{"history":[],"article":{"id":"58128776-73bc-45d7-82ab-dcab354f180e","title":"Haplogroup C-M217","slug":"haplogroup-c-m217","content":":::summary\n:::\n\n# \n{{Infobox haplogroup\nC2 (previously C3)\n52,500 or 44,900 ybp\n48,400 [95% CI 46,000 <-> 50,900] ybp\n34,000 [95% CI 31,500 <-> 36,700] ybp\n**Haplogroup C-M217**, also known as **C2** (and previously as C3), is a [Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-y-chromosome-dna-haplogroups).\nIt is the most frequently occurring branch of the wider [Haplogroup C](https://bliptext.com/articles/haplogroup-c-m130-y-dna) (M130).\nIt is found mostly in [Central Asia](https://bliptext.com/articles/central-asia), [Eastern Siberia](https://bliptext.com/articles/eastern-siberia) and significant frequencies in parts of [East Asia](https://bliptext.com/articles/east-asia) and [Southeast Asia](https://bliptext.com/articles/southeast-asia) including some populations in the [Caucasus](https://bliptext.com/articles/caucasus), [Middle East](https://bliptext.com/articles/middle-east), [South Asia](https://bliptext.com/articles/south-asia), [East Europe](https://bliptext.com/articles/east-europe).\nIt is found in a much more widespread area with a low frequency of less than 2%.\nThe haplogroup C-M217 is now found at high frequencies among [Central Asian](https://bliptext.com/articles/central-asia) peoples, [indigenous Siberians](https://bliptext.com/articles/indigenous-peoples-of-siberia), and some [Native peoples of North America](https://bliptext.com/articles/indigenous-peoples-of-the-americas).\nIn particular, males belonging to peoples such as the [Buryats](https://bliptext.com/articles/buryats), [Evens](https://bliptext.com/articles/evens), [Evenks](https://bliptext.com/articles/evenks), [Itelmens](https://bliptext.com/articles/itelmens), [Tom Tatars](https://bliptext.com/articles/siberian-tatars), [Kalmyks](https://bliptext.com/articles/kalmyks), [Kazakhs](https://bliptext.com/articles/kazakhs), [Koryaks](https://bliptext.com/articles/koryaks), [Mongolians](https://bliptext.com/articles/mongols), [Negidals](https://bliptext.com/articles/negidals), [Nivkhs](https://bliptext.com/articles/nivkhs), [Udege](https://bliptext.com/articles/udege-people), and [Ulchi](https://bliptext.com/articles/ulch-people) have high levels of M217.\nOne particular [haplotype](https://bliptext.com/articles/haplotype) within Haplogroup C2-M217 has received a great deal of attention, because of the possibility that it may represent direct [patrilineal](https://bliptext.com/articles/patrilineality) [descent from Genghis Khan](https://bliptext.com/articles/descent-from-genghis-khan), though that hypothesis is controversial.\nAccording to the recent result, C2's subgroups are divided into C2b and C2e, and in Mongolia, most belong to C2b(Genghis Khan modal), while very few are C2e.\nOn the other hand, C2b takes minority and most are C2e in Japan and Korea and Southern East Asia.\nThe specific subclade Haplogroup C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483) of the broader [C-M48](https://bliptext.com/articles/haplogroup-c-m48) subclade, which has been identified as a possible marker of the Manchu [Aisin Gioro](https://bliptext.com/articles/aisin-gioro) and has been found in ten different ethnic minorities in northern China, is totally absent from all Han Chinese populations (Heilongjiang, Gansu, Guangdong, Sichuan and Xinjiang).\nY chromosome haplogroup C2c1a1a1-M407 is carried by Mongol descendants of the [Northern Yuan](https://bliptext.com/articles/northern-yuan) ruler from 1474 to 1517, [Dayan Khan](https://bliptext.com/articles/dayan-khan), who is a male line descendant of Genghis Khan which was found out after geneticists in Mongolia conducted tests on them.\nC2b1a3a1c2-F5481 clade of C2*-ST which is also widespread in Central Asia among Kazakhs, Hazaras and ordinary commoner Mongols.\nThe Kerey clan of the Kazakhs have a high amount of the C3* star-cluster (C2*-ST) Y chromosome and is very high among Hazaras, Kazakhs and Mongols in general.\nToghan, Genghis Khan's sixth son has claimed descendants who have Y haplogroup C2b1a1b1-F1756 just like the first son of Genghis Khan, [Jochi](https://bliptext.com/articles/jochi)'s descendants in the Kazakh [Tore](https://bliptext.com/articles/tore-clan) clan.\n\n# Origin\nAfter sharing a most recent common ancestor with [Haplogroup C-F3393](https://bliptext.com/articles/haplogroup-c-f3393) approximately 48,400 [95% CI 46,000 <-> 50,900] years before present, Haplogroup C-M217 is believed to have begun spreading approximately 34,000 [95% CI 31,500 <-> 36,700] years before present in eastern or central Asia.\nThe extremely broad distribution of Haplogroup C-M217 Y-chromosomes, coupled with the fact that the ancestral paragroup C is not found among any of the modern Siberian or North American populations among whom Haplogroup C-M217 predominates, makes the determination of the geographical origin of the defining M217 mutation exceedingly difficult.\nThe presence of Haplogroup C-M217 at a low frequency but relatively high diversity throughout [East Asia](https://bliptext.com/articles/east-asia) and parts of [Southeast Asia](https://bliptext.com/articles/southeast-asia) makes that region one likely source.\nIn addition, the C-M217 haplotypes found with high frequency among North Asian populations appear to belong to a different genealogical branch from the C-M217 haplotypes found with low frequency among East and Southeast Asians, which suggests that the marginal presence of C-M217 among modern East and Southeast Asian populations may not be due to recent admixture from Northeast or Central Asia.\nMore precisely, haplogroup C2-M217 is now divided into two primary subclades: C2a-L1373 (sometimes called the \"northern branch\" of C2-M217) and C2b-F1067 (sometimes called the \"southern branch\" of C2-M217).\nThe oldest sample with C2-M217 is AR19K in the [Amur River](https://bliptext.com/articles/amur) basin (19,587-19,175 cal BP).\nC2a-L1373 (estimated [TMRCA](https://bliptext.com/articles/time-to-most-recent-common-ancestor) 16,000 [95% CI 14,300 <-> 17,800] ybp ) has been found often in populations from Central Asia through North Asia to the Americas, and rarely in individuals from some neighboring regions, such as Europe or East Asia.\nC2a-L1373 subsumes two subclades: C2a1-F3447 and C2a2-BY63635/MPB374.\nC2a1-F3447 includes all extant Eurasian members of C2a-L1373, whereas C2a2-BY63635/MPB374 contains extant South American members of C2a-L1373 as well as ancient archaeological specimens from South America and [Chertovy Vorota Cave](https://bliptext.com/articles/chertovy-vorota-cave) in [Primorsky Krai](https://bliptext.com/articles/primorsky-krai).\nC2a1-F3447 (estimated TMRCA 16,000 [95% CI 14,700 <-> 17,400] ybp ) includes the Y-DNA of an approximately 14,000-year-old specimen from the Ust'-Kyakhta 3 site (located on the right bank of the [Selenga River](https://bliptext.com/articles/selenga-river) in [Buryatia](https://bliptext.com/articles/buryatia), near the present-day international border with [Mongolia](https://bliptext.com/articles/mongolia)) and C2a1b-BY101096/ACT1942 (found in individuals from present-day [Liaoning](https://bliptext.com/articles/liaoning) Province of China, [South Korea](https://bliptext.com/articles/south-korea), [Japan](https://bliptext.com/articles/japan), and a [Nivkh](https://bliptext.com/articles/nivkh-people) from Russia) in addition to the expansive C2a1a-F1699 clade.