{"history":[],"article":{"id":"9f925f23-c6b7-4680-b562-becfa79be0f5","title":"Gerboise Bleue (nuclear test)","slug":"gerboise-bleue-nuclear-test","content":":::summary\n![Gerboise Bleue](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Image///Gerboise///bleue.png)\n**Name:** Gerboise Bleue \n**Map Type:** Algeria \n**Map Caption:** Location of the test site \n**Country:** [🇫🇷](https://bliptext.com/articles/france) [France](https://bliptext.com/articles/france) \n**Test Series:** [Reggane series](https://bliptext.com/articles/reggane-series-french-nuclear-tests) \n**Test Site:** [Reggane](https://bliptext.com/articles/reggane), [French Algeria](https://bliptext.com/articles/french-algeria) \n**Coordinates:** 26.31167°N, -0.05722°W \n**Date:** February 13, 1960 \n**Test Type:** [Atmospheric](https://bliptext.com/articles/nuclear-weapons-testing) \n**Test Altitude:** 100 m \n**Device Type:** [A-bomb](https://bliptext.com/articles/a-bomb) \n**Yield:** 70 [kt](https://bliptext.com/articles/tnt-equivalent) (292.88 TJ) \n**Next Test:** [Gerboise Blanche](https://bliptext.com/articles/gerboise-blanche-nuclear-test) \n:::\n\n# \n**Gerboise Bleue** (lit. 'Blue Jerboa') was the [codename](https://bliptext.com/articles/codename) of the first [French nuclear test](https://bliptext.com/articles/nuclear-weapons-and-france).\nIt was conducted by the Nuclear Experiments Operational Group (GOEN), a unit of the Joint Special Weapons Command on 13 February 1960, at the [Sahara](https://bliptext.com/articles/sahara)n Military Experiments Centre near [Reggane](https://bliptext.com/articles/reggane), [French Algeria](https://bliptext.com/articles/french-algeria) in the [Sahara](https://bliptext.com/articles/sahara) desert region of the [Tanezrouft](https://bliptext.com/articles/tanezrouft), during the [Algerian War](https://bliptext.com/articles/algerian-war).\nGeneral [Pierre Marie Gallois](https://bliptext.com/articles/pierre-marie-gallois) was instrumental in the endeavour, and earned the nickname of père de la bombe A (\"father of the A-bomb\").\n\n# Name\nGerboise is the French word for [jerboa](https://bliptext.com/articles/jerboa), a desert [rodent](https://bliptext.com/articles/rodent) found in the Sahara.\nThe color blue (Bleue) adjuncted is said to come from the first colour of the [French Flag](https://bliptext.com/articles/french-flag).\n\n# Test\n\n## Explosion\nOn April 11, 1958, French Prime Minister [Félix Gaillard](https://bliptext.com/articles/f-lix-gaillard) ordered a nuclear test in the first quarter of 1960.\nPresident [Charles de Gaulle](https://bliptext.com/articles/charles-de-gaulle) reaffirmed the decision after the [French Fourth Republic](https://bliptext.com/articles/french-fourth-republic) collapsed in the [May 1958 crisis](https://bliptext.com/articles/may-1958-crisis-in-france).\nInitial plans were proposed to detonate a nuclear bomb on French territory in the Argentella mine on the island of Corsica.\nThese plans were abandoned after widespread protests on the island.\nOn 13 February 1960 at 7:04:00 UTC, the plutonium filled bomb was detonated atop a steel tower with a height of 100 metres.\nThe command post was located 16 kilometres away from the blast.\nIn order to study the immediate effects, military equipment was placed at varying distances from the epicenter, while jets flew overhead to take samples of radioactive particles.\nNo journalists were allowed on site; instead, an eyewitness account was given to the French press, saying \"the desert was lit up by a vast flash, followed 45 seconds later by an appreciable shock-wave\"; an \"enormous ball of bluish fire with an orange-red centre\" gave way to the typical [mushroom cloud](https://bliptext.com/articles/mushroom-cloud).\nWith Gerboise Bleue, France became the fourth nuclear power, after the [United States](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-states), the [Soviet Union](https://bliptext.com/articles/soviet-union), and the [United Kingdom](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-kingdom).