+ T cell response has been linked to slower disease progression and a better prognosis, though it does not eliminate the virus.\nUltimately, HIV causes AIDS by depleting CD4+ T cells.\nThis weakens the immune system and allows [opportunistic infections](https://bliptext.com/articles/opportunistic-infection).\nT cells are essential to the immune response and without them, the body cannot fight infections or kill cancerous cells.\nThe mechanism of CD4+ T cell depletion differs in the acute and chronic phases.\nDuring the acute phase, HIV-induced cell lysis and killing of infected cells by CD8+ T cells accounts for CD4+ T cell depletion, although [apoptosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/apoptosis) may also be a factor.\nDuring the chronic phase, the consequences of generalized immune activation coupled with the gradual loss of the ability of the immune system to generate new T cells appear to account for the slow decline in CD4+ T cell numbers.\nAlthough the symptoms of immune deficiency characteristic of AIDS do not appear for years after a person is infected, the bulk of CD4+ T cell loss occurs during the first weeks of infection, especially in the intestinal mucosa, which harbors the majority of the lymphocytes found in the body.\nThe reason for the preferential loss of mucosal CD4+ T cells is that the majority of mucosal CD4+ T cells express the [CCR5](https://bliptext.com/articles/ccr5) protein which HIV uses as a [co-receptor](https://bliptext.com/articles/co-receptor) to gain access to the cells, whereas only a small fraction of CD4+ T cells in the bloodstream do so.\nA [specific genetic change](https://bliptext.com/articles/ccr5-32) that alters the CCR5 protein when present in both [chromosomes](https://bliptext.com/articles/chromosome) very effectively prevents HIV-1 infection.\nHIV seeks out and destroys CCR5 expressing CD4+ T cells during acute infection.\nA vigorous immune response eventually controls the infection and initiates the clinically latent phase.\nCD4+ T cells in mucosal tissues remain particularly affected.\nContinuous HIV replication causes a state of generalized immune activation persisting throughout the chronic phase.\nImmune activation, which is reflected by the increased activation state of immune cells and release of pro-inflammatory [cytokines](https://bliptext.com/articles/cytokine), results from the activity of several HIV [gene products](https://bliptext.com/articles/gene-product) and the immune response to ongoing HIV replication.\nIt is also linked to the breakdown of the immune surveillance system of the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier caused by the depletion of mucosal CD4+ T cells during the acute phase of disease.\n\n# Diagnosis\nHIV/AIDS is diagnosed via laboratory testing and then staged based on the presence of [certain signs or symptoms](https://bliptext.com/articles/aids-defining-clinical-condition).\nHIV screening is recommended by the [United States Preventive Services Task Force](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-states-preventive-services-task-force) for all people 15 years to 65 years of age, including all pregnant women.\nAdditionally, testing is recommended for those at high risk, which includes anyone diagnosed with a sexually transmitted illness.\nIn many areas of the world, a third of HIV carriers only discover they are infected at an advanced stage of the disease when AIDS or severe immunodeficiency has become apparent.\n# [A generalized graph of the relationship between HIV copies (viral load) and CD4 + T cell counts over the average course of untreated HIV infection: | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Hiv-timecourse///copy.svg]\n\n## HIV testing\nMost people infected with HIV develop [seroconverted](https://bliptext.com/articles/seroconvert) (antigen-specific) [antibodies](https://bliptext.com/articles/antibodies) within three to twelve weeks after the initial infection.\nDiagnosis of primary HIV before seroconversion is done by measuring HIV-[RNA](https://bliptext.com/articles/rna) or [p24 antigen](https://bliptext.com/articles/diagnosis-of-hiv-aids).\nPositive results obtained by antibody or [PCR](https://bliptext.com/articles/polymerase-chain-reaction) testing are confirmed either by a different antibody or by [PCR](https://bliptext.com/articles/polymerase-chain-reaction).\nAntibody tests in children younger than 18 months are typically inaccurate, due to the continued presence of [maternal antibodies](https://bliptext.com/articles/maternal-passive-immunity).\nThus HIV infection can only be diagnosed by PCR testing for HIV RNA or DNA, or via testing for the p24 antigen.\nMuch of the world lacks access to reliable PCR testing, and people in many places simply wait until either symptoms develop or the child is old enough for accurate antibody testing.\nIn sub-Saharan Africa between 2007 and 2009, between 30% and 70% of the population were aware of their HIV status.\nIn 2009, between 3.6% and 42% of men and women in sub-Saharan countries were tested; this represented a significant increase compared to previous years.\n# [HIV rapid test being administered | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/HIV///Rapid///Test///being///administered.jpg]\n# [Oraquick HIV test | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Oraquick.jpg]\n\n## Classifications\nTwo main clinical staging systems are used to classify HIV and HIV-related disease for [surveillance](https://bliptext.com/articles/disease-surveillance) purposes: the [WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease](https://bliptext.com/articles/who-disease-staging-system-for-hiv-infection-and-disease), and the [CDC classification system for HIV infection](https://bliptext.com/articles/cdc-classification-system-for-hiv-infection).\nThe CDC's classification system is more frequently adopted in developed countries.\nSince the WHO's staging system does not require laboratory tests, it is suited to the resource-restricted conditions encountered in developing countries, where it can also be used to help guide clinical management.\nDespite their differences, the two systems allow a comparison for statistical purposes.\nThe World Health Organization first proposed a definition for AIDS in 1986.\nSince then, the WHO classification has been updated and expanded several times, with the most recent version being published in 2007.\nThe WHO system uses the following categories:\nThe U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also created a classification system for HIV, and updated it in 2008 and 2014.\nThis system classifies HIV infections based on CD4 count and clinical symptoms, and describes the infection in five groups.\nIn those greater than six years of age it is:\nFor surveillance purposes, the AIDS diagnosis still stands even if, after treatment, the CD4 + T cell count rises to above 200 per μL of blood or other AIDS-defining illnesses are cured.\n\n# Prevention\n# [AIDS clinic, McLeod Ganj, Himachal Pradesh, India, 2010 | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/AIDS///Clinic%2C///McLeod///Ganj%2C///2010.jpg]\n\n## Sexual contact\nConsistent [condom](https://bliptext.com/articles/condom) use reduces the risk of HIV transmission by approximately 80% over the long term.