\nC2a1a-F1699 (estimated TMRCA 14,000 [95% CI 12,700 <-> 15,300] ybp ) subsumes four subclades: C2a1a1-F3918, C2a1a2-M48, C2a1a3-M504, and C2a1a4-M8574.\nC2a1a1-F3918 subsumes C2a1a1a-P39, which has been found at high frequency in samples of some [indigenous North American populations](https://bliptext.com/articles/indigenous-peoples-of-the-americas), and C2a1a1b-FGC28881, which is now found with varying (but generally quite low) frequency all over the [Eurasian steppe](https://bliptext.com/articles/eurasian-steppe), from [Heilongjiang](https://bliptext.com/articles/heilongjiang) and [Jiangsu](https://bliptext.com/articles/jiangsu) in the east to [Jihočeský kraj](https://bliptext.com/articles/south-bohemian-region), [Podlaskie Voivodeship](https://bliptext.com/articles/podlaskie-voivodeship), and [Giresun](https://bliptext.com/articles/giresun-province) in the west.\n[Haplogroup C2a1a2-M48](https://bliptext.com/articles/haplogroup-c-m48) is especially frequent and diverse among present-day [Tungusic peoples](https://bliptext.com/articles/tungusic-peoples), but branches of it also constitute the most frequently observed Y-DNA haplogroup among present-day [Mongols](https://bliptext.com/articles/mongols) in [Mongolia](https://bliptext.com/articles/mongolia), [Alshyns](https://bliptext.com/articles/zhuz) in western [Kazakhstan](https://bliptext.com/articles/kazakhstan), and [Kalmyks](https://bliptext.com/articles/kalmyks) in [Kalmykia](https://bliptext.com/articles/kalmykia).\nExtant members of C2a1a3-M504 all share a relatively recent common ancestor (estimated TMRCA 3,900 [95% CI 3,000 <-> 4,800] ybp ), and they are found often among [Mongols](https://bliptext.com/articles/mongols), [Manchus](https://bliptext.com/articles/manchus) (e.g. [Aisin Gioro](https://bliptext.com/articles/aisin-gioro)), [Kazakhs](https://bliptext.com/articles/kazakhs) (most tribes of the Senior Zhuz as well as the [Kerei](https://bliptext.com/articles/kerei) tribe of the Middle Zhuz), [Kyrgyz](https://bliptext.com/articles/kyrgyz-people), and [Hazaras](https://bliptext.com/articles/hazaras).\nC2a1a4-M8574 is sparsely attested and deeply bifurcated into C-Y176542, which has been observed in an individual from [Ulsan](https://bliptext.com/articles/ulsan) and an individual from Japan, and C-Y11990.\nC-Y11990 is likewise quite ancient (estimated TMRCA 9,300 [95% CI 7,900 <-> 10,700] ybp according to YFull or 8,946 [99% CI 11,792 - 6,625] ybp according to FTDNA ) but rare, with one branch (C-Z22425) having been found sporadically in [Jammu and Kashmir](https://bliptext.com/articles/kashmir), [Germany](https://bliptext.com/articles/germany), and the [United States](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-states-of-america) and another branch (C-ZQ354/C-F8513) having been found sporadically in [Slovakia](https://bliptext.com/articles/slovakia) ([Prešov Region](https://bliptext.com/articles/pre-ov-region)), [China](https://bliptext.com/articles/china), [Turkey](https://bliptext.com/articles/turkey), and [Kipchak](https://bliptext.com/articles/kipchaks) of the central steppe (Lisakovsk 23 [Kipchak](https://bliptext.com/articles/kipchaks) in Kazakhstan, medieval nomad from 920 ± 25 BP uncal or 1036 - 1206 CE).\nThe predominantly East Asian distributed C-F1067 subsumes a major clade, C-F2613, and a minor clade, C-CTS4660.\nThe minor clade C-CTS4660 has been found in China (including a [Dai](https://bliptext.com/articles/dai-people) and several [Han](https://bliptext.com/articles/han-chinese) from southern China as well as a [Han](https://bliptext.com/articles/han-chinese) from [Anhui](https://bliptext.com/articles/anhui) and a [Han](https://bliptext.com/articles/han-chinese) from [Inner Mongolia](https://bliptext.com/articles/inner-mongolia); according to Chinese genomics company 23mofang, C-CTS4660 is currently mainly concentrated in the [Liangguang](https://bliptext.com/articles/liangguang) region of China, accounting for about 0.24% of the national male population ) and Thailand (including [Northern Thai](https://bliptext.com/articles/northern-thai-people) and [Lao Isan](https://bliptext.com/articles/isan-people) ).\nThe major clade C-F2613 has known representatives from China ([Oroqen](https://bliptext.com/articles/oroqen-people), [Hezhe](https://bliptext.com/articles/nanai-people), [Manchu](https://bliptext.com/articles/manchu-people), [Uyghur](https://bliptext.com/articles/uyghur-people), [Han](https://bliptext.com/articles/han-chinese), [Tibetan](https://bliptext.com/articles/tibetan-people), [Tujia](https://bliptext.com/articles/tujia-people), [Dai](https://bliptext.com/articles/dai-people)), Korea, Japan, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan ([Dungan](https://bliptext.com/articles/dungan-people), Kyrgyz), [Tajik](https://bliptext.com/articles/tajik-people)istan ([Tajik](https://bliptext.com/articles/tajik-people) ), Afghanistan ([Hazara](https://bliptext.com/articles/hazara-people), [Tajik](https://bliptext.com/articles/tajik-people)), Pakistan ([Burusho](https://bliptext.com/articles/burusho-people), [Hazara](https://bliptext.com/articles/hazara-people)), [Nakhchivan](https://bliptext.com/articles/nakhchivan-autonomous-republic), [Chechnya](https://bliptext.com/articles/chechnya), and [Syria](https://bliptext.com/articles/syria) and includes the populous subclades C-F845, C-CTS2657, and C-Z8440.\nC-M407, a notable subclade of C-CTS2657, has expanded in a post-Neolithic time frame to include large percentages of modern [Buryat](https://bliptext.com/articles/buryats), [Soyot](https://bliptext.com/articles/soyots), and [Hamnigan](https://bliptext.com/articles/hamnigan) males in [Buryat](https://bliptext.com/articles/buryats)ia and [Barghut](https://bliptext.com/articles/barga-mongols) males in [Hulunbuir](https://bliptext.com/articles/hulunbuir) in addition to many [Kalmyks](https://bliptext.com/articles/kalmyks) and other [Mongols](https://bliptext.com/articles/mongols) and members of the [Qongirat](https://bliptext.com/articles/qongirat) tribe in Kazakhstan (but only 2 or 0.67% of a sample of 300 [Korean](https://bliptext.com/articles/koreans) males ).\nThe specific subclade haplogroup C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483) has been identified as a possible marker of the Aisin Gioro and is found in ten different ethnic minorities in northern China, but completely absent from Han Chinese.\n[Genetic testing](https://bliptext.com/articles/genetic-testing) also showed that the haplogroup C3b1a3a2-F8951 of the Aisin Gioro family came to southeastern Manchuria after migrating from their place of origin in the Amur river's middle reaches, originating from ancestors related to [Daurs](https://bliptext.com/articles/daur-people) in the [Transbaikal](https://bliptext.com/articles/transbaikal) area.