\nPrior to this test, there had been no nuclear detonations for 15 months.\nGerboise Bleue was by far the largest first test bomb up to that date, larger than the American \"[Trinity](https://bliptext.com/articles/trinity-test)\" (20 kt), the Soviet \"[RDS-1](https://bliptext.com/articles/joe-1)\" (22 kt), or the British \"[Hurricane](https://bliptext.com/articles/operation-hurricane)\" (25 kt).\nThe yield was 70 kilotons, bigger than these three bombs put together; In comparison, [Fat Man](https://bliptext.com/articles/fat-man), the [Nagasaki bomb](https://bliptext.com/articles/atomic-bombings-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki), was 22 kilotons, one-third as powerful.\nAs the atomic yield of a new bomb design cannot be precisely predicted, the [French army](https://bliptext.com/articles/french-army) planned an explosion between 60 and 70 kt.\nGerboise Bleue was a total success, yielding the full designed power.\nHowever, because of the bomb's irregularly high yield, some experts believe that the bomb may have been \"overfilled with plutonium to assure success\".\nOnly two other A-bombs tested in the Sahara facilities were more powerful: Rubis (<100 kt, 20 October 1963), and Saphir (<150 kt, 25 February 1965).\nBoth were detonated underground at the [In Ekker](https://bliptext.com/articles/in-ekker-series-french-nuclear-tests) facilities.\nAccording to Lieutenant Colonel Warner D. Farr in a report to the [USAF Counterproliferation Center](https://bliptext.com/articles/usaf-counterproliferation-center) \"Progress in nuclear science and technology in France and Israel remained closely linked throughout the early fifties.\"\nFurthermore, according to Farr, \"There were several Israeli observers at the French nuclear tests and the Israelis had 'unrestricted access to French nuclear test explosion data.'\"\n\n## Fallout\nInitial monitoring reported a [rad](https://bliptext.com/articles/rad-unit)iation dose of 10 [rad](https://bliptext.com/articles/rad-unit)/h at 0.8 km from ground zero one hour after the blast, 10 [rad](https://bliptext.com/articles/rad-unit)/h at 28.5 km and 3 [rad](https://bliptext.com/articles/rad-unit)/h at 570 km. Monitoring at Fort Lamy (now [N'Djamena](https://bliptext.com/articles/n-djamena)), around 2,400 km from Reggane, reported 10−9 [Ci](https://bliptext.com/articles/curie-unit)/m3.\nFor decades, documentation of the Gerboise tests remained heavily classified by the French government.\nThe [Ministry of the Armed Forces](https://bliptext.com/articles/ministry-of-the-armed-forces-france) had maintained that the radioactive effects on humans present at the site would be \"weak\", and \"well below annual doses.\"\nHowever, persons present at the site have since stated that protection gear was extremely minimal at the time of testing.\nIn addition, ex-military officers have come forward with stories of being used as test subjects to study the effects of nuclear radiation on humans.\nImmediately following the explosion of Gerboise Verte (which yielded <1 kiloton), soldiers were sent within a 1 km radius of the explosion site, where they practiced combat exercises and drove tanks around the area.\nIn total, these subjects were exposed to high levels of radiation for three hours.\nFollowing the exercises, the soldiers state that they were given showers as the only means of decontamination.\n\n# Subsequent tests\nAfter Gerboise Bleue in February 1960, France conducted until April 1961 three additional atmospheric tests in Reggane facility's Saharan Military Experiments Centre.\nThey were only \"emergency devices\", with yields deliberately reduced to less than 5 kilotons.\nShortly after the final Gerboise bomb (Gerboise Verte), the French moved their nuclear testing to the mountainous [In Ekker](https://bliptext.com/articles/in-ekker-series-french-nuclear-tests) region, which housed an underground facility.\nIn 1962, the [Algerian War](https://bliptext.com/articles/algerian-war) ended with the signing of the [Évian Accords](https://bliptext.com/articles/vian-accords).