\nWhen condoms are used consistently by a couple in which one person is infected, the rate of HIV infection is less than 1% per year.\nThere is some evidence to suggest that [female condoms](https://bliptext.com/articles/female-condom) may provide an equivalent level of protection.\nApplication of a vaginal gel containing [tenofovir](https://bliptext.com/articles/tenofovir) (a [reverse transcriptase inhibitor](https://bliptext.com/articles/reverse-transcriptase-inhibitor)) immediately before sex seems to reduce infection rates by approximately 40% among African women.\nBy contrast, use of the [spermicide](https://bliptext.com/articles/spermicide) [nonoxynol-9](https://bliptext.com/articles/nonoxynol-9) may increase the risk of transmission due to its tendency to cause vaginal and rectal irritation.\n[Circumcision](https://bliptext.com/articles/circumcision) in [sub-Saharan Africa](https://bliptext.com/articles/sub-saharan-africa) \"reduces the acquisition of HIV by heterosexual men by between 38% and 66% over 24 months\".\nOwing to these studies, both the World Health Organization and [UNAIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/unaids) recommended male circumcision in 2007 as a method of preventing female-to-male HIV transmission in areas with high rates of HIV.\nHowever, whether it protects against male-to-female transmission is disputed, and whether it is of benefit in [developed countries](https://bliptext.com/articles/developed-countries) and among [men who have sex with men](https://bliptext.com/articles/men-who-have-sex-with-men) is undetermined.\nPrograms encouraging [sexual abstinence](https://bliptext.com/articles/abstinence-only-sex-education) do not appear to affect subsequent HIV risk.\nEvidence of any benefit from [peer education](https://bliptext.com/articles/peer-education) is equally poor.\nComprehensive [sexual education](https://bliptext.com/articles/sex-education) provided at school may decrease high-risk behavior.\nA substantial minority of young people continues to engage in high-risk practices despite knowing about HIV/AIDS, underestimating their own risk of becoming infected with HIV.\nVoluntary counseling and testing people for HIV does not affect risky behavior in those who test negative but does increase condom use in those who test positive.\nEnhanced family planning services appear to increase the likelihood of women with HIV using contraception, compared to basic services.\nIt is not known whether treating other sexually transmitted infections is effective in preventing HIV.\n# [People wearing AIDS awareness signs. On the left: \"Facing AIDS a condom and a pill at a time\"; on the right: \"I am Facing AIDS because people I ♥ are infected\" | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/FACING///AIDS///a///condom///and///a///pill///at///a///time///-///I///am///FACING///AIDS///because///people///I///-3///are///infected.///%285202985364%29.jp g]\n\n## Pre-exposure\nAntiretroviral treatment among people with HIV whose CD4 count ≤ 550 cells/μL is a very effective way to prevent HIV infection of their partner (a strategy known as treatment as prevention, or TASP).\nTASP is associated with a 10- to 20-fold reduction in transmission risk.\n[Pre-exposure prophylaxis](https://bliptext.com/articles/pre-exposure-prophylaxis) for HIV (\"[PrEP](https://bliptext.com/articles/pre-exposure-prophylaxis-for-hiv-prevention)\") with a daily dose of the medications [tenofovir](https://bliptext.com/articles/tenofovir), with or without [emtricitabine](https://bliptext.com/articles/emtricitabine), is effective in people at high risk including men who have sex with men, couples where one is HIV-positive, and young heterosexuals in Africa.\nIt may also be effective in intravenous drug users, with a study finding a decrease in risk of 0.7 to 0.4 per 100 person years.\nThe [USPSTF](https://bliptext.com/articles/uspstf), in 2019, recommended PrEP in those who are at high risk.\n[Universal precautions](https://bliptext.com/articles/universal-precautions) within the health care environment are believed to be effective in decreasing the risk of HIV.\n[Intravenous drug use](https://bliptext.com/articles/intravenous-drug-use) is an important risk factor, and [harm reduction](https://bliptext.com/articles/harm-reduction) strategies such as [needle-exchange programs](https://bliptext.com/articles/needle-exchange-program) and [opioid substitution therapy](https://bliptext.com/articles/opioid-replacement-therapy) appear effective in decreasing this risk.\n\n## Post-exposure\nA course of antiretrovirals administered within 48 to 72 hours after exposure to HIV-positive blood or genital secretions is referred to as [post-exposure prophylaxis](https://bliptext.com/articles/post-exposure-prophylaxis) (PEP).\nThe use of the single agent [zidovudine](https://bliptext.com/articles/zidovudine) reduces the risk of an HIV infection five-fold following a needle-stick injury.\n, the prevention regimen recommended in the United States consists of three medications—[tenofovir](https://bliptext.com/articles/tenofovir), [emtricitabine](https://bliptext.com/articles/emtricitabine) and [raltegravir](https://bliptext.com/articles/raltegravir)—as this may reduce the risk further.\nPEP treatment is recommended after a [sexual assault](https://bliptext.com/articles/sexual-assault) when the perpetrator is known to be HIV-positive, but is controversial when their HIV status is unknown.\nThe duration of treatment is usually four weeks and is frequently associated with adverse effects—where zidovudine is used, about 70% of cases result in adverse effects such as nausea (24%), fatigue (22%), emotional distress (13%) and headaches (9%).\n\n## Mother-to-child\nPrograms to prevent the [vertical transmission](https://bliptext.com/articles/vertical-transmission) of HIV (from mothers to children) can reduce rates of transmission by 92–99%.\nThis primarily involves the use of a combination of antiviral medications during pregnancy and after birth in the infant, and potentially includes [bottle feeding](https://bliptext.com/articles/bottle-feeding) rather than [breastfeeding](https://bliptext.com/articles/breastfeeding).\nIf replacement feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe, mothers should avoid breastfeeding their infants; however, exclusive breastfeeding is recommended during the first months of life if this is not the case.\nIf exclusive breastfeeding is carried out, the provision of extended antiretroviral prophylaxis to the infant decreases the risk of transmission.\nIn 2015, [Cuba](https://bliptext.com/articles/cuba) became the first country in the world to eradicate mother-to-child transmission of HIV.\n\n## Vaccination\nCurrently there is no licensed [vaccine for HIV or AIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-vaccine-development).\nThe most effective vaccine trial to date, [RV 144](https://bliptext.com/articles/rv-144), was published in 2009; it found a partial reduction in the risk of transmission of roughly 30%, stimulating some hope in the research community of developing a truly effective vaccine.\n\n# Treatment\nThere is currently no cure, nor an effective HIV vaccine.