\nThe [Tungusic](https://bliptext.com/articles/tungusic-languages) speaking peoples mostly have C3c-M48 as their subclade of C3 which drastically differs from the C3b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup of the Aisin Gioro which originates from Mongolic speaking populations like the Daur.\nJurchen (Manchus) are a Tungusic people.\nThe Mongol Genghis Khan's haplogroup C3b1a3a1-F3796 (C3*-Star Cluster) is a fraternal \"brother\" branch of C3b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup of the Aisin Gioro.\nA genetic test was conducted on seven men who claimed Aisin Gioro descent with three of them showing documented genealogical information of all their ancestors up to Nurhaci.\nThree of them turned out to share the C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483) haplogroup, out of them, two of them were the ones who provided their documented family trees.\nThe other four tested were unrelated.\nThe Daur Ao clan carries the unique haplogroup subclade C2b1a3a2-F8951, the same haplogroup as Aisin Gioro and both Ao and Aisin Gioro only diverged merely a couple of centuries ago from a shared common ancestor.\nOther members of the Ao clan carry haplogroups like N1c-M178, C2a1b-F845, C2b1a3a1-F3796 and C2b1a2-M48.\nPeople from northeast China, the Daur Ao clan and Aisin Gioro clan are the main carriers of haplogroup C2b1a3a2-F8951.\nThe Mongolic C2*-Star Cluster (C2b1a3a1-F3796) haplogroup is a fraternal branch to Aisin Gioro's C2b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup.\n\n# Distribution\nHaplogroup C-M217 is the modal haplogroup among [Mongolians](https://bliptext.com/articles/mongols) and most [indigenous populations of the Russian Far East](https://bliptext.com/articles/russian-far-east), such as the [Buryats](https://bliptext.com/articles/buryats), Northern [Tungusic peoples](https://bliptext.com/articles/tungusic-peoples), [Nivkhs](https://bliptext.com/articles/nivkhs), [Koryaks](https://bliptext.com/articles/koryaks), and [Itelmens](https://bliptext.com/articles/itelmens).\nThe [subclade](https://bliptext.com/articles/subclade) C-P39 is common among males of the indigenous North American peoples whose languages belong to the [Na-Dené](https://bliptext.com/articles/na-den-languages) [phylum](https://bliptext.com/articles/phylum-linguistics).\nThe frequency of Haplogroup C-M217 tends to be negatively correlated with distance from Mongolia and the Russian Far East, but it still comprises more than ten percent of the total Y-chromosome diversity among the [Manchus](https://bliptext.com/articles/manchus), [Koreans](https://bliptext.com/articles/koreans), [Ainu](https://bliptext.com/articles/ainu-people), and some [Turkic peoples](https://bliptext.com/articles/turkic-peoples) of [Central Asia](https://bliptext.com/articles/central-asia).\nBeyond this range of high-to-moderate frequency, which contains mainly the northeast quadrant of Eurasia and the northwest quadrant of North America, Haplogroup C-M217 continues to be found at low frequencies, and it has even been found as far afield as Northwest Europe, Turkey, Pakistan, [Bhutan](https://bliptext.com/articles/bhutan), [Bangladesh](https://bliptext.com/articles/bangladesh), [Nepal](https://bliptext.com/articles/nepal) and adjacent regions of India, Vietnam, [Maritime Southeast Asia](https://bliptext.com/articles/maritime-southeast-asia), and the [Wayuu](https://bliptext.com/articles/wayuu) people of South America.\nIt is found in [Ossetians](https://bliptext.com/articles/ossetians) 4.7% (1/21), and in [Russians](https://bliptext.com/articles/russian-people) 0.73% (3/406),frequency ranges depending on the district.\n), It's found 0.2% in Central/Southern Russia but 0.9% Rovslav and 0.7% Belgorod. It is found 0.5% in ethnic [Bulgarians](https://bliptext.com/articles/bulgarians) but 1.2% in [Montana Province](https://bliptext.com/articles/montana-province), 0.8% [Sofia Province](https://bliptext.com/articles/sofia-province)\tand 1.4% in an unknown area some of whom exhibit divergent Y-STR haplotypes. Haplogroup C-M127 also has been found with high frequency in a small sample of [Uzbeks](https://bliptext.com/articles/uzbeks) from [Takhar](https://bliptext.com/articles/takhar-province), Afghanistan (7/13 = 54% C-M217 ).\nIn an early study of Japanese Y-chromosomes, haplogroup C-M217 was found relatively frequently among [Ainus](https://bliptext.com/articles/ainu-people) (2/16=12.5% or 1/4=25% ) and among Japanese of the [Kyūshū region](https://bliptext.com/articles/ky-sh) (8/104=7.7% ).\nHowever, in other samples of Japanese, the frequency of haplogroup C-M217 was found to be only about one to three percent.\nIn a study published in 2014, large samples of males from seven different Japanese cities were examined, and the frequency of C-M217 varied between a minimum of 5.0% (15/302 university students in Sapporo) and a maximum of 7.8% (8/102 adult males in Fukuoka), with a total of 6.1% (146/2390) of their sampled Japanese males belonging to this haplogroup; the authors noted that no marked geographical gradient was detected in the frequencies of haplogroups C-M217 or C-M8 in that study.\nThe frequency of Haplogroup C-M217 in samples of [Han](https://bliptext.com/articles/han-chinese) from various areas has ranged from 0% (0/27) in a sample of [Han](https://bliptext.com/articles/han-chinese) from [Guangxi](https://bliptext.com/articles/guangxi) in southern China to 23.5% (4/17) in a sample of [Han](https://bliptext.com/articles/han-chinese) from [Shanghai](https://bliptext.com/articles/shanghai) in eastern China, 23.5% (8/34) in a sample of [Han](https://bliptext.com/articles/han-chinese) from [Xi'an](https://bliptext.com/articles/xi-an) in northwestern China, and 29.6% (8/27) in a sample of [Han](https://bliptext.com/articles/han-chinese) from [Jilin](https://bliptext.com/articles/jilin) in northeastern China, with the frequency of this haplogroup in several studies' pools of all [Han](https://bliptext.com/articles/han-chinese) samples ranging between 6.0% and 12.0%.\nC-M217 also has been found in many samples of ethnic minority populations from central and southern China, such as [Dong](https://bliptext.com/articles/dong-people) (8/27 = 29.6% from Guizhou, 10/45 = 22.2% from Hunan, 1/17 = 5.9% from Guangxi ), [Bulang](https://bliptext.com/articles/blang-people) (3/11 = 27.3% from Yunnan ), [Tujia](https://bliptext.com/articles/tujia-people) (6/26 = 23.1% from Hubei, 7/33 = 21.2% from Guizhou, 9/49 = 18.4% from [Jishou](https://bliptext.com/articles/jishou), Hunan), [Hani](https://bliptext.com/articles/hani-people) (13/60 = 21.7% from Yunnan, 6/34 = 17.6% ), [Yi](https://bliptext.com/articles/yi-people) (4/32 = 12.5% [Boren](https://bliptext.com/articles/bo-people-china) from Yunnan, 3/24 = 12.5% [Yi](https://bliptext.com/articles/yi-people) from Sichuan, 4/61 = 6.6% [Yi](https://bliptext.com/articles/yi-people) from Yunnan ), [Mulao](https://bliptext.com/articles/mulao-people) (1/11 = 9.1% from Guangxi ), [Naxi](https://bliptext.com/articles/naxi-people) (1/12 = 8.3% from Yunnan ), [Miao](https://bliptext.com/articles/miao-people) (7/92 = 7.6% from Guizhou, 2/58 = 3.4%), [Shui](https://bliptext.com/articles/sui-people) (2/29 = 6.9% from Guizhou ), [She](https://bliptext.com/articles/she-people) (3/47 = 6.4% from Fujian, 1/34 = 2.9% ), [Wa](https://bliptext.com/articles/wa-people) (1/16 = 6.3% from Yunnan ), [Dai](https://bliptext.com/articles/dai-people) (1/18 = 5.6% from Yunnan ), [Gelao](https://bliptext.com/articles/gelao-people) (1/21 = 4.8% from Guizhou ), [ethnic Vietnamese](https://bliptext.com/articles/gin-people) (2/45 = 4.4% from Guangxi ), [Yao](https://bliptext.com/articles/yao-people) (1/28 = 3.6% from Guangdong, 1/35 = 2.9% from Liannan, Guangdong, 2/113 = 1.8% from Guangxi ), [Bai](https://bliptext.com/articles/bai-people) (1/34 = 2.9% from Yunnan ), [Tibetans](https://bliptext.com/articles/tibetan-people) (4/156 = 2.6%), [Buyi](https://bliptext.com/articles/bouyei-people) (2/109 = 1.8% from Guizhou ), and [Taiwanese aborigines](https://bliptext.com/articles/taiwanese-aborigines) (1/48 = 2.1%).