\nAlthough the French military agreed to withdraw from Algeria within 12 months, Chapter III of the Évian Accords granted France \"the use of a number of military airfields, the terrains, sites and installations necessary to her.\"\nIt was because of this stipulation that France was able to continue nuclear testing in Algeria until 1966.\nWith the underground tests the sequence designation was changed to jewel names, starting in November 1961 with [Agate](https://bliptext.com/articles/agate-nuclear-test) (<20 kt).\nOn 1 May 1962, during the second test, the Béryl incident occurred, which was declassified many years later.\nFive months after the last Gerboise A-bomb, the Soviet Union responded by breaking its atmospheric tests moratorium, settled de facto since late 1958 with the United States and the United Kingdom.\nThe USSR conducted many improvement tests, starting in September 1961 with a series of 136 large H-bombs.\nThe series included the most powerful bomb ever tested, the 50-megaton (50,000 kt) \"[Tsar Bomba](https://bliptext.com/articles/tsar-bomba)\", which was detonated over [Novaya Zemlya](https://bliptext.com/articles/novaya-zemlya).\nFollowing the [USSR](https://bliptext.com/articles/ussr), the United States reactivated its own atmospheric test program with a series of 40 explosions from April 1962 to November 1962.\nThis series included two powerful H-bombs topping 7.45 Mt and 8.3 Mt.\nChina also launched its own nuclear program, resulting in the A-bomb \"[596](https://bliptext.com/articles/596-nuclear-test)\" (22 kt) tested on 16 October 1964, and the H-bomb [Test No. 6](https://bliptext.com/articles/test-no-6) (3.3 Mt), tested 17 June 1967.\nIn 1968, France detonated its first [thermonuclear weapon](https://bliptext.com/articles/thermonuclear-weapon), [Canopus](https://bliptext.com/articles/canopus-operation) (2.6 Mt), at the new facility at [Fangataufa](https://bliptext.com/articles/fangataufa), a desert atoll in [French Polynesia](https://bliptext.com/articles/french-polynesia).\nAll other French atomic-bomb tests, including [Canopus](https://bliptext.com/articles/canopus-nuclear-test), were carried out in [French Polynesia](https://bliptext.com/articles/french-polynesia) from 1966 to 1996.\nThe last bomb, Xouthos (<120 kt), was detonated on 27 January 1996.\n\n# International reactions\nIn France, the news of Gerboise Bleues success was generally met with satisfaction and national pride.\nPresident De Gaulle stated:''Hurray for France!\nSince this morning, she is stronger and prouder.\nHowever, the nation faced many international critics following the nuclear test, especially from [Africa](https://bliptext.com/articles/africa).\nJust days after the test, all French assets in [Ghana](https://bliptext.com/articles/ghana) were frozen, \"until such time as the effects of the present explosion and the future experiments referred to by the French Prime Minister become known.\"\n[Morocco](https://bliptext.com/articles/morocco), which lays claim to the portion of the Sahara where the bomb was detonated, withdrew its ambassador from Paris just two days after the event.\nOther African nations expressed their disappointment with France's decision to test nuclear weapons in the Sahara, citing fears of radioactive fallout and the safety of their citizens.\n# [Students from Mali protesting in Leipzig against the French nuclear test | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Bundesarchiv///Bild///183-70653-0001%2C///Leipzig%2C///Studenten///aus///Mali.jpg]\n\n# Programme\nGerboise Rouge was followed by a joint exercise, in which infantry, helicopters and armour reconnoitered the contaminated area.\nGerboise Verte was intended to yield between 6 and 18 kilotonnes, but effectively yielded less than 1.\nLike Gerboise Rouge, it was followed by a joint exercise in the contaminated area, codenamed Garigliano.