\nTreatment consists of [highly active antiretroviral therapy](https://bliptext.com/articles/highly-active-antiretroviral-therapy) (ART), which slows progression of the disease.\nAs of 2022, 39 million people globally were living with HIV, and 29.8 million people were accessing ART.\nTreatment also includes preventive and active treatment of opportunistic infections.\n, four people have been successfully cleared of HIV.\nRapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy within one week of diagnosis appear to improve treatment outcomes in low and medium-income settings and is recommend for newly diagnosed HIV patients.\n\n## Antiviral therapy\nCurrent ART options are combinations (or \"cocktails\") consisting of at least three medications belonging to at least two types, or \"classes\", of [antiretroviral](https://bliptext.com/articles/antiretroviral) agents.\nThere are eight classes of antiretroviral agents (ARVs), and over 30 individual drugs: nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase, inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), a fusion inhibitor, a CCR5 antagonist, a CD4 T lymphocyte (CD4) post-attachment inhibitor, and a gp120 attachment inhibitor.\nThere are also two drugs, ritonavir (RTV) and cobicistat (COBI) which can be used as pharmacokinetic (PK) enhancers (or boosters) to improve the PK profiles of PIs and the INSTI elvitegravir (EVG).\nDepending on the guidelines being followed, initial treatment generally consists of two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors along with a third ARV, either an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI), a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), or a protease inhibitor with a pharmacokinetic enhancer (also known as a booster).\nThe World Health Organization and the United States recommend antiretrovirals in people of all ages (including pregnant women) as soon as the diagnosis is made, regardless of CD4 count.\nOnce treatment is begun, it is recommended that it is continued without breaks or \"holidays\".\nMany people are diagnosed only after treatment ideally should have begun.\nThe desired outcome of treatment is a long-term plasma HIV-RNA count below 50 copies/mL.\nLevels to determine if treatment is effective are initially recommended after four weeks and once levels fall below 50 copies/mL checks every three to six months are typically adequate.\nInadequate control is deemed to be greater than 400 copies/mL.\nBased on these criteria treatment is effective in more than 95% of people during the first year.\nBenefits of treatment include a decreased risk of progression to AIDS and a decreased risk of death.\nIn the developing world, treatment also improves physical and mental health.\nWith treatment, there is a 70% reduced risk of acquiring tuberculosis.\nAdditional benefits include a decreased risk of transmission of the disease to sexual partners and a decrease in mother-to-child transmission.\nThe effectiveness of treatment depends to a large part on compliance.\nReasons for non-adherence to treatment include poor access to medical care, inadequate social supports, [mental illness](https://bliptext.com/articles/mental-illness) and [drug abuse](https://bliptext.com/articles/drug-abuse).\nThe complexity of treatment regimens (due to pill numbers and dosing frequency) and [adverse effects](https://bliptext.com/articles/adverse-effect) may reduce adherence.\nEven though cost is an important issue with some medications, 47% of those who needed them were taking them in low- and middle-income countries, and the rate of adherence is similar in low-income and high-income countries.\nSpecific adverse events are related to the antiretroviral agent taken.\nSome relatively common adverse events include: [lipodystrophy syndrome](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-associated-lipodystrophy), [dyslipidemia](https://bliptext.com/articles/dyslipidemia), and [diabetes mellitus](https://bliptext.com/articles/diabetes-mellitus), especially with protease inhibitors.\nOther common symptoms include diarrhea, and an increased risk of [cardiovascular disease](https://bliptext.com/articles/cardiovascular-disease).\nNewer recommended treatments are associated with fewer adverse effects.\nCertain medications may be associated with [birth defects](https://bliptext.com/articles/birth-defect) and therefore may be unsuitable for women hoping to have children.\nTreatment recommendations for children are somewhat different from those for adults.\nThe World Health Organization recommends treating all children less than five years of age; children above five are treated like adults.\nThe United States guidelines recommend treating all children less than 12 months of age and all those with HIV RNA counts greater than 100,000 copies/mL between one year and five years of age.\nThe [European Medicines Agency](https://bliptext.com/articles/european-medicines-agency) (EMA) has recommended the granting of marketing authorizations for two new antiretroviral (ARV) medicines, [rilpivirine](https://bliptext.com/articles/rilpivirine) (Rekambys) and [cabotegravir](https://bliptext.com/articles/cabotegravir) (Vocabria), to be used together for the treatment of people with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection.\nThe two medicines are the first ARVs that come in a long-acting injectable formulation.\nThis means that instead of daily pills, people receive intramuscular injections monthly or every two months.\nThe combination of Rekambys and Vocabria injection is intended for maintenance treatment of adults who have undetectable HIV levels in the blood (viral load less than 50 copies/mL) with their current ARV treatment, and when the virus has not developed resistance to a certain class of anti-HIV medicines called non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INIs).\n[Cabotegravir combined with [rilpivirine](https://bliptext.com/articles/rilpivirine)](https://bliptext.com/articles/[cabotegravir](https://bliptext.com/articles/cabotegravir)-[rilpivirine](https://bliptext.com/articles/rilpiviri ne)) (Cabenuva) is a complete regimen for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in adults to replace a current antiretroviral regimen in those who are virologically suppressed on a stable antiretroviral regimen with no history of treatment failure and with no known or suspected resistance to either [cabotegravir](https://bliptext.com/articles/cabotegravir) or [rilpivirine](https://bliptext.com/articles/rilpivirine).\n# [Stribild – a common once-daily ART regime consisting of elvitegravir, emtricitabine, tenofovir and the booster cobicistat | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Stribild///bottle///Dutch///labeling.jpg]\n\n## Opportunistic infections\nMeasures to prevent opportunistic infections are effective in many people with HIV/AIDS.\nIn addition to improving current disease, treatment with antiretrovirals reduces the risk of developing additional opportunistic infections.\nAdults and adolescents who are living with HIV (even on anti-retroviral therapy) with no evidence of active tuberculosis in settings with high tuberculosis burden should receive [isoniazid preventive therapy](https://bliptext.com/articles/isoniazid) (IPT); the [tuberculin skin test](https://bliptext.com/articles/mantoux-test) can be used to help decide if IPT is needed.