In mathematics, addition and subtraction logarithms or Gaussian logarithms can be utilized to find the logarithms of the sum and difference of a pair of values whose logarithms are known, without knowing the values themselves. Their mathematical foundations trace back to Zecchini Leonelli and Carl Friedrich Gauss in the early 1800s. The operations of addition and subtraction can be calculated by the formula: where, , the "sum" function is defined by , and the "difference" function by. The functions s_b(z) and d_b(z) are also known as Gaussian logarithms. For natural logarithms with b = e the following identities with hyperbolic functions exist: This shows that s_e has a Taylor expansion where all but the first term are rational and all odd terms except the linear term are zero. The simplification of multiplication, division, roots, and powers is counterbalanced by the cost of evaluating these functions for addition and subtraction.