\nThe test had been patched up hastily and fired prematurely because of the [Algiers putsch](https://bliptext.com/articles/algiers-putsch-of-1961), as it was feared that the nuclear bomb could fall in the hands of seditious elements.\nAs a result, the bomb yielded less than 1 kiloton, 10 times less than the intended output.\n\n# Later effects\nAfter the tests, nuclear fallout was detected as far away as [Senegal](https://bliptext.com/articles/senegal), [Ivory Coast](https://bliptext.com/articles/ivory-coast), [Burkina Faso](https://bliptext.com/articles/burkina-faso) and [Sudan](https://bliptext.com/articles/sudan).\nIn 2005, the Algerian government asked for a study to assess the radioactivity of former nuclear testing sites.\nThe [International Atomic Energy Agency](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-atomic-energy-agency) published the report suggesting that Gerboise Bleue explosion site had the second highest [caesium-137](https://bliptext.com/articles/caesium-137) surface levels of the four tests of the series, with a residual surface activity between 0.02 and 2.0 MBq/m2 over a surface area of about 1 km2.\nThe same report showed that the fallout of the bomb were contained in a circular area of less than 1 km in diameter.\nIt also stated that these levels were not enough to warrant intervention and did not pose a threat to visitors of the area or inhabitants of Reggane.\nIn 2009, the French government agreed to compensate victims who had been exposed to nuclear radiation as a result of the testing in Algeria and [French Polynesia](https://bliptext.com/articles/french-polynesia).\nThe government also agreed to release additional documents which detailed how the tests had been carried out.\nAccording to the French NGO [ACRO](https://bliptext.com/articles/fr-association-pour-le-contr-le-de-la-radioactivit-dans-l-ouest), [Saharan dust](https://bliptext.com/articles/saharan-dust) blown northwards by strong seasonal winds to France in early 2021 carried measurable levels of radioactive caesium-137 attributable to the Gerboise tests.","current_revision":null,"created_by":"kACnuQmH5k9Nr5VNVEpVeg7XpvUmMctD","created_at":"2025-01-26T08:32:39.340Z","updated_at":"2025-01-26T08:32:39.340Z","search_vector":"'bleue':2 'gerbois':1 'nuclear':3 'test':4","search_content":" \n \n**Name:** Gerboise Bleue \n**Map Type:** Algeria \n**Map Caption:** Location of the test site \n**Country:** [🇫🇷](https://bliptext.com/articles/france) [France](https://bliptext.com/articles/france) \n**Test Series:** [Reggane series](https://bliptext.com/articles/reggane-series-french-nuclear-tests) \n**Test Site:** [Reggane](https://bliptext.com/articles/reggane), [French Algeria](https://bliptext.com/articles/french-algeria) \n**Coordinates:** 26.31167°N, -0.05722°W \n**Date:** February 13, 1960 \n**Test Type:** [Atmospheric](https://bliptext.com/articles/nuclear-weapons-testing) \n**Test Altitude:** 100 m \n**Device Type:** [A-bomb](https://bliptext.com/articles/a-bomb) \n**Yield:** 70 [kt](https://bliptext.com/articles/tnt-equivalent) (292.88 TJ) \n**Next Test:** [Gerboise Blanche](https://bliptext.com/articles/gerboise-blanche-nuclear-test) \n \n\n# \n**Gerboise Bleue** (lit. 'Blue Jerboa') was the [codename](https://bliptext.com/articles/codename) of the first [French nuclear test](https://bliptext.com/articles/nuclear-weapons-and-france).\nIt was conducted by the Nuclear Experiments Operational Group (GOEN), a unit of the Joint Special Weapons Command on 13 February 1960, at the [Sahara](https://bliptext.com/articles/sahara)n Military Experiments Centre near [Reggane](https://bliptext.com/articles/reggane), [French Algeria](https://bliptext.com/articles/french-algeria) in the [Sahara](https://bliptext.com/articles/sahara) desert region of the [Tanezrouft](https://bliptext.com/articles/tanezrouft), during the [Algerian War](https://bliptext.com/articles/algerian-war).\nGeneral [Pierre Marie Gallois](https://bliptext.com/articles/pierre-marie-gallois) was instrumental in the endeavour, and earned the nickname of père de la bombe A (\"father of the A-bomb\").