\nChildren with HIV may benefit from screening for tuberculosis.\n[Vaccination](https://bliptext.com/articles/vaccination) against [hepatitis](https://bliptext.com/articles/hepatitis) A and B is advised for all people at risk of HIV before they become infected; however, it may also be given after infection.\n[Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole](https://bliptext.com/articles/trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) prophylaxis between four and six weeks of age, and ceasing breastfeeding of infants born to HIV-positive mothers, is recommended in resource-limited settings.\nIt is also recommended to prevent PCP when a person's CD4 count is below 200 cells/uL and in those who have or have previously had PCP.\nPeople with substantial immunosuppression are also advised to receive prophylactic therapy for [toxoplasmosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/toxoplasmosis) and [MAC](https://bliptext.com/articles/mycobacterium-avium-intracellulare-infection).\nAppropriate preventive measures reduced the rate of these infections by 50% between 1992 and 1997.\n[Influenza vaccination](https://bliptext.com/articles/influenza-vaccination) and [pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine](https://bliptext.com/articles/pneumococcal-polysaccharide-vaccine) are often recommended in people with HIV/AIDS with some evidence of benefit.\n\n## Diet\nThe World Health Organization (WHO) has issued recommendations regarding nutrient requirements in HIV/AIDS.\nA generally healthy diet is promoted.\nDietary intake of micronutrients at [RDA](https://bliptext.com/articles/reference-daily-intake) levels by HIV-infected adults is recommended by the WHO; higher intake of [vitamin A](https://bliptext.com/articles/vitamin-a), [zinc](https://bliptext.com/articles/zinc), and iron can produce adverse effects in HIV-positive adults, and is not recommended unless there is documented deficiency.\nDietary supplementation for people who are infected with HIV and who have inadequate nutrition or dietary deficiencies may strengthen their immune systems or help them recover from infections; however, evidence indicating an overall benefit in morbidity or reduction in mortality is not consistent.\nPeople with HIV/AIDS are up to four times more likely to develop type 2 [diabetes](https://bliptext.com/articles/diabetes) than those who are not tested positive with the virus.\nEvidence for supplementation with [selenium](https://bliptext.com/articles/selenium) is mixed with some tentative evidence of benefit.\nFor pregnant and lactating women with HIV, [multivitamin](https://bliptext.com/articles/multivitamin) supplement improves outcomes for both mothers and children.\nIf the pregnant or lactating mother has been advised to take anti-retroviral medication to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission, multivitamin supplements should not replace these treatments.\nThere is some evidence that vitamin A supplementation in children with an HIV infection reduces mortality and improves growth.\n\n## Alternative medicine\nIn the US, approximately 60% of people with HIV use various forms of [complementary or alternative medicine](https://bliptext.com/articles/alternative-medicine), whose effectiveness has not been established.\nThere is not enough evidence to support the use of [herbal medicines](https://bliptext.com/articles/herbal-medicine).\nThere is insufficient evidence to recommend or support the use of [medical cannabis](https://bliptext.com/articles/medical-cannabis) to try to increase appetite or weight gain.\n\n# Prognosis\nHIV/AIDS has become a [chronic](https://bliptext.com/articles/chronic-medicine) rather than an acutely fatal disease in many areas of the world.\nPrognosis varies between people, and both the CD4 count and viral load are useful for predicted outcomes.\nWithout treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype.\nAfter the diagnosis of AIDS, if treatment is not available, survival ranges between 6 and 19 months.\n[ART](https://bliptext.com/articles/haart) and appropriate prevention of opportunistic infections reduces the death rate by 80%, and raises the life expectancy for a newly diagnosed young adult to 20–50 years.\nThis is between two thirds and nearly that of the general population.\nIf treatment is started late in the infection, prognosis is not as good: for example, if treatment is begun following the diagnosis of AIDS, life expectancy is ~10–40 years.\nHalf of infants born with HIV die before two years of age without treatment.\nHIV-AIDS world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg for HIV and AIDS per 100,000 inhabitants as of 2004:\n{{legend|#b3b3b3| no data }}\n{{legend|#ffff65| ≤ 10 }}\n{{legend|#fff200| 10–25 }}\n{{legend|#ffdc00| 25–50 }}\n{{legend|#ffc600| 50–100 }}\n{{legend|#ffb000| 100–500 }}\n{{legend|#ff9a00| 500–1000 }}\n{{legend|#ff8400| 1,000–2,500 }}\n{{legend|#ff6e00| 2,500–5,000 }}\n{{legend|#ff5800| 5,000–7500 }}\n{{legend|#ff4200| 7,500–10,000 }}\n{{legend|#ff2c00| 10,000–50,000 }}\n{{legend|#cb0000| ≥ 50,000 }}\n]] The primary causes of death from HIV/AIDS are [opportunistic infections](https://bliptext.com/articles/opportunistic-infections) and [cancer](https://bliptext.com/articles/cancer), both of which are frequently the result of the progressive failure of the immune system.\nRisk of cancer appears to increase once the CD4 count is below 500/μL.\nThe rate of clinical disease progression varies widely between individuals and has been shown to be affected by a number of factors such as a person's susceptibility and immune function; their access to health care, the presence of co-infections; and the particular strain (or strains) of the virus involved.\n[Tuberculosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/tuberculosis) co-infection is one of the leading causes of sickness and death in those with HIV/AIDS being present in a third of all HIV-infected people and causing 25% of HIV-related deaths.\nHIV is also one of the most important risk factors for tuberculosis.\n[Hepatitis C](https://bliptext.com/articles/hepatitis-c) is another very common co-infection where each disease increases the progression of the other.\nThe two most common cancers associated with HIV/AIDS are [Kaposi's sarcoma](https://bliptext.com/articles/kaposi-s-sarcoma) and AIDS-related [non-Hodgkin's lymphoma](https://bliptext.com/articles/non-hodgkin-s-lymphoma).\nOther cancers that are more frequent include [anal cancer](https://bliptext.com/articles/anal-cancer), [Burkitt's lymphoma](https://bliptext.com/articles/burkitt-s-lymphoma), [primary central nervous system lymphoma](https://bliptext.com/articles/primary-central-nervous-system-lymphoma), and [cervical cancer](https://bliptext.com/articles/cervical-cancer).\nEven with anti-retroviral treatment, over the long term HIV-infected people may experience [neurocognitive disorders](https://bliptext.com/articles/aids-dementia-complex), [osteoporosis](https://bliptext.com/articles/osteoporosis), [neuropathy](https://bliptext.com/articles/peripheral-neuropathy), cancers, [nephropathy](https://bliptext.com/articles/nephropathy), and [cardiovascular disease](https://bliptext.com/articles/cardiovascular-disease).