\nIn [Vietnam](https://bliptext.com/articles/vietnam), Y-DNA that belongs to haplogroup C-M217 has been found in about 7.5% of all published samples, including 12.5% (6/48) of a sample of [Vietnam](https://bliptext.com/articles/vietnam)ese from Hanoi, [Vietnam](https://bliptext.com/articles/vietnam), 11.8% (9/76) of another sample of [Kinh](https://bliptext.com/articles/kinh-people) (\"ethnic [Vietnam](https://bliptext.com/articles/vietnam)ese\") from Hanoi, [Vietnam](https://bliptext.com/articles/vietnam), 10% (1/10) of a sample from [Vietnam](https://bliptext.com/articles/vietnam), 8.5% (5/59) of a sample of [Cham people](https://bliptext.com/articles/cham-people) from Binh Thuan, [Vietnam](https://bliptext.com/articles/vietnam), 8.3% (2/24) of another sample of [Vietnam](https://bliptext.com/articles/vietnam)ese from Hanoi, 4.3% (3/70) of a sample of [Vietnam](https://bliptext.com/articles/vietnam)ese from an unspecified location in [Vietnam](https://bliptext.com/articles/vietnam), 2.2% (1/46) of the KHV (\"[Kinh](https://bliptext.com/articles/kinh-people) in Ho Chi Minh City, [Vietnam](https://bliptext.com/articles/vietnam)\") sample of the [1000 Genomes Project](https://bliptext.com/articles/1000-genomes-project), and 0% (0/27) of one study's samples of [Kinh](https://bliptext.com/articles/kinh-people) and [Muong](https://bliptext.com/articles/muong-people).\nMacholdt et al. (2020) have found Y-DNA that belongs to haplogroup C-M217 in 4.67% (28/600) of a set of samples from Vietnam, including 26.8% (11/41) of a sample of [Hmong](https://bliptext.com/articles/hmong-people) from [Điện Biên Phủ](https://bliptext.com/articles/i-n-bi-n-ph), 13.9% (5/36) of a sample of [Pathen](https://bliptext.com/articles/pa-then-people) from [Quang Bình District](https://bliptext.com/articles/quang-b-nh-district), 12.1% (4/33) of a sample of [Hanhi](https://bliptext.com/articles/hani-people) from [Mường Tè District](https://bliptext.com/articles/m-ng-t-district), 10.3% (3/29) of a sample of [Sila](https://bliptext.com/articles/si-la-people) from [Mường Tè District](https://bliptext.com/articles/m-ng-t-district), and 10.0% (5/50) of a sample of [Kinh](https://bliptext.com/articles/vietnamese-people) (n=42 from [Hanoi](https://bliptext.com/articles/hanoi), including all five members of haplogroup C-M217).\nHaplogroup C-M217 has been found less frequently in other parts of Southeast Asia and nearby areas, including [Myanmar](https://bliptext.com/articles/myanmar) (3/72 = 4.2% Bamar and Rakhine ), Laos (1/25 = 4.0% Lao from Luang Prabang), [Malaysia](https://bliptext.com/articles/malaysia) (2/18 = 11.1% [Malaysia](https://bliptext.com/articles/malaysia), 0/8 [Malaysia](https://bliptext.com/articles/malaysia), 0/12 [Malaysia](https://bliptext.com/articles/malaysia)n (ordinary Malay near Kuala Lumpur), 0/17 [Orang Asli](https://bliptext.com/articles/orang-asli), 0/27 Malay, 0/32 [Malaysia](https://bliptext.com/articles/malaysia) ), [Java](https://bliptext.com/articles/java) (1/37 = 2.7%, 1/141 = 0.71% ), Nepal (2/77 = 2.6% general population of Kathmandu), [Thailand](https://bliptext.com/articles/thailand) (1/40 = 2.5% Thai, mostly sampled in Chiang Mai; 13/500 = 2.6% Northern [Thailand](https://bliptext.com/articles/thailand), or 11/290 = 3.8% [Northern Thai people](https://bliptext.com/articles/northern-thai-people) and 2/91 = 2.2% [Tai Lü](https://bliptext.com/articles/lu-people) ), the Philippines (1/48 = 2.1%, 1/64 = 1.6%), and Bali (1/641 = 0.2%).\nAlthough C-M217 is generally found with only low frequency (<5%) in Tibet and Nepal, there may be an island of relatively high frequency of this haplogroup in [Meghalaya](https://bliptext.com/articles/meghalaya), India.\nThe indigenous tribes of this state of Northeast India, where they comprise the majority of the local population, speak [Khasian languages](https://bliptext.com/articles/khasian-languages) or [Tibeto-Burman languages](https://bliptext.com/articles/tibeto-burman-languages).\nA study published in 2007 found C-M217(xM93, P39, M86) Y-DNA in 8.5% (6/71) of a sample of [Garos](https://bliptext.com/articles/garo-people), who primarily inhabit the [Garo Hills](https://bliptext.com/articles/garo-hills) in the western half of Meghalaya, and in 7.6% (27/353) of a pool of samples of eight Khasian tribes from the eastern half of Meghalaya (6/18 = 33.3% Nongtrai from the West Khasi Hills, 10/60 = 16.7% [Lyngngam](https://bliptext.com/articles/lyngngam-language) from the West Khasi Hills, 2/29 = 6.9% War-Khasi from the East Khasi Hills, 3/44 = 6.8% Pnar from the Jaintia Hills, 1/19 = 5.3% War-Jaintia from the Jaintia Hills, 3/87 = 3.4% Khynriam from the East Khasi Hills, 2/64 = 3.1% Maram from the West Khasi Hills, and 0/32 Bhoi from Ri-Bhoi District).\n\n## Subclade distribution\nThe subclades of Haplogroup C-M217 with their defining mutation(s), according to the [2017 ISOGG tree](https://bliptext.com/articles/undefined):\n\n### Others\nP53.1 has been used in multiple studies, but at testing in the commercial labs it appears in too many parts of the Y tree, including multiple parts of haplogroup C. Listed 16 April 2016.\n\n# Phylogenetics\n\n## Phylogenetic history\nPrior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree.\nThis led to considerable confusion.\nIn 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC).\nThey published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use.\nLater, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely.\nThe table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree.\nThis allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.\n\n## Phylogenetic trees\n\n## Genetics\n• African admixture in Europe\n• Genetic genealogy\n• Haplogroup\n• Haplotype\n• Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup\n• Molecular phylogenetics\n• Paragroup\n• Subclade\n• Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world\n• Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group\n• Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia\n• Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Oceania\n\n## Y-DNA C subclades\n• Mega-Haplogroup CF\n• Mega-Haplogroup CT\n• C-M130\n• C-M208\n• C-M210\n• C-M216\n• C-M217\n• C-M38\n• C-M8\n• C-M93\n• C-P33\n• C-P44\n\n## Y-DNA backbone tree","current_revision":null,"created_by":"kACnuQmH5k9Nr5VNVEpVeg7XpvUmMctD","created_at":"2025-01-26T08:34:45.083Z","updated_at":"2025-01-26T08:34:45.083Z","search_vector":"'c':3 'c-m217':2 'haplogroup':1 'm217':4","search_content":" \n \n\n# \n{{Infobox haplogroup\nC2 (previously C3)\n52,500 or 44,900 ybp\n48,400 [95% CI 46,000 50,900] ybp\n34,000 [95% CI 31,500 36,700] ybp\n**Haplogroup C-M217**, also known as **C2** (and previously as C3), is a [Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup](https://bliptext.com/articles/human-y-chromosome-dna-haplogroups).