\n\n# Name\nGerboise is the French word for [jerboa](https://bliptext.com/articles/jerboa), a desert [rodent](https://bliptext.com/articles/rodent) found in the Sahara.\nThe color blue (Bleue) adjuncted is said to come from the first colour of the [French Flag](https://bliptext.com/articles/french-flag).\n\n# Test\n\n## Explosion\nOn April 11, 1958, French Prime Minister [Félix Gaillard](https://bliptext.com/articles/f-lix-gaillard) ordered a nuclear test in the first quarter of 1960.\nPresident [Charles de Gaulle](https://bliptext.com/articles/charles-de-gaulle) reaffirmed the decision after the [French Fourth Republic](https://bliptext.com/articles/french-fourth-republic) collapsed in the [May 1958 crisis](https://bliptext.com/articles/may-1958-crisis-in-france).\nInitial plans were proposed to detonate a nuclear bomb on French territory in the Argentella mine on the island of Corsica.\nThese plans were abandoned after widespread protests on the island.\nOn 13 February 1960 at 7:04:00 UTC, the plutonium filled bomb was detonated atop a steel tower with a height of 100 metres.\nThe command post was located 16 kilometres away from the blast.\nIn order to study the immediate effects, military equipment was placed at varying distances from the epicenter, while jets flew overhead to take samples of radioactive particles.\nNo journalists were allowed on site; instead, an eyewitness account was given to the French press, saying \"the desert was lit up by a vast flash, followed 45 seconds later by an appreciable shock-wave\"; an \"enormous ball of bluish fire with an orange-red centre\" gave way to the typical [mushroom cloud](https://bliptext.com/articles/mushroom-cloud).\nWith Gerboise Bleue, France became the fourth nuclear power, after the [United States](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-states), the [Soviet Union](https://bliptext.com/articles/soviet-union), and the [United Kingdom](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-kingdom).\nPrior to this test, there had been no nuclear detonations for 15 months.\nGerboise Bleue was by far the largest first test bomb up to that date, larger than the American \"[Trinity](https://bliptext.com/articles/trinity-test)\" (20 kt), the Soviet \"[RDS-1](https://bliptext.com/articles/joe-1)\" (22 kt), or the British \"[Hurricane](https://bliptext.com/articles/operation-hurricane)\" (25 kt).\nThe yield was 70 kilotons, bigger than these three bombs put together; In comparison, [Fat Man](https://bliptext.com/articles/fat-man), the [Nagasaki bomb](https://bliptext.com/articles/atomic-bombings-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki), was 22 kilotons, one-third as powerful.\nAs the atomic yield of a new bomb design cannot be precisely predicted, the [French army](https://bliptext.com/articles/french-army) planned an explosion between 60 and 70 kt.\nGerboise Bleue was a total success, yielding the full designed power.\nHowever, because of the bomb's irregularly high yield, some experts believe that the bomb may have been \"overfilled with plutonium to assure success\".\nOnly two other A-bombs tested in the Sahara facilities were more powerful: Rubis (<100 kt, 20 October 1963), and Saphir (<150 kt, 25 February 1965).\nBoth were detonated underground at the [In Ekker](https://bliptext.com/articles/in-ekker-series-french-nuclear-tests) facilities.\nAccording to Lieutenant Colonel Warner D. Farr in a report to the [USAF Counterproliferation Center](https://bliptext.com/articles/usaf-counterproliferation-center) \"Progress in nuclear science and technology in France and Israel remained closely linked throughout the early fifties.\"\nFurthermore, according to Farr, \"There were several Israeli observers at the French nuclear tests and the Israelis had 'unrestricted access to French nuclear test explosion data.'