\nSome conditions, such as [lipodystrophy](https://bliptext.com/articles/lipodystrophy), may be caused both by HIV and its treatment.\n# [Deaths due to HIV/AIDS per million people in 2012: {{legend|#ffff20|0}}{{legend|#ffe820|1–4}}{{legend|#ffd820|5–12}}{{legend|#ffc020|13–34}}{{legend|#ffa020|35–61}}{{legend|#ff9a20|62–134}}{{legend|#f08015|135–215}}{{legend|#e06815|216–458}}{{legend|# d85010|459–1,402}}{{legend|#d02010|1,403–5,828|undefined | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/HIV-AIDS///world///map-Deaths///per///million///persons-WHO2012.svg]\n\n# Epidemiology\nHIV/AIDS is considered a global [pandemic](https://bliptext.com/articles/pandemic).\n, approximately 39.0 million people worldwide are living with HIV, the number of new infections that year being about 1.3 million.\nThis is down from 2.1 million new infections in 2010.\nAmong new infections, 46% are in women and are children globally.\nThere were 630,000 AIDS related deaths in 2022, down from a peak of 2 million in 2005.\nThe [World Health Organization](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-health-organization) has reported that deaths from HIV and AIDS have \"fallen by 61%, moving from the world’s seventh leading cause of death in 2000 to the twenty-first in 2021.\"\nAmong persons living with HIV (PLWH), the largest proportion reside in eastern and southern Africa (20.6 million, 54.6%).\nThis region also had the highest rate of adult and child deaths due to AIDS in 2020 (310,000, 46.6%).\nSub-Saharan African adolescent girls and young women (aged 15–24 years) account for 77% of new infections among this age-range globally.\nHere, in contrast to other regions, adolescent girls and young women are three times more likely to acquire HIV than age-matched males.\nDespite these statistics, overall, new HIV infections and AIDS-related deaths have substantially decreased in this region since 2010.\nEastern Europe and central Asia has observed a 43% increase in new HIV infections and 32% increase in AIDS-related deaths since 2010, the highest of all global regions.\nThese infections are predominantly distributed in persons who inject drugs, with gay men and other men who have sex with men or persons who engage in transaction sex the second and third populations most impacted in this region.\nAt the end of 2019, United States indicated that approximately 1.2 million people aged ≥13 years were living with HIV, resulting in about 18,500 deaths in 2020.\nThere were 34,800 estimated new infections in the US in 2019, 53% of which were in the southern region of the country.\nIn addition to geographic location, significant disparities in HIV incidence exist among men, Black or Hispanic populations, and men who reported male-to-male sexual contact.\nThe US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that in that year, 158,500 people or 13% of infected Americans were unaware of their infection.\nIn the [United Kingdom](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-aids-in-the-united-kingdom), there were approximately 101,200 cases which resulted in 594 deaths.\nIn Canada as of 2008, there were about 65,000 cases causing 53 deaths.\nBetween the first recognition of AIDS (in 1981) and 2009, it has led to nearly 30 million deaths.\nRates of HIV are lowest in North Africa and the Middle East (0.1% or less), [East Asia](https://bliptext.com/articles/east-asia) (0.1%), and Western and Central Europe (0.2%).\nThe worst-affected European countries, in 2009 and 2012 estimates, are [Russia](https://bliptext.com/articles/russia), [Ukraine](https://bliptext.com/articles/ukraine), [Latvia](https://bliptext.com/articles/latvia), [Moldova](https://bliptext.com/articles/moldova), [Portugal](https://bliptext.com/articles/portugal) and [Belarus](https://bliptext.com/articles/belarus), in decreasing order of prevalence.\nGroups at higher risk of acquiring HIV include persons who engage in [transactional sex](https://bliptext.com/articles/transactional-sex), [gay men](https://bliptext.com/articles/gay-men) and other [men who have sex with men](https://bliptext.com/articles/men-who-have-sex-with-men), [persons who inject drugs](https://bliptext.com/articles/drug-injection), [transgender persons](https://bliptext.com/articles/transgender), and those who are [incarcerated](https://bliptext.com/articles/prison) or [detained](https://bliptext.com/articles/prison).\n# [Trends in new cases and deaths per year from HIV/AIDS, 1990-2017 | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Deaths-and-new-cases-of-hiv.png]\n\n# History\n\n## Discovery\nThe first news story on the disease appeared on May 18, 1981, in the gay newspaper [New York Native](https://bliptext.com/articles/new-york-native).\nAIDS was first clinically reported on June 5, 1981, with five cases in the United States.\nThe initial cases were a cluster of injecting drug users and gay men with no known cause of impaired immunity who showed symptoms of [Pneumocystis carinii](https://bliptext.com/articles/pneumocystis-carinii) pneumonia (PCP), a rare opportunistic infection that was known to occur in people with very compromised immune systems.\nSoon thereafter, a large number of homosexual men developed a generally rare skin cancer called [Kaposi's sarcoma](https://bliptext.com/articles/kaposi-s-sarcoma) (KS).\nMany more cases of PCP and KS emerged, alerting U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and a CDC task force was formed to monitor the outbreak.\nIn the early days, the CDC did not have an official name for the disease, often referring to it by way of diseases associated with it, such as [lymphadenopathy](https://bliptext.com/articles/lymphadenopathy), the disease after which the discoverers of HIV originally named the virus.\nThey also used Kaposi's sarcoma and opportunistic infections, the name by which a task force had been set up in 1981.\nAt one point the CDC referred to it as the \"4H disease\", as the syndrome seemed to affect heroin users, homosexuals, [hemophiliacs](https://bliptext.com/articles/hemophilia), and [Haitians](https://bliptext.com/articles/haiti).\nThe term GRID, which stood for [gay-related immune deficiency](https://bliptext.com/articles/gay-related-immune-deficiency), had also been coined.\nHowever, after determining that AIDS was not isolated to the [gay community](https://bliptext.com/articles/gay-community), it was realized that the term GRID was misleading, and the term AIDS was introduced at a meeting in July 1982.\nBy September 1982 the CDC started referring to the disease as AIDS.\nIn 1983, two separate research groups led by [Robert Gallo](https://bliptext.com/articles/robert-gallo) and [Luc Montagnier](https://bliptext.com/articles/luc-montagnier) declared that a novel retrovirus may have been infecting people with AIDS, and published their findings in the same issue of the journal [Science](https://bliptext.com/articles/science-journal).\nGallo claimed a virus which his group had isolated from a person with AIDS was strikingly similar in [shape](https://bliptext.com/articles/virus-structure) to other [human T-lymphotropic viruses](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-t-lymphotropic-virus) (HTLVs) that his group had been the first to isolate.