\nIt is the most frequently occurring branch of the wider [Haplogroup C](https://bliptext.com/articles/haplogroup-c-m130-y-dna) (M130).\nIt is found mostly in [Central Asia](https://bliptext.com/articles/central-asia), [Eastern Siberia](https://bliptext.com/articles/eastern-siberia) and significant frequencies in parts of [East Asia](https://bliptext.com/articles/east-asia) and [Southeast Asia](https://bliptext.com/articles/southeast-asia) including some populations in the [Caucasus](https://bliptext.com/articles/caucasus), [Middle East](https://bliptext.com/articles/middle-east), [South Asia](https://bliptext.com/articles/south-asia), [East Europe](https://bliptext.com/articles/east-europe).\nIt is found in a much more widespread area with a low frequency of less than 2%.\nThe haplogroup C-M217 is now found at high frequencies among [Central Asian](https://bliptext.com/articles/central-asia) peoples, [indigenous Siberians](https://bliptext.com/articles/indigenous-peoples-of-siberia), and some [Native peoples of North America](https://bliptext.com/articles/indigenous-peoples-of-the-americas).\nIn particular, males belonging to peoples such as the [Buryats](https://bliptext.com/articles/buryats), [Evens](https://bliptext.com/articles/evens), [Evenks](https://bliptext.com/articles/evenks), [Itelmens](https://bliptext.com/articles/itelmens), [Tom Tatars](https://bliptext.com/articles/siberian-tatars), [Kalmyks](https://bliptext.com/articles/kalmyks), [Kazakhs](https://bliptext.com/articles/kazakhs), [Koryaks](https://bliptext.com/articles/koryaks), [Mongolians](https://bliptext.com/articles/mongols), [Negidals](https://bliptext.com/articles/negidals), [Nivkhs](https://bliptext.com/articles/nivkhs), [Udege](https://bliptext.com/articles/udege-people), and [Ulchi](https://bliptext.com/articles/ulch-people) have high levels of M217.\nOne particular [haplotype](https://bliptext.com/articles/haplotype) within Haplogroup C2-M217 has received a great deal of attention, because of the possibility that it may represent direct [patrilineal](https://bliptext.com/articles/patrilineality) [descent from Genghis Khan](https://bliptext.com/articles/descent-from-genghis-khan), though that hypothesis is controversial.\nAccording to the recent result, C2's subgroups are divided into C2b and C2e, and in Mongolia, most belong to C2b(Genghis Khan modal), while very few are C2e.\nOn the other hand, C2b takes minority and most are C2e in Japan and Korea and Southern East Asia.\nThe specific subclade Haplogroup C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483) of the broader [C-M48](https://bliptext.com/articles/haplogroup-c-m48) subclade, which has been identified as a possible marker of the Manchu [Aisin Gioro](https://bliptext.com/articles/aisin-gioro) and has been found in ten different ethnic minorities in northern China, is totally absent from all Han Chinese populations (Heilongjiang, Gansu, Guangdong, Sichuan and Xinjiang).\nY chromosome haplogroup C2c1a1a1-M407 is carried by Mongol descendants of the [Northern Yuan](https://bliptext.com/articles/northern-yuan) ruler from 1474 to 1517, [Dayan Khan](https://bliptext.com/articles/dayan-khan), who is a male line descendant of Genghis Khan which was found out after geneticists in Mongolia conducted tests on them.\nC2b1a3a1c2-F5481 clade of C2*-ST which is also widespread in Central Asia among Kazakhs, Hazaras and ordinary commoner Mongols.\nThe Kerey clan of the Kazakhs have a high amount of the C3* star-cluster (C2*-ST) Y chromosome and is very high among Hazaras, Kazakhs and Mongols in general.\nToghan, Genghis Khan's sixth son has claimed descendants who have Y haplogroup C2b1a1b1-F1756 just like the first son of Genghis Khan, [Jochi](https://bliptext.com/articles/jochi)'s descendants in the Kazakh [Tore](https://bliptext.com/articles/tore-clan) clan.\n\n# Origin\nAfter sharing a most recent common ancestor with [Haplogroup C-F3393](https://bliptext.com/articles/haplogroup-c-f3393) approximately 48,400 [95% CI 46,000 50,900] years before present, Haplogroup C-M217 is believed to have begun spreading approximately 34,000 [95% CI 31,500 36,700] years before present in eastern or central Asia.\nThe extremely broad distribution of Haplogroup C-M217 Y-chromosomes, coupled with the fact that the ancestral paragroup C is not found among any of the modern Siberian or North American populations among whom Haplogroup C-M217 predominates, makes the determination of the geographical origin of the defining M217 mutation exceedingly difficult.\nThe presence of Haplogroup C-M217 at a low frequency but relatively high diversity throughout [East Asia](https://bliptext.com/articles/east-asia) and parts of [Southeast Asia](https://bliptext.com/articles/southeast-asia) makes that region one likely source.\nIn addition, the C-M217 haplotypes found with high frequency among North Asian populations appear to belong to a different genealogical branch from the C-M217 haplotypes found with low frequency among East and Southeast Asians, which suggests that the marginal presence of C-M217 among modern East and Southeast Asian populations may not be due to recent admixture from Northeast or Central Asia.\nMore precisely, haplogroup C2-M217 is now divided into two primary subclades: C2a-L1373 (sometimes called the \"northern branch\" of C2-M217) and C2b-F1067 (sometimes called the \"southern branch\" of C2-M217).\nThe oldest sample with C2-M217 is AR19K in the [Amur River](https://bliptext.com/articles/amur) basin (19,587-19,175 cal BP).\nC2a-L1373 (estimated [TMRCA](https://bliptext.com/articles/time-to-most-recent-common-ancestor) 16,000 [95% CI 14,300 17,800] ybp ) has been found often in populations from Central Asia through North Asia to the Americas, and rarely in individuals from some neighboring regions, such as Europe or East Asia.\nC2a-L1373 subsumes two subclades: C2a1-F3447 and C2a2-BY63635/MPB374.\nC2a1-F3447 includes all extant Eurasian members of C2a-L1373, whereas C2a2-BY63635/MPB374 contains extant South American members of C2a-L1373 as well as ancient archaeological specimens from South America and [Chertovy Vorota Cave](https://bliptext.com/articles/chertovy-vorota-cave) in [Primorsky Krai](https://bliptext.com/articles/primorsky-krai).\nC2a1-F3447 (estimated TMRCA 16,000 [95% CI 14,700 17,400] ybp ) includes the Y-DNA of an approximately 14,000-year-old specimen from the Ust'-Kyakhta 3 site (located on the right bank of the [Selenga River](https://bliptext.com/articles/selenga-river) in [Buryatia](https://bliptext.com/articles/buryatia), near the present-day international border with [Mongolia](https://bliptext.com/articles/mongolia)) and C2a1b-BY101096/ACT1942 (found in individuals from present-day [Liaoning](https://bliptext.com/articles/liaoning) Province of China, [South Korea](https://bliptext.com/articles/south-korea), [Japan](https://bliptext.com/articles/japan), and a [Nivkh](https://bliptext.com/articles/nivkh-people) from Russia) in addition to the expansive C2a1a-F1699 clade.