\"\n\n## Fallout\nInitial monitoring reported a [rad](https://bliptext.com/articles/rad-unit)iation dose of 10 [rad](https://bliptext.com/articles/rad-unit)/h at 0.8 km from ground zero one hour after the blast, 10 [rad](https://bliptext.com/articles/rad-unit)/h at 28.5 km and 3 [rad](https://bliptext.com/articles/rad-unit)/h at 570 km. Monitoring at Fort Lamy (now [N'Djamena](https://bliptext.com/articles/n-djamena)), around 2,400 km from Reggane, reported 10−9 [Ci](https://bliptext.com/articles/curie-unit)/m3.\nFor decades, documentation of the Gerboise tests remained heavily classified by the French government.\nThe [Ministry of the Armed Forces](https://bliptext.com/articles/ministry-of-the-armed-forces-france) had maintained that the radioactive effects on humans present at the site would be \"weak\", and \"well below annual doses.\"\nHowever, persons present at the site have since stated that protection gear was extremely minimal at the time of testing.\nIn addition, ex-military officers have come forward with stories of being used as test subjects to study the effects of nuclear radiation on humans.\nImmediately following the explosion of Gerboise Verte (which yielded <1 kiloton), soldiers were sent within a 1 km radius of the explosion site, where they practiced combat exercises and drove tanks around the area.\nIn total, these subjects were exposed to high levels of radiation for three hours.\nFollowing the exercises, the soldiers state that they were given showers as the only means of decontamination.\n\n# Subsequent tests\nAfter Gerboise Bleue in February 1960, France conducted until April 1961 three additional atmospheric tests in Reggane facility's Saharan Military Experiments Centre.\nThey were only \"emergency devices\", with yields deliberately reduced to less than 5 kilotons.\nShortly after the final Gerboise bomb (Gerboise Verte), the French moved their nuclear testing to the mountainous [In Ekker](https://bliptext.com/articles/in-ekker-series-french-nuclear-tests) region, which housed an underground facility.\nIn 1962, the [Algerian War](https://bliptext.com/articles/algerian-war) ended with the signing of the [Évian Accords](https://bliptext.com/articles/vian-accords).\nAlthough the French military agreed to withdraw from Algeria within 12 months, Chapter III of the Évian Accords granted France \"the use of a number of military airfields, the terrains, sites and installations necessary to her.\"\nIt was because of this stipulation that France was able to continue nuclear testing in Algeria until 1966.\nWith the underground tests the sequence designation was changed to jewel names, starting in November 1961 with [Agate](https://bliptext.com/articles/agate-nuclear-test) (<20 kt).\nOn 1 May 1962, during the second test, the Béryl incident occurred, which was declassified many years later.\nFive months after the last Gerboise A-bomb, the Soviet Union responded by breaking its atmospheric tests moratorium, settled de facto since late 1958 with the United States and the United Kingdom.\nThe USSR conducted many improvement tests, starting in September 1961 with a series of 136 large H-bombs.\nThe series included the most powerful bomb ever tested, the 50-megaton (50,000 kt) \"[Tsar Bomba](https://bliptext.com/articles/tsar-bomba)\", which was detonated over [Novaya Zemlya](https://bliptext.com/articles/novaya-zemlya).\nFollowing the [USSR](https://bliptext.com/articles/ussr), the United States reactivated its own atmospheric test program with a series of 40 explosions from April 1962 to November 1962.\nThis series included two powerful H-bombs topping 7.45 Mt and 8.3 Mt.\nChina also launched its own nuclear program, resulting in the A-bomb \"[596](https://bliptext.com/articles/596-nuclear-test)\" (22 kt) tested on 16 October 1964, and the H-bomb [Test No. 6](https://bliptext.com/articles/test-no-6) (3.3 Mt), tested 17 June 1967.\nIn 1968, France detonated its first [thermonuclear weapon](https://bliptext.com/articles/thermonuclear-weapon), [Canopus](https://bliptext.com/articles/canopus-operation) (2.6 Mt), at the new facility at [Fangataufa](https://bliptext.com/articles/fangataufa), a desert atoll in [French Polynesia](https://bliptext.com/articles/french-polynesia).