Hejazi Arabic or Hijazi Arabic (HA) (, Hejazi Arabic: حجازي, ), also known as West Arabian Arabic, is a variety of Arabic spoken in the Hejaz region in Saudi Arabia. Strictly speaking, there are two main groups of dialects spoken in the Hejaz region, one by the urban population, originally spoken mainly in the cities of Jeddah, Mecca, Medina and partially in Ta'if and another dialect by the urbanized rural and bedouin populations. However, the term most often applies to the urban variety which is discussed in this article. In antiquity, the Hejaz was home to the Old Hejazi dialect of Arabic recorded in the consonantal text of the Qur'an. Old Hejazi is distinct from modern Hejazi Arabic, and represents an older linguistic layer wiped out by centuries of migration, but which happens to share the imperative prefix vowel /a-/ with the modern dialect.

Classification

Also referred to as the sedentary Hejazi dialect, this is the form most commonly associated with the term "Hejazi Arabic", and is spoken in the urban centers of the region, such as Jeddah, Mecca, and Medina. With respect to the axis of bedouin versus sedentary dialects of the Arabic language, this dialect group exhibits features of both. Like other sedentary dialects, the urban Hejazi dialect is less conservative than the bedouin varieties in some aspects and has therefore shed some Classical forms and features that are still present in bedouin dialects, these include gender-number disagreement, and the feminine marker -n (see Varieties of Arabic). But in contrast to bedouin dialects, the constant use of full vowels and the absence of vowel reduction plus the distinction between the emphatic letters ⟨ض⟩ and ⟨ظ⟩ is generally retained.

Innovative features

Conservative features

History

The Arabic of today is derived principally from the old dialects of Central and North Arabia which were divided by the classical Arab grammarians into three groups: Hejaz, Najd, and the language of the tribes in adjoining areas. Though the modern Hejazi dialects has developed markedly since the development of Classical Arabic, and Modern Standard Arabic is quite distinct from the modern dialect of Hejaz. Standard Arabic now differs considerably from modern Hejazi Arabic in terms of its phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon, such diglossia in Arabic began to emerge at the latest in the sixth century CE when oral poets recited their poetry in a proto-Classical Arabic based on archaic dialects which differed greatly from their own. Urban Hejazi Arabic belongs to the western Peninsular Arabic branch of the Arabic language, which itself is a Semitic language. It includes features of both urban and bedouin dialects given its development in the historical cities of Jeddah, Medina and Mecca in proximity to the bedouin tribes that lived on the outskirts of these cities, in addition to a minimal influence in vocabulary from other urban Arabic dialects and Modern Standard Arabic, and more recently the influence of the other dialects of Saudi Arabia, all of which made Urban Hejazi a dialect that is distinctly unique but close to peninsular dialects on one hand and urban Arabic dialects on the other. Historically, it is not well-known in which stage of Arabic the shift from the Proto-Semitic pair qāf and gīm came to be Hejazi gāf and jīm ⟨ج, ق⟩, although it has been attested as early as the eighth century CE, and it can be explained by a chain shift * → → that occurred in one of two ways:

• The original value of Proto-Semitic qāf was probably an emphatic not. The development of to have also been observed in languages like Azeri in which the Old Turkic is pronounced as a velar ; e.g. قال / qal 'to stay, remain' is pronounced, rather than as in Turkish or in Bashkir, Uyghur, Kazakh, etc.

Phonology

In general, Hejazi native phonemic inventory consists of 26 (with no interdental ) to 28 consonant phonemes depending on the speaker's preference, in addition to the marginal phoneme. Furthermore, it has an eight-vowel system, consisting of three short and five long vowels. Consonant length and Vowel length are both distinctive and being an Arabic dialect the four emphatic consonants are treated as separate phonemes from their plain counterparts. The main phonological feature that differentiates urban Hejazi from other peninsular dialects in regards to consonants; is the pronunciation of the letters ⟨ث⟩ ,⟨ذ⟩, and ⟨ظ⟩ (see Hejazi Phonology) and the pronunciation of ⟨ض⟩ as in Standard Arabic. Another differential feature is the lack of palatalization for the letters ك, ق and ج , unlike in other peninsular dialects where they can be palatalized in certain positions e.g. Hejazi جديد 'new' vs. Gulf Arabic and Hejazi عندك 'with you' vs. traditional Najdi. The marginal /ɫ/ is only used in the word الله 'God' /aɫːaːh/ (except when it follows an as in بسمِ الله ) and in words derived from it, It contrasts with /l/ in والله 'I swear' /waɫːa/ vs. ولَّا 'or' /walːa/. Unlike other neighboring dialects; is not velarized in certain positions, as in عقل 'brain' pronounced with a light lām in Hejazi and velarized one in other peninsular Arabic dialects. Two additional foreign sounds ⟨پ⟩ and ⟨ڤ⟩ are used by a number of speakers while many substitute them with ⟨ب⟩ and ⟨ف⟩ respectively, in general is more integrated and used by more speakers than. A conservative feature that Hejazi holds is the constant use of full vowels and the absence of vowel reduction, for example قلنا لهم 'we told them', is pronounced in Hejazi with full vowels but pronounced with the reduced vowel as in Najdi and Gulf Arabic, in addition to that, the absence of initial consonant cluster (known as the ghawa syndrome) as in بَقَرة 'cow', قَهْوة 'coffee', نِعْرِف 'we know' and سِمْعَت 'she heard' which are pronounced, , and respectively in Hejazi but , , and in other peninsular dialects.