\nC2a1a-F1699 (estimated TMRCA 14,000 [95% CI 12,700 15,300] ybp ) subsumes four subclades: C2a1a1-F3918, C2a1a2-M48, C2a1a3-M504, and C2a1a4-M8574.\nC2a1a1-F3918 subsumes C2a1a1a-P39, which has been found at high frequency in samples of some [indigenous North American populations](https://bliptext.com/articles/indigenous-peoples-of-the-americas), and C2a1a1b-FGC28881, which is now found with varying (but generally quite low) frequency all over the [Eurasian steppe](https://bliptext.com/articles/eurasian-steppe), from [Heilongjiang](https://bliptext.com/articles/heilongjiang) and [Jiangsu](https://bliptext.com/articles/jiangsu) in the east to [Jihočeský kraj](https://bliptext.com/articles/south-bohemian-region), [Podlaskie Voivodeship](https://bliptext.com/articles/podlaskie-voivodeship), and [Giresun](https://bliptext.com/articles/giresun-province) in the west.\n[Haplogroup C2a1a2-M48](https://bliptext.com/articles/haplogroup-c-m48) is especially frequent and diverse among present-day [Tungusic peoples](https://bliptext.com/articles/tungusic-peoples), but branches of it also constitute the most frequently observed Y-DNA haplogroup among present-day [Mongols](https://bliptext.com/articles/mongols) in [Mongolia](https://bliptext.com/articles/mongolia), [Alshyns](https://bliptext.com/articles/zhuz) in western [Kazakhstan](https://bliptext.com/articles/kazakhstan), and [Kalmyks](https://bliptext.com/articles/kalmyks) in [Kalmykia](https://bliptext.com/articles/kalmykia).\nExtant members of C2a1a3-M504 all share a relatively recent common ancestor (estimated TMRCA 3,900 [95% CI 3,000 4,800] ybp ), and they are found often among [Mongols](https://bliptext.com/articles/mongols), [Manchus](https://bliptext.com/articles/manchus) (e.g. [Aisin Gioro](https://bliptext.com/articles/aisin-gioro)), [Kazakhs](https://bliptext.com/articles/kazakhs) (most tribes of the Senior Zhuz as well as the [Kerei](https://bliptext.com/articles/kerei) tribe of the Middle Zhuz), [Kyrgyz](https://bliptext.com/articles/kyrgyz-people), and [Hazaras](https://bliptext.com/articles/hazaras).\nC2a1a4-M8574 is sparsely attested and deeply bifurcated into C-Y176542, which has been observed in an individual from [Ulsan](https://bliptext.com/articles/ulsan) and an individual from Japan, and C-Y11990.\nC-Y11990 is likewise quite ancient (estimated TMRCA 9,300 [95% CI 7,900 10,700] ybp according to YFull or 8,946 [99% CI 11,792 - 6,625] ybp according to FTDNA ) but rare, with one branch (C-Z22425) having been found sporadically in [Jammu and Kashmir](https://bliptext.com/articles/kashmir), [Germany](https://bliptext.com/articles/germany), and the [United States](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-states-of-america) and another branch (C-ZQ354/C-F8513) having been found sporadically in [Slovakia](https://bliptext.com/articles/slovakia) ([Prešov Region](https://bliptext.com/articles/pre-ov-region)), [China](https://bliptext.com/articles/china), [Turkey](https://bliptext.com/articles/turkey), and [Kipchak](https://bliptext.com/articles/kipchaks) of the central steppe (Lisakovsk 23 [Kipchak](https://bliptext.com/articles/kipchaks) in Kazakhstan, medieval nomad from 920 ± 25 BP uncal or 1036 - 1206 CE).\nThe predominantly East Asian distributed C-F1067 subsumes a major clade, C-F2613, and a minor clade, C-CTS4660.\nThe minor clade C-CTS4660 has been found in China (including a [Dai](https://bliptext.com/articles/dai-people) and several [Han](https://bliptext.com/articles/han-chinese) from southern China as well as a [Han](https://bliptext.com/articles/han-chinese) from [Anhui](https://bliptext.com/articles/anhui) and a [Han](https://bliptext.com/articles/han-chinese) from [Inner Mongolia](https://bliptext.com/articles/inner-mongolia); according to Chinese genomics company 23mofang, C-CTS4660 is currently mainly concentrated in the [Liangguang](https://bliptext.com/articles/liangguang) region of China, accounting for about 0.24% of the national male population ) and Thailand (including [Northern Thai](https://bliptext.com/articles/northern-thai-people) and [Lao Isan](https://bliptext.com/articles/isan-people) ).\nThe major clade C-F2613 has known representatives from China ([Oroqen](https://bliptext.com/articles/oroqen-people), [Hezhe](https://bliptext.com/articles/nanai-people), [Manchu](https://bliptext.com/articles/manchu-people), [Uyghur](https://bliptext.com/articles/uyghur-people), [Han](https://bliptext.com/articles/han-chinese), [Tibetan](https://bliptext.com/articles/tibetan-people), [Tujia](https://bliptext.com/articles/tujia-people), [Dai](https://bliptext.com/articles/dai-people)), Korea, Japan, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan ([Dungan](https://bliptext.com/articles/dungan-people), Kyrgyz), [Tajik](https://bliptext.com/articles/tajik-people)istan ([Tajik](https://bliptext.com/articles/tajik-people) ), Afghanistan ([Hazara](https://bliptext.com/articles/hazara-people), [Tajik](https://bliptext.com/articles/tajik-people)), Pakistan ([Burusho](https://bliptext.com/articles/burusho-people), [Hazara](https://bliptext.com/articles/hazara-people)), [Nakhchivan](https://bliptext.com/articles/nakhchivan-autonomous-republic), [Chechnya](https://bliptext.com/articles/chechnya), and [Syria](https://bliptext.com/articles/syria) and includes the populous subclades C-F845, C-CTS2657, and C-Z8440.\nC-M407, a notable subclade of C-CTS2657, has expanded in a post-Neolithic time frame to include large percentages of modern [Buryat](https://bliptext.com/articles/buryats), [Soyot](https://bliptext.com/articles/soyots), and [Hamnigan](https://bliptext.com/articles/hamnigan) males in [Buryat](https://bliptext.com/articles/buryats)ia and [Barghut](https://bliptext.com/articles/barga-mongols) males in [Hulunbuir](https://bliptext.com/articles/hulunbuir) in addition to many [Kalmyks](https://bliptext.com/articles/kalmyks) and other [Mongols](https://bliptext.com/articles/mongols) and members of the [Qongirat](https://bliptext.com/articles/qongirat) tribe in Kazakhstan (but only 2 or 0.67% of a sample of 300 [Korean](https://bliptext.com/articles/koreans) males ).\nThe specific subclade haplogroup C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483) has been identified as a possible marker of the Aisin Gioro and is found in ten different ethnic minorities in northern China, but completely absent from Han Chinese.\n[Genetic testing](https://bliptext.com/articles/genetic-testing) also showed that the haplogroup C3b1a3a2-F8951 of the Aisin Gioro family came to southeastern Manchuria after migrating from their place of origin in the Amur river's middle reaches, originating from ancestors related to [Daurs](https://bliptext.com/articles/daur-people) in the [Transbaikal](https://bliptext.com/articles/transbaikal) area.