\nGallo's group called their newly isolated virus HTLV-III.\nAt the same time, Montagnier's group isolated a virus from a person presenting with swelling of the [lymph nodes](https://bliptext.com/articles/lymph-node) of the neck and [physical weakness](https://bliptext.com/articles/asthenia), two characteristic symptoms of AIDS.\nContradicting the report from Gallo's group, Montagnier and his colleagues showed that core proteins of this virus were immunologically different from those of HTLV-I.\nMontagnier's group named their isolated virus lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV).\nAs these two viruses turned out to be the same, in 1986, LAV and HTLV-III were renamed HIV.\n# [The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report reported in 1981 on what was later to be called \"AIDS\". | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Mmwr-aids-July1981-report-101.png]\n\n## Origins\nThe origin of HIV / AIDS and the circumstances that led to its emergence remain unsolved.\nBoth HIV-1 and HIV-2 are believed to have originated in non-human [primates](https://bliptext.com/articles/primate) in West-central Africa and were [transferred to humans](https://bliptext.com/articles/zoonosis) in the early 20th century.\nHIV-1 appears to have originated in southern [Cameroon](https://bliptext.com/articles/cameroon) through the evolution of SIV(cpz), a [simian immunodeficiency virus](https://bliptext.com/articles/simian-immunodeficiency-virus) (SIV) that infects wild [chimpanzees](https://bliptext.com/articles/common-chimpanzee) (HIV-1 descends from the SIVcpz endemic in the chimpanzee subspecies Pan troglodytes troglodytes).\nThe closest relative of HIV-2 is SIV (smm), a virus of the [sooty mangabey](https://bliptext.com/articles/sooty-mangabey) (Cercocebus atys atys), an [Old World monkey](https://bliptext.com/articles/old-world-monkey) living in coastal West Africa (from southern [Senegal](https://bliptext.com/articles/senegal) to western [Ivory Coast](https://bliptext.com/articles/ivory-coast)).\n[New World monkeys](https://bliptext.com/articles/new-world-monkey) such as the [owl monkey](https://bliptext.com/articles/night-monkey) are resistant to [HIV-1](https://bliptext.com/articles/subtypes-of-hiv) infection, possibly because of a genomic [fusion](https://bliptext.com/articles/fusion-gene) of two viral resistance genes.\nHIV-1 is thought to have jumped the species barrier on at least three separate occasions, giving rise to the three groups of the virus, M, N, and O.\nThere is evidence that humans who participate in [bushmeat](https://bliptext.com/articles/bushmeat) activities, either as hunters or as [bushmeat](https://bliptext.com/articles/bushmeat) vendors, commonly acquire SIV.\nHowever, SIV is a weak virus which is typically suppressed by the human immune system within weeks of infection.\nIt is thought that several transmissions of the virus from individual to individual in quick succession are necessary to allow it enough time to mutate into HIV.\nFurthermore, due to its relatively low person-to-person transmission rate, SIV can only spread throughout the population in the presence of one or more high-risk transmission channels, which are thought to have been absent in Africa before the 20th century.\nSpecific proposed high-risk transmission channels, allowing the virus to adapt to humans and spread throughout society, depend on the proposed timing of the animal-to-human crossing.\nGenetic studies of the virus suggest that the most recent common ancestor of the HIV-1 M group dates back to c. 1910.\nProponents of this dating link the HIV epidemic with the emergence of [colonialism](https://bliptext.com/articles/colonialism) and growth of large colonial African cities, leading to social changes, including a higher degree of sexual promiscuity, the spread of prostitution, and the accompanying high frequency of [genital ulcer diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/genital-ulcer-disease) (such as [syphilis](https://bliptext.com/articles/syphilis)) in nascent colonial cities.\nWhile transmission rates of HIV during vaginal intercourse are low under regular circumstances, they are increased manyfold if one of the partners has a [sexually transmitted infection](https://bliptext.com/articles/sexually-transmitted-disease) causing genital ulcers.\nEarly 1900s colonial cities were notable for their high prevalence of prostitution and genital ulcers, to the degree that, as of 1928, as many as 45% of female residents of eastern [Kinshasa](https://bliptext.com/articles/kinshasa) were thought to have been prostitutes, and, as of 1933, around 15% of all residents of the same city had syphilis.\nAn alternative view holds that unsafe medical practices in Africa after World War II, such as unsterile reuse of single-use syringes during mass vaccination, antibiotic and anti-malaria treatment campaigns, were the initial vector that allowed the virus to adapt to humans and spread.\nThe earliest well-documented case of HIV in a human dates back to 1959 in the [Congo](https://bliptext.com/articles/belgian-congo).\nThe virus may have been present in the U.S. as early as the mid-to-late 1950s, as a sixteen-year-old male named [Robert Rayford](https://bliptext.com/articles/robert-rayford) presented with symptoms in 1966 and died in 1969.\nIn the 1970s, there were cases of getting parasites and becoming sick with what was called \"gay bowel disease\", but what is now suspected to have been AIDS.\nThe earliest retrospectively described case of AIDS is believed to have been in Norway beginning in 1966, that of [Arvid Noe](https://bliptext.com/articles/arvid-noe).\nIn July 1960, in the wake of [Congo's independence](https://bliptext.com/articles/democratic-republic-of-the-congo), the [United Nations](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-nations) recruited [Francophone](https://bliptext.com/articles/french-language) experts and technicians from all over the world to assist in filling administrative gaps left by [Belgium](https://bliptext.com/articles/belgium), who did not leave behind an African elite to run the country.\nBy 1962, Haitians made up the second-largest group of well-educated experts (out of the 48 national groups recruited), that totaled around 4,500 in the country.\nDr. Jacques Pépin, a Canadian author of The Origins of AIDS, stipulates that [Haiti](https://bliptext.com/articles/haiti) was one of HIV's entry points to the U.S. and that a [Haiti](https://bliptext.com/articles/haiti)an may have carried HIV back across the Atlantic in the 1960s.\nAlthough there was known to have been at least one case of AIDS in the U.S. from 1966, the vast majority of infections occurring outside sub-Saharan Africa (including the U.S.) can be traced back to a single unknown individual who became infected with HIV in Haiti and brought the infection to the U.S. at some time around 1969.\nThe epidemic rapidly spread among high-risk groups (initially, sexually promiscuous men who have sex with men).\nBy 1978, the prevalence of HIV-1 among gay male residents of [New York City](https://bliptext.com/articles/new-york-city) and [San Francisco](https://bliptext.com/articles/san-francisco) was estimated at 5%, suggesting that several thousand individuals in the country had been infected.