Consonants

Phonetic notes:

Vowels

Phonetic notes:

Monophthongization

Most of the occurrences of the two diphthongs and in the Classical Arabic period underwent monophthongization in Hejazi, and are realized as the long vowels and respectively, but they are still preserved as diphthongs in a number of words which created a contrast with the long vowels, , and. Not all instances of mid vowels are a result of monophthongization, some are from grammatical processes قالوا 'they said' → قالوا لها 'they said to her' (opposed to Classical Arabic قالوا لها ), and some occur in modern Portmanteau words e.g. ليش 'why?' (from Classical Arabic لأي 'for what' and شيء 'thing').

Vocabulary

Hejazi vocabulary derives primarily from Arabic Semitic roots. The urban Hejazi vocabulary differs in some respect from that of other dialects in the Arabian Peninsula. For example, there are fewer specialized terms related to desert life, and more terms related to seafaring and fishing. Loanwords are uncommon and they are mainly of French, Italian, Persian, Turkish and most recently of English origins, and due to the diverse origins of the inhabitants of Hejazi cities, some loanwords are used by only some families. Some old loanwords are fading or became obsolete due to the influence of Modern Standard Arabic and their association with lower social class and education, e.g. كنديشن "air conditioner" (from English Condition) was replaced by Standard Arabic مكيّف. Words that are distinctly of Hejazi origin include دحين or "now", إيوه "yes", إيش "what?", أبغى "I want", ديس "breast" (used with the more formal صدر ), فهيقة "hiccup", and قد or قيد "already", Other general vocabulary includes ندر "to leave" with its synonyms خرج and طلع, زهم "to call over" with its synonym نادى and بالتوفيق "good luck". (see vocabulary list) Most of the loanwords tend to be nouns e.g. "bicycle", "lime", "shrimp" and "shoe", and sometimes with a change of meaning as in: "overpass" from Turkish "köprü" originally meaning "bridge" and وَايْت "water tanker truck" from English "white", loaned verbs are rare and they follow the same grammatical rules, e.g. "to hack" from English "hack" and "to agitate" from French "nerveux" or English "nervous".

Portmanteau

A common feature in Hejazi vocabulary is portmanteau words (also called a blend in linguistics); in which parts of multiple words or their phones (sounds) are combined into a new word, it is especially innovative in making Interrogative words, examples include:

Numerals

The Cardinal number system in Hejazi is much more simplified than the Classical Arabic A system similar to the German numbers system is used for other numbers between 20 and above: 21 is واحد و عشرين which literally mean ('one and twenty') and 485 is أربعمية و خمسة و ثمانين which literally mean ('four hundred and five and eighty'). Unlike Classical Arabic, the only number that is gender specific in Hejazi is "one" which has two forms واحد m. and وحدة f. as in كتاب واحد ('one book') or سيارة وحدة ('one car'), with كتاب being a masculine noun and سيّارة a feminine noun.

Grammar

Subject pronouns

In Hejazi Arabic, personal pronouns have eight forms. In singular, the 2nd and 3rd persons differentiate gender, while the 1st person and plural do not. The negative articles include لا as in لا تكتب ('do not write!'), ما as in ما بيتكلم ('he is not talking') and مو as in مو كذا ('not like this')

Verbs

Hejazi Arabic verbs, as with the verbs in other Semitic languages, and the entire vocabulary in those languages, are based on a set of three, four, or even five consonants (but mainly three consonants) called a root (triliteral or quadriliteral according to the number of consonants). The root communicates the basic meaning of the verb, e.g. ' 'to write', ' 'to eat'. Changes to the vowels in between the consonants, along with prefixes or suffixes, specify grammatical functions such as : Hejazi has two grammatical number in verbs (Singular and Plural) instead of the Classical (Singular, Dual and Plural), in addition to a present progressive tense which was not part of the Classical Arabic grammar. In contrast to other urban dialects the prefix (b-) is used only for present continuous as in بِيِكْتُب "he is writing" while the habitual tense is without a prefix as in أَحُبِّك "I love you" f. unlike بحبِّك in Egyptian and Levantine dialects and the future tense is indicated by the prefix (ħa-) as in حَنِجْري "we will run".