\nThe [Tungusic](https://bliptext.com/articles/tungusic-languages) speaking peoples mostly have C3c-M48 as their subclade of C3 which drastically differs from the C3b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup of the Aisin Gioro which originates from Mongolic speaking populations like the Daur.\nJurchen (Manchus) are a Tungusic people.\nThe Mongol Genghis Khan's haplogroup C3b1a3a1-F3796 (C3*-Star Cluster) is a fraternal \"brother\" branch of C3b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup of the Aisin Gioro.\nA genetic test was conducted on seven men who claimed Aisin Gioro descent with three of them showing documented genealogical information of all their ancestors up to Nurhaci.\nThree of them turned out to share the C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483) haplogroup, out of them, two of them were the ones who provided their documented family trees.\nThe other four tested were unrelated.\nThe Daur Ao clan carries the unique haplogroup subclade C2b1a3a2-F8951, the same haplogroup as Aisin Gioro and both Ao and Aisin Gioro only diverged merely a couple of centuries ago from a shared common ancestor.\nOther members of the Ao clan carry haplogroups like N1c-M178, C2a1b-F845, C2b1a3a1-F3796 and C2b1a2-M48.\nPeople from northeast China, the Daur Ao clan and Aisin Gioro clan are the main carriers of haplogroup C2b1a3a2-F8951.\nThe Mongolic C2*-Star Cluster (C2b1a3a1-F3796) haplogroup is a fraternal branch to Aisin Gioro's C2b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup.\n\n# Distribution\nHaplogroup C-M217 is the modal haplogroup among [Mongolians](https://bliptext.com/articles/mongols) and most [indigenous populations of the Russian Far East](https://bliptext.com/articles/russian-far-east), such as the [Buryats](https://bliptext.com/articles/buryats), Northern [Tungusic peoples](https://bliptext.com/articles/tungusic-peoples), [Nivkhs](https://bliptext.com/articles/nivkhs), [Koryaks](https://bliptext.com/articles/koryaks), and [Itelmens](https://bliptext.com/articles/itelmens).\nThe [subclade](https://bliptext.com/articles/subclade) C-P39 is common among males of the indigenous North American peoples whose languages belong to the [Na-Dené](https://bliptext.com/articles/na-den-languages) [phylum](https://bliptext.com/articles/phylum-linguistics).\nThe frequency of Haplogroup C-M217 tends to be negatively correlated with distance from Mongolia and the Russian Far East, but it still comprises more than ten percent of the total Y-chromosome diversity among the [Manchus](https://bliptext.com/articles/manchus), [Koreans](https://bliptext.com/articles/koreans), [Ainu](https://bliptext.com/articles/ainu-people), and some [Turkic peoples](https://bliptext.com/articles/turkic-peoples) of [Central Asia](https://bliptext.com/articles/central-asia).\nBeyond this range of high-to-moderate frequency, which contains mainly the northeast quadrant of Eurasia and the northwest quadrant of North America, Haplogroup C-M217 continues to be found at low frequencies, and it has even been found as far afield as Northwest Europe, Turkey, Pakistan, [Bhutan](https://bliptext.com/articles/bhutan), [Bangladesh](https://bliptext.com/articles/bangladesh), [Nepal](https://bliptext.com/articles/nepal) and adjacent regions of India, Vietnam, [Maritime Southeast Asia](https://bliptext.com/articles/maritime-southeast-asia), and the [Wayuu](https://bliptext.com/articles/wayuu) people of South America.\nIt is found in [Ossetians](https://bliptext.com/articles/ossetians) 4.7% (1/21), and in [Russians](https://bliptext.com/articles/russian-people) 0.73% (3/406),frequency ranges depending on the district.\n), It's found 0.2% in Central/Southern Russia but 0.9% Rovslav and 0.7% Belgorod. It is found 0.5% in ethnic [Bulgarians](https://bliptext.com/articles/bulgarians) but 1.2% in [Montana Province](https://bliptext.com/articles/montana-province), 0.8% [Sofia Province](https://bliptext.com/articles/sofia-province)\tand 1.4% in an unknown area some of whom exhibit divergent Y-STR haplotypes. Haplogroup C-M127 also has been found with high frequency in a small sample of [Uzbeks](https://bliptext.com/articles/uzbeks) from [Takhar](https://bliptext.com/articles/takhar-province), Afghanistan (7/13 = 54% C-M217 ).\nIn an early study of Japanese Y-chromosomes, haplogroup C-M217 was found relatively frequently among [Ainus](https://bliptext.com/articles/ainu-people) (2/16=12.5% or 1/4=25% ) and among Japanese of the [Kyūshū region](https://bliptext.com/articles/ky-sh) (8/104=7.7% ).\nHowever, in other samples of Japanese, the frequency of haplogroup C-M217 was found to be only about one to three percent.\nIn a study published in 2014, large samples of males from seven different Japanese cities were examined, and the frequency of C-M217 varied between a minimum of 5.0% (15/302 university students in Sapporo) and a maximum of 7.8% (8/102 adult males in Fukuoka), with a total of 6.1% (146/2390) of their sampled Japanese males belonging to this haplogroup; the authors noted that no marked geographical gradient was detected in the frequencies of haplogroups C-M217 or C-M8 in that study.\nThe frequency of Haplogroup C-M217 in samples of [Han](https://bliptext.com/articles/han-chinese) from various areas has ranged from 0% (0/27) in a sample of [Han](https://bliptext.com/articles/han-chinese) from [Guangxi](https://bliptext.com/articles/guangxi) in southern China to 23.5% (4/17) in a sample of [Han](https://bliptext.com/articles/han-chinese) from [Shanghai](https://bliptext.com/articles/shanghai) in eastern China, 23.5% (8/34) in a sample of [Han](https://bliptext.com/articles/han-chinese) from [Xi'an](https://bliptext.com/articles/xi-an) in northwestern China, and 29.6% (8/27) in a sample of [Han](https://bliptext.com/articles/han-chinese) from [Jilin](https://bliptext.com/articles/jilin) in northeastern China, with the frequency of this haplogroup in several studies' pools of all [Han](https://bliptext.com/articles/han-chinese) samples ranging between 6.0% and 12.0%.\nC-M217 also has been found in many samples of ethnic minority populations from central and southern China, such as [Dong](https://bliptext.com/articles/dong-people) (8/27 = 29.6% from Guizhou, 10/45 = 22.2% from Hunan, 1/17 = 5.9% from Guangxi ), [Bulang](https://bliptext.com/articles/blang-people) (3/11 = 27.3% from Yunnan ), [Tujia](https://bliptext.com/articles/tujia-people) (6/26 = 23.1% from Hubei, 7/33 = 21.2% from Guizhou, 9/49 = 18.4% from [Jishou](https://bliptext.com/articles/jishou), Hunan), [Hani](https://bliptext.com/articles/hani-people) (13/60 = 21.7% from Yunnan, 6/34 = 17.6% ), [Yi](https://bliptext.com/articles/yi-people) (4/32 = 12.5% [Boren](https://bliptext.com/articles/bo-people-china) from Yunnan, 3/24 = 12.5% [Yi](https://bliptext.com/articles/yi-people) from Sichuan, 4/61 = 6.6% [Yi](https://bliptext.com/articles/yi-people) from Yunnan ), [Mulao](https://bliptext.com/articles/mulao-people) (1/11 = 9.1% from Guangxi ), [Naxi](https://bliptext.com/articles/naxi-people) (1/12 = 8.3% from Yunnan ), [Miao](https://bliptext.com/articles/miao-people) (7/92 = 7.6% from Guizhou, 2/58 = 3.4%), [Shui](https://bliptext.com/articles/sui-people) (2/29 = 6.9% from Guizhou ), [She](https://bliptext.com/articles/she-people) (3/47 = 6.4% from Fujian, 1/34 = 2.9% ), [Wa](https://bliptext.com/articles/wa-people) (1/16 = 6.3% from Yunnan ), [Dai](https://bliptext.com/articles/dai-people) (1/18 = 5.6% from Yunnan ), [Gelao](https://bliptext.com/articles/gelao-people) (1/21 = 4.8% from Guizhou ), [ethnic Vietnamese](https://bliptext.com/articles/gin-people) (2/45 = 4.4% from Guangxi ), [Yao](https://bliptext.com/articles/yao-people) (1/28 = 3.6% from Guangdong, 1/35 = 2.9% from Liannan, Guangdong, 2/113 = 1.8% from Guangxi ), [Bai](https://bliptext.com/articles/bai-people) (1/34 = 2.9% from Yunnan ), [Tibetans](https://bliptext.com/articles/tibetan-people) (4/156 = 2.6%), [Buyi](https://bliptext.com/articles/bouyei-people) (2/109 = 1.8% from Guizhou ), and [Taiwanese aborigines](https://bliptext.com/articles/taiwanese-aborigines) (1/48 = 2.1%).