\n# [Left to right: the African green monkey source of SIV, the sooty mangabey source of HIV-2, and the chimpanzee source of HIV-1 | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/SIV///primates.jpg]\n\n# Society and culture\n\n## Stigma\nAIDS stigma exists around the world in a variety of ways, including [ostracism](https://bliptext.com/articles/shunning), [rejection](https://bliptext.com/articles/social-rejection), discrimination and avoidance of HIV-infected people; compulsory HIV testing without prior [consent](https://bliptext.com/articles/consent) or protection of [confidentiality](https://bliptext.com/articles/confidentiality); violence against HIV-infected individuals or people who are perceived to be infected with HIV; and the [quarantine](https://bliptext.com/articles/quarantine) of HIV-infected individuals.\nStigma-related violence or the fear of violence prevents many people from seeking HIV testing, returning for their results, or securing treatment, possibly turning what could be a manageable chronic illness into a death sentence and perpetuating the spread of HIV.\nAIDS stigma has been further divided into the following three categories:\nOften, AIDS stigma is expressed in conjunction with one or more other stigmas, particularly those associated with homosexuality, [bisexuality](https://bliptext.com/articles/bisexuality), [promiscuity](https://bliptext.com/articles/promiscuity), prostitution, and [intravenous drug use](https://bliptext.com/articles/intravenous-drug-use-recreational).\nIn many [developed countries](https://bliptext.com/articles/developed-country), there is an [association between AIDS and homosexuality or bisexuality](https://bliptext.com/articles/aids-and-homosexuality), and this association is correlated with higher levels of sexual prejudice, such as [anti-homosexual](https://bliptext.com/articles/homophobia) or [anti-bisexual](https://bliptext.com/articles/biphobia) attitudes.\nThere is also a perceived association between AIDS and all male-male sexual behavior, including sex between uninfected men.\nHowever, the dominant mode of spread worldwide for HIV remains heterosexual transmission.\nThe [NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt](https://bliptext.com/articles/names-project-aids-memorial-quilt) was conceived in 1985 to celebrate the lives of those who had died of AIDS when stigma prevented many from receiving funerals.\nIt is now cared for by the [National AIDS Memorial](https://bliptext.com/articles/national-aids-memorial) in San Francisco.\nIn 2003, as part of an overall reform of marriage and population legislation, it became legal for those diagnosed with AIDS to marry in China.\nIn 2013, the [U.S. National Library of Medicine](https://bliptext.com/articles/national-library-of-medicine) developed a traveling exhibition titled Surviving and Thriving: AIDS, Politics, and Culture; this covered medical research, the U.S. government's response, and personal stories from people with AIDS, caregivers, and activists.\nStigma has proved an obstacle to the update of [PrEP](https://bliptext.com/articles/pre-exposure-prophylaxis-for-hiv-prevention).\nWithin the MSM community, the greatest barrier to PrEP use has been the stigma surrounding HIV and gay men.\nGay men on PrEP have experienced \"[slut-shaming](https://bliptext.com/articles/slut-shaming)\".\nNumerous other barriers have been identified, including lack of quality LGBTQ care, cost, and adherence to medication use.\n# [Ryan White became a poster child for HIV after being expelled from school because he was infected. | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Ryan///White.jpg]\n\n## Economic impact\nHIV/AIDS affects the economics of both individuals and countries.\nThe [gross domestic product](https://bliptext.com/articles/gross-domestic-product) of the most affected countries has decreased due to the lack of [human capital](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-capital).\nWithout proper nutrition, health care and medicine, large numbers of people die from AIDS-related complications.\nBefore death they will not only be unable to work, but will also require significant medical care.\nIt is estimated that as of 2007 there were 12 million [AIDS orphans](https://bliptext.com/articles/aids-orphan).\nMany are cared for by elderly grandparents.\nReturning to work after beginning treatment for HIV/AIDS is difficult, and affected people often work less than the average worker.\n[Unemployment](https://bliptext.com/articles/unemployment) in people with HIV/AIDS also is associated with [suicidal ideation](https://bliptext.com/articles/suicidal-ideation), memory problems, and social isolation.\nEmployment increases [self-esteem](https://bliptext.com/articles/self-esteem), sense of dignity, confidence, and [quality of life](https://bliptext.com/articles/quality-of-life) for people with HIV/AIDS.\nAnti-retroviral treatment may help people with HIV/AIDS work more, and may increase the chance that a person with HIV/AIDS will be employed (low-quality evidence).\nBy affecting mainly young adults, AIDS reduces the taxable population, in turn reducing the resources available for [public expenditures](https://bliptext.com/articles/government-spending) such as education and health services not related to AIDS, resulting in increasing pressure on the state's finances and slower growth of the economy.\nThis causes a slower growth of the tax base, an effect that is reinforced if there are growing expenditures on treating the sick, training (to replace sick workers), sick pay, and caring for AIDS orphans.\nThis is especially true if the sharp increase in adult mortality shifts the responsibility from the family to the government in caring for these orphans.\nAt the household level, AIDS causes both loss of income and increased spending on healthcare.\nA study in [Côte d'Ivoire](https://bliptext.com/articles/c-te-d-ivoire) showed that households having a person with HIV/AIDS spent twice as much on medical expenses as other households.\nThis additional expenditure also leaves less income to spend on education and other personal or family investment.\n# [Changes in life expectancy in some African countries, 1960–2012 | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Life///expectancy///in///select///Southern///African///countries///1960-2012.svg]\n\n## Religion and AIDS\nThe topic of religion and AIDS has become highly controversial, primarily because some religious authorities have publicly declared their opposition to the use of condoms.\nThe religious approach to prevent the spread of AIDS, according to a report by American health expert Matthew Hanley titled The Catholic Church and the Global AIDS Crisis, argues that cultural changes are needed, including a re-emphasis on fidelity within marriage and sexual abstinence outside of it.\nSome religious organizations have claimed that prayer can cure HIV/AIDS.\nIn 2011, the BBC reported that some churches in London were claiming that prayer would cure AIDS, and the [Hackney](https://bliptext.com/articles/london-borough-of-hackney)-based Centre for the Study of Sexual Health and HIV reported that several people stopped taking their medication, sometimes on the direct advice of their pastor, leading to many deaths.