Regular verbs

The most common verbs in Hejazi have a given vowel pattern for past (a and i) to present (a or u or i). Combinations of each exist: According to Arab grammarians, verbs are divided into three categories; Past ماضي, Present مضارع and Imperative أمر. An example from the root ' the verb katabt**/** ʼ a'ktub'' 'i wrote**/**i write' (which is a regular sound verb): While present progressive and future are indicated by adding the prefix (b-) and (ħa-) respectively to the present (indicative) : Example: katabt/aktub "write": non-finite forms Active participles act as adjectives, and so they must agree with their subject. An active participle can be used in several ways:

Passive Voice

The passive voice is expressed through two patterns; (اَنْفَعَل, يِنْفَعِل ) or (اَتْفَعَل , يِتْفَعِل ), while most verbs can take either pattern as in أتكتب or أنكتب "it was written" and يتكتب or ينكتب "it is being written", other verbs can only have one of the two patterns as in اتوقف "he was stopped" and يتوقف "he is being stopped".

Adjectives

In Hejazi, adjectives, demonstratives and verbs fully agree in gender and number, e.g. ولد كبير "big boy" and بنت كبيرة "big girl". But there are two exceptions; First, there is no agreement in dual number; e.g. بنتين "two girls" takes the plural adjective as in بنتين كبار "two big girls". Second, and more importantly, gender agreement is syncretic in the plural, in which inanimate plural nouns take a feminine singular adjective e.g. سيارات كبيرة "big cars" instead of the plural adjective, while animate plural nouns take the plural adjective as in بنات كبار "big girls". The plural feminine adjective كبيرات can be used as well but it is rather archaic.

Pronouns

Enclitic pronouns

Enclitic forms of personal pronouns are suffixes that are affixed to various parts of speech, with varying meanings: Unlike Egyptian Arabic, in Hejazi no more than one pronoun can be suffixed to a word. General Modifications:-

Hollow Verbs vowel shortening

Medial vowel shortening occurs in Hollow verbs (verbs with medial vowels ā, ū, ō, ē, ī) when added to Indirect object pronouns:

Writing system

Hejazi does not have a standardized form of writing and mostly follows Classical Arabic rules of writing. The main difference between classical Arabic and Hejazi are the alternations of the Hamza, some verb forms and the final long vowels, this alternation happened since most word-final short vowels from the classical period have been omitted and most word-final unstressed long vowel have been shortened in Hejazi. Another alternation is writing the words according to the phoneme used while pronouncing them, rather than their etymology which mainly has an effect on the three letters ⟨ث⟩ ⟨ذ⟩ and ⟨ظ⟩, for example writing تخين "thick, fat" instead of ثخين or ديل "tail" instead of ذيل although this alternation in writing is not considered acceptable by many or most Hejazi speakers. The alphabet still uses the same set of letters as Classical Arabic in addition to two option letters ⟨پ⟩ and ⟨ڤ⟩ which are only used in writing loanwords and they can be substituted by ⟨ب⟩ and ⟨ف⟩ respectively depending on the writer, in addition to that the vowels and which were not part of the CA phonemic inventory are represented by the letters ⟨و⟩ and ⟨ي⟩ respectively. Differences Between Classical and Hejazi writing Mistakes in Hejazi spelling The table below shows the Arabic alphabet letters and their corresponding phonemes in Hejazi: Notes:

Rural dialects

The varieties of Arabic spoken in the smaller towns and by the bedouin tribes in the Hejaz region are relatively under-studied. However, the speech of some tribes shows much closer affinity to other bedouin dialects, particularly those of neighboring Najd, than to those of the urban Hejazi cities. The dialects of northern Hejazi tribes merge into those of Jordan and Sinai, while the dialects in the south merge with those of 'Asir and Najd. Also, not all speakers of these bedouin dialects are figuratively nomadic bedouins; some are simply sedentary sections that live in rural areas, and thus speak dialects similar to those of their bedouin neighbors.

Al-'Ula

The dialect of Al-'Ula governorate in the northern part of the Madinah region. Although understudied, it is considered to be unique among the Hejazi dialects, it is known for its pronunciation of Classical Arabic ⟨ك⟩ as a ⟨ش⟩ (e.g. تكذب becomes تشذب ), the dialect also shows a tendency to pronounce long as (e.g. Classical ماء becomes ميء [meːʔ]), in some instances the Classical becomes a as in قايلة becomes جايلة, also the second person singular feminine pronoun tends to be pronounced as /iʃ/, e.g. رجلك ('your foot') becomes رجلش.

Badr

The dialect of Badr governorate in the western part of the Madinah region is mainly noted for its lengthening of word-final syllables and its alternative pronunciation of some phonemes as in سؤال which is pronounced as سعال, it also shares some features with the general urban dialect in which modern standard Arabic ثلاجة is pronounced تلاجة , another unique feature of the dialect is its similarity to the Arabic dialects of Bahrain.