\nIn [Vietnam](https://bliptext.com/articles/vietnam), Y-DNA that belongs to haplogroup C-M217 has been found in about 7.5% of all published samples, including 12.5% (6/48) of a sample of [Vietnam](https://bliptext.com/articles/vietnam)ese from Hanoi, [Vietnam](https://bliptext.com/articles/vietnam), 11.8% (9/76) of another sample of [Kinh](https://bliptext.com/articles/kinh-people) (\"ethnic [Vietnam](https://bliptext.com/articles/vietnam)ese\") from Hanoi, [Vietnam](https://bliptext.com/articles/vietnam), 10% (1/10) of a sample from [Vietnam](https://bliptext.com/articles/vietnam), 8.5% (5/59) of a sample of [Cham people](https://bliptext.com/articles/cham-people) from Binh Thuan, [Vietnam](https://bliptext.com/articles/vietnam), 8.3% (2/24) of another sample of [Vietnam](https://bliptext.com/articles/vietnam)ese from Hanoi, 4.3% (3/70) of a sample of [Vietnam](https://bliptext.com/articles/vietnam)ese from an unspecified location in [Vietnam](https://bliptext.com/articles/vietnam), 2.2% (1/46) of the KHV (\"[Kinh](https://bliptext.com/articles/kinh-people) in Ho Chi Minh City, [Vietnam](https://bliptext.com/articles/vietnam)\") sample of the [1000 Genomes Project](https://bliptext.com/articles/1000-genomes-project), and 0% (0/27) of one study's samples of [Kinh](https://bliptext.com/articles/kinh-people) and [Muong](https://bliptext.com/articles/muong-people).\nMacholdt et al. (2020) have found Y-DNA that belongs to haplogroup C-M217 in 4.67% (28/600) of a set of samples from Vietnam, including 26.8% (11/41) of a sample of [Hmong](https://bliptext.com/articles/hmong-people) from [Điện Biên Phủ](https://bliptext.com/articles/i-n-bi-n-ph), 13.9% (5/36) of a sample of [Pathen](https://bliptext.com/articles/pa-then-people) from [Quang Bình District](https://bliptext.com/articles/quang-b-nh-district), 12.1% (4/33) of a sample of [Hanhi](https://bliptext.com/articles/hani-people) from [[Mường Tè District](https://bliptext.com/articles/m-ng-t-district)](https://bliptext.com/articles/m-ng-t-district), 10.3% (3/29) of a sample of [Sila](https://bliptext.com/articles/si-la-people) from [[Mường Tè District](https://bliptext.com/articles/m-ng-t-district)](https://bliptext.com/articles/m-ng-t-district), and 10.0% (5/50) of a sample of [Kinh](https://bliptext.com/articles/vietnamese-people) (n=42 from [Hanoi](https://bliptext.com/articles/hanoi), including all five members of haplogroup C-M217).\nHaplogroup C-M217 has been found less frequently in other parts of Southeast Asia and nearby areas, including [Myanmar](https://bliptext.com/articles/myanmar) (3/72 = 4.2% Bamar and Rakhine ), Laos (1/25 = 4.0% Lao from Luang Prabang), [Malaysia](https://bliptext.com/articles/malaysia) (2/18 = 11.1% [Malaysia](https://bliptext.com/articles/malaysia), 0/8 [Malaysia](https://bliptext.com/articles/malaysia), 0/12 [Malaysia](https://bliptext.com/articles/malaysia)n (ordinary Malay near Kuala Lumpur), 0/17 [Orang Asli](https://bliptext.com/articles/orang-asli), 0/27 Malay, 0/32 [Malaysia](https://bliptext.com/articles/malaysia) ), [Java](https://bliptext.com/articles/java) (1/37 = 2.7%, 1/141 = 0.71% ), Nepal (2/77 = 2.6% general population of Kathmandu), [Thailand](https://bliptext.com/articles/thailand) (1/40 = 2.5% Thai, mostly sampled in Chiang Mai; 13/500 = 2.6% Northern [Thailand](https://bliptext.com/articles/thailand), or 11/290 = 3.8% [Northern Thai people](https://bliptext.com/articles/northern-thai-people) and 2/91 = 2.2% [Tai Lü](https://bliptext.com/articles/lu-people) ), the Philippines (1/48 = 2.1%, 1/64 = 1.6%), and Bali (1/641 = 0.2%).\nAlthough C-M217 is generally found with only low frequency (<5%) in Tibet and Nepal, there may be an island of relatively high frequency of this haplogroup in [Meghalaya](https://bliptext.com/articles/meghalaya), India.\nThe indigenous tribes of this state of Northeast India, where they comprise the majority of the local population, speak [Khasian languages](https://bliptext.com/articles/khasian-languages) or [Tibeto-Burman languages](https://bliptext.com/articles/tibeto-burman-languages).\nA study published in 2007 found C-M217(xM93, P39, M86) Y-DNA in 8.5% (6/71) of a sample of [Garos](https://bliptext.com/articles/garo-people), who primarily inhabit the [Garo Hills](https://bliptext.com/articles/garo-hills) in the western half of Meghalaya, and in 7.6% (27/353) of a pool of samples of eight Khasian tribes from the eastern half of Meghalaya (6/18 = 33.3% Nongtrai from the West Khasi Hills, 10/60 = 16.7% [Lyngngam](https://bliptext.com/articles/lyngngam-language) from the West Khasi Hills, 2/29 = 6.9% War-Khasi from the East Khasi Hills, 3/44 = 6.8% Pnar from the Jaintia Hills, 1/19 = 5.3% War-Jaintia from the Jaintia Hills, 3/87 = 3.4% Khynriam from the East Khasi Hills, 2/64 = 3.1% Maram from the West Khasi Hills, and 0/32 Bhoi from Ri-Bhoi District).\n\n## Subclade distribution\nThe subclades of Haplogroup C-M217 with their defining mutation(s), according to the [2017 ISOGG tree](https://bliptext.com/articles/undefined):\n\n### Others\nP53.1 has been used in multiple studies, but at testing in the commercial labs it appears in too many parts of the Y tree, including multiple parts of haplogroup C. Listed 16 April 2016.\n\n# Phylogenetics\n\n## Phylogenetic history\nPrior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree.\nThis led to considerable confusion.\nIn 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC).\nThey published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use.\nLater, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely.\nThe table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree.\nThis allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.\n\n## Phylogenetic trees\n\n## Genetics\n• African admixture in Europe\n• Genetic genealogy\n• Haplogroup\n• Haplotype\n• Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup\n• Molecular phylogenetics\n• Paragroup\n• Subclade\n• Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world\n• Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group\n• Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia\n• Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Oceania\n\n## Y-DNA C subclades\n• Mega-Haplogroup CF\n• Mega-Haplogroup CT\n• C-M130\n• C-M208\n• C-M210\n• C-M216\n• C-M217\n• C-M38\n• C-M8\n• C-M93\n• C-P33\n• C-P44\n\n## Y-DNA backbone tree","revisionCount":0},"hasMore":false,"nextCursor":null}

History