\nThe [Synagogue Church Of All Nations](https://bliptext.com/articles/synagogue-church-of-all-nations) advertised an \"anointing water\" to promote God's healing, although the group denies advising people to stop taking medication.\n\n## Media portrayal\nOne of the first high-profile cases of AIDS was the American gay actor [Rock Hudson](https://bliptext.com/articles/rock-hudson).\nHe had been diagnosed during 1984, announced that he had had the virus on July 25, 1985, and died a few months later on October 2, 1985.\nAnother notable British casualty of AIDS that year was [Nicholas Eden](https://bliptext.com/articles/nicholas-eden-2nd-earl-of-avon), a gay politician and son of former prime minister [Anthony Eden](https://bliptext.com/articles/anthony-eden).\nOn November 24, 1991, British rock star [Freddie Mercury](https://bliptext.com/articles/freddie-mercury) died from an AIDS-related illness, having revealed the diagnosis only on the previous day.\nOne of the first high-profile heterosexual cases of the virus was American tennis player [Arthur Ashe](https://bliptext.com/articles/arthur-ashe).\nHe was diagnosed as HIV-positive on August 31, 1988, having contracted the virus from blood transfusions during heart surgery earlier in the 1980s.\nFurther tests within 24 hours of the initial diagnosis revealed that Ashe had AIDS, but he did not tell the public about his diagnosis until April 1992.\nHe died as a result on February 6, 1993, aged 49.\nTherese Frare's photograph of gay activist [David Kirby](https://bliptext.com/articles/david-kirby-activist), as he lay dying from AIDS while surrounded by family, was taken in April 1990.\n[Life](https://bliptext.com/articles/life-magazine) magazine said the photo became the one image \"most powerfully identified with the HIV/AIDS epidemic.\"\nThe photo was displayed in Life, was the winner of the [World Press Photo](https://bliptext.com/articles/world-press-photo), and acquired worldwide notoriety after being used in a [United Colors of Benetton](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-colors-of-benetton) advertising campaign in 1992.\nMany famous artists and AIDS activists such as [Larry Kramer](https://bliptext.com/articles/larry-kramer), [Diamanda Galás](https://bliptext.com/articles/diamanda-gal-s) and [Rosa von Praunheim](https://bliptext.com/articles/rosa-von-praunheim) campaign for AIDS education and the rights of those affected.\nThese artists worked with various media formats.\n\n## Criminal transmission\nCriminal transmission of HIV is the [intentional](https://bliptext.com/articles/intention-criminal-law) or [reckless](https://bliptext.com/articles/recklessness-law) infection of a person with the [human immunodeficiency virus](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-immunodeficiency-virus) (HIV).\nSome countries or jurisdictions, including some areas of the United States, have laws that criminalize HIV transmission or exposure.\nOthers may charge the accused under laws enacted before the HIV pandemic.\nIn 1996, Ugandan-born Canadian [Johnson Aziga](https://bliptext.com/articles/johnson-aziga) was diagnosed with HIV; he subsequently had unprotected sex with eleven women without disclosing his diagnosis.\nBy 2003, seven had contracted HIV; two died from complications related to AIDS.\nAziga was convicted of [first-degree murder](https://bliptext.com/articles/first-degree-murder) and sentenced to [life imprisonment](https://bliptext.com/articles/life-imprisonment-in-canada).\n\n## Misconceptions\nThere are many [misconceptions about HIV and AIDS](https://bliptext.com/articles/misconceptions-about-hiv-and-aids).\nThree misconceptions are that AIDS can spread through casual contact, that [sexual intercourse with a virgin](https://bliptext.com/articles/virgin-cleansing-myth) will cure AIDS, and that HIV can infect only gay men and drug users.\nIn 2014, some among the British public wrongly thought one could get HIV from kissing (16%), sharing a glass (5%), spitting (16%), a public toilet seat (4%), and coughing or sneezing (5%).\nOther misconceptions are that any act of anal intercourse between two uninfected gay men can lead to HIV infection, and that open discussion of HIV and homosexuality in schools will lead to increased rates of AIDS.\nA small group of individuals continue to dispute the connection between HIV and AIDS, the existence of HIV itself, or the validity of HIV testing and treatment methods.\nThese claims, known as [AIDS denialism](https://bliptext.com/articles/aids-denialism), have been examined and rejected by the scientific community.\nHowever, they have had a significant political impact, particularly [in South Africa](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-aids-denialism-in-south-africa), where the government's official embrace of AIDS denialism (1999–2005) was responsible for its ineffective response to that country's AIDS epidemic, and has been blamed for hundreds of thousands of avoidable deaths and HIV infections.\nSeveral discredited [conspiracy theories](https://bliptext.com/articles/conspiracy-theories) have held that HIV was created by scientists, either inadvertently or deliberately.\n[Operation INFEKTION](https://bliptext.com/articles/operation-infektion) was a worldwide Soviet [active measures](https://bliptext.com/articles/active-measures) operation to spread the claim that the United States had created HIV/AIDS.\nSurveys show that a significant number of people believed—and continue to believe—in such claims.\n\n# Research\nHIV/AIDS research includes all [medical research](https://bliptext.com/articles/medical-research) which attempts to prevent, treat, or cure HIV/AIDS, along with fundamental research about the nature of HIV as an infectious agent, and about AIDS as the disease caused by HIV.\nMany governments and research institutions participate in HIV/AIDS research.\nThis research includes behavioral [health interventions](https://bliptext.com/articles/health-interventions) such as [sex education](https://bliptext.com/articles/sex-education), and [drug development](https://bliptext.com/articles/drug-development), such as research into [microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases](https://bliptext.com/articles/microbicides-for-sexually-transmitted-diseases), [HIV vaccines](https://bliptext.com/articles/hiv-vaccines), and [antiretroviral drugs](https://bliptext.com/articles/antiretroviral-drugs).\nOther medical research areas include the topics of [pre-exposure prophylaxis](https://bliptext.com/articles/pre-exposure-prophylaxis), [post-exposure prophylaxis](https://bliptext.com/articles/post-exposure-prophylaxis), and [circumcision and HIV](https://bliptext.com/articles/circumcision-and-hiv).\nPublic health officials, researchers, and programs can gain a more comprehensive picture of the barriers they face, and the efficacy of current approaches to HIV treatment and prevention, by tracking standard HIV indicators.\nUse of common indicators is an increasing focus of development organizations and researchers.","revisionCount":1},"hasMore":false,"nextCursor":null}