\nAll other French atomic-bomb tests, including [Canopus](https://bliptext.com/articles/canopus-nuclear-test), were carried out in [French Polynesia](https://bliptext.com/articles/french-polynesia) from 1966 to 1996.\nThe last bomb, Xouthos (<120 kt), was detonated on 27 January 1996.\n\n# International reactions\nIn France, the news of Gerboise Bleues success was generally met with satisfaction and national pride.\nPresident De Gaulle stated:''Hurray for France!\nSince this morning, she is stronger and prouder.\nHowever, the nation faced many international critics following the nuclear test, especially from [Africa](https://bliptext.com/articles/africa).\nJust days after the test, all French assets in [Ghana](https://bliptext.com/articles/ghana) were frozen, \"until such time as the effects of the present explosion and the future experiments referred to by the French Prime Minister become known.\"\n[Morocco](https://bliptext.com/articles/morocco), which lays claim to the portion of the Sahara where the bomb was detonated, withdrew its ambassador from Paris just two days after the event.\nOther African nations expressed their disappointment with France's decision to test nuclear weapons in the Sahara, citing fears of radioactive fallout and the safety of their citizens.\n# [Students from Mali protesting in Leipzig against the French nuclear test | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Bundesarchiv///Bild///183-70653-0001%2C///Leipzig%2C///Studenten///aus///Mali.jpg]\n\n# Programme\nGerboise Rouge was followed by a joint exercise, in which infantry, helicopters and armour reconnoitered the contaminated area.\nGerboise Verte was intended to yield between 6 and 18 kilotonnes, but effectively yielded less than 1.\nLike Gerboise Rouge, it was followed by a joint exercise in the contaminated area, codenamed Garigliano.\nThe test had been patched up hastily and fired prematurely because of the [Algiers putsch](https://bliptext.com/articles/algiers-putsch-of-1961), as it was feared that the nuclear bomb could fall in the hands of seditious elements.\nAs a result, the bomb yielded less than 1 kiloton, 10 times less than the intended output.\n\n# Later effects\nAfter the tests, nuclear fallout was detected as far away as [Senegal](https://bliptext.com/articles/senegal), [Ivory Coast](https://bliptext.com/articles/ivory-coast), [Burkina Faso](https://bliptext.com/articles/burkina-faso) and [Sudan](https://bliptext.com/articles/sudan).\nIn 2005, the Algerian government asked for a study to assess the radioactivity of former nuclear testing sites.\nThe [International Atomic Energy Agency](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-atomic-energy-agency) published the report suggesting that Gerboise Bleue explosion site had the second highest [caesium-137](https://bliptext.com/articles/caesium-137) surface levels of the four tests of the series, with a residual surface activity between 0.02 and 2.0 MBq/m2 over a surface area of about 1 km2.\nThe same report showed that the fallout of the bomb were contained in a circular area of less than 1 km in diameter.\nIt also stated that these levels were not enough to warrant intervention and did not pose a threat to visitors of the area or inhabitants of Reggane.\nIn 2009, the French government agreed to compensate victims who had been exposed to nuclear radiation as a result of the testing in Algeria and [French Polynesia](https://bliptext.com/articles/french-polynesia).\nThe government also agreed to release additional documents which detailed how the tests had been carried out.\nAccording to the French NGO [ACRO](https://bliptext.com/articles/fr-association-pour-le-contr-le-de-la-radioactivit-dans-l-ouest), [Saharan dust](https://bliptext.com/articles/saharan-dust) blown northwards by strong seasonal winds to France in early 2021 carried measurable levels of radioactive caesium-137 attributable to the Gerboise tests.","revisionCount":0},"hasMore":false,"nextCursor":null}

History