{"history":[],"article":{"id":"421e4dd0-5335-4069-a3f4-ef04e5725448","title":"Exposure value","slug":"exposure-value","content":":::summary\n:::\n\n# \nIn [photography](https://bliptext.com/articles/photography), **[exposure](https://bliptext.com/articles/exposure-photography) value** (**EV**) is a number that represents a combination of a [camera](https://bliptext.com/articles/camera)'s [shutter speed](https://bliptext.com/articles/shutter-speed) and [f-number](https://bliptext.com/articles/f-number), such that all combinations that yield the same [exposure](https://bliptext.com/articles/exposure-photography) have the same **EV** (for any fixed scene [luminance](https://bliptext.com/articles/luminance)).\nExposure value is also used to indicate an interval on the photographic exposure scale, with a difference of 1 EV corresponding to a standard power-of-2 exposure step, commonly referred to as a **stop**.\nThe EV concept was developed by the German shutter manufacturer [Friedrich Deckel](https://bliptext.com/articles/friedrich-deckel) in the 1950s ([Gebele 1958](https://bliptext.com/articles/); [Ray 2000](https://bliptext.com/articles/), 318).\nIts intent was to simplify choosing among equivalent camera exposure settings by replacing combinations of shutter speed and f-number (e.g., 1/125 s at ) with a single number (e.g., 15).\nOn some lenses with [leaf shutters](https://bliptext.com/articles/shutter-photography), the process was further simplified by allowing the shutter and aperture controls to be linked such that, when one was changed, the other was automatically adjusted to maintain the same exposure.\nThis was especially helpful to beginners with limited understanding of the effects of shutter speed and aperture and the relationship between them.\nBut it was also useful for experienced photographers who might choose a shutter speed to stop motion or an f-number for depth of field, because it allowed for faster adjustment—without the need for mental calculations—and reduced the chance of error when making the adjustment.\nThe concept became known as the Light Value System (LVS) in Europe; it was generally known as the Exposure Value System (EVS) when the features became available on cameras in the United States ([Desfor 1957](https://bliptext.com/articles/)).\nBecause of mechanical considerations, the coupling of shutter and aperture was limited to lenses with leaf shutters; however, various [automatic exposure](https://bliptext.com/articles/exposure-photography) modes now work to somewhat the same effect in cameras with [focal-plane shutters](https://bliptext.com/articles/shutter-photography).\nThe proper EV was determined by the scene luminance and film speed; it was intended that the system also include adjustment for filters, exposure compensation, and other variables.\nWith all of these elements included, the camera would be set by transferring the single number thus determined.\nExposure value has been indicated in various ways.\nThe ASA and ANSI standards used the quantity symbol Ev, with the subscript v indicating the logarithmic value; this symbol continues to be used in [ISO standards](https://bliptext.com/articles/iso-standard), but the [acronym](https://bliptext.com/articles/acronym) EV is [more common elsewhere](https://bliptext.com/articles/photographers-abbreviations).\nThe [Exif](https://bliptext.com/articles/exif) standard uses Ev ([CIPA 2016](https://bliptext.com/articles/)).\nAlthough all camera settings with the same EV nominally give the same exposure, they do not necessarily give the same picture.\nThe f-number (relative [aperture](https://bliptext.com/articles/aperture)) determines the [depth of field](https://bliptext.com/articles/depth-of-field), and the shutter speed ([exposure time](https://bliptext.com/articles/exposure-time)) determines the amount of [motion blur](https://bliptext.com/articles/motion-blur), as illustrated by the two images at the right (and at long [exposure time](https://bliptext.com/articles/exposure-time)s, as a second-order effect, the light-sensitive medium may exhibit [reciprocity failure](https://bliptext.com/articles/reciprocity-failure), which is a change of light sensitivity dependent on the [irradiance](https://bliptext.com/articles/irradiance) at the film).\n\n# Formal definition\nExposure value is a base-2 [logarithmic](https://bliptext.com/articles/logarithm) scale defined by ([Ray 2000, 318](https://bliptext.com/articles/)):\nwhere\nThe second line is just applying the [quotient identity](https://bliptext.com/articles/logarithm) of logarithms to the first line.\nEV 0 corre[s](https://bliptext.com/articles/second)pond[s](https://bliptext.com/articles/second) to an expo[s](https://bliptext.com/articles/second)ure time of 1 [s](https://bliptext.com/articles/second) and an aperture of.\nIf the EV is known, it can be used to select combinations of exposure time and f-number, as shown in Table 1.\nEach increment of 1 in exposure value corresponds to a change of one \"step\" (or, more commonly, one \"stop\") in exposure, i.e., half as much exposure, either by halving the exposure time or halving the aperture area, or a combination of such changes.\nGreater exposure values are appropriate for photography in more brightly lit situations, or for lower [ISO speeds](https://bliptext.com/articles/film-speed).\n# [Extended exposure time of 26 seconds | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Spinning///into///Action.jpg]\n\n# Camera settings vs. luminous exposure\n\"Exposure value\" indicates combinations of camera settings rather than the [luminous exposure](https://bliptext.com/articles/photometry-optics) (aka photometric exposure), which is given by ([Ray 2000](https://bliptext.com/articles/), 310)\nwhere\nThe il[luminance](https://bliptext.com/articles/luminance) E is controlled by the f-number but also depends on the scene [luminance](https://bliptext.com/articles/luminance).\nTo avoid confusion, some authors ([Ray 2000](https://bliptext.com/articles/), 310) have used **camera exposure** to refer to combinations of camera settings.\nThe 1964 ASA standard for automatic exposure controls for cameras, [ASA PH2.15-1964](https://bliptext.com/articles/), took the same approach, and also used the more descriptive term **camera exposure settings**.\nCommon practice among photographers is nonetheless to use \"exposure\" to refer to camera settings as well as to photometric exposure.\n# [Shutter with EV indicator (item 29) on a ring of EV values (item 34), figure from US patent 2829574, Inventor: K. Gebele, original assignee: Hans Deckel, filing date: Nov 2, 1953, issue date: Apr 8, 1958 | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Shutter///with///EV///scale.png]\n\n## Relationship of camera settings to luminous exposure\nThe image-plane illuminance is directly proportional to the area of the aperture, and hence inversely proportional to the square of the lens f-number; thus\nfor constant lighting conditions, the exposure is constant as long as the ratio t/N2 is constant.\nIf, for example, the f-number is changed, an equivalent exposure time can be determined from\nPerforming this calculation mentally is tedious for most photographers, but the equation is easily solved with a calculator dial on an exposure meter ([Ray 2000](https://bliptext.com/articles/), 318) or a similar dial on a standalone calculator.\nIf the camera controls have detents, constant exposure can be maintained by counting the steps as one control is adjusted and counting an equivalent number of steps when adjusting the other control.\n\n## Representing camera settings: EV\nThe ratio t/N2 could be used to represent equivalent combinations of exposure time and f-number in a single value.\nBut for many such combinations used in general photography, the ratio gives a fractional value with a large denominator; this is notationally inconvenient as well as difficult to remember.\nInverting this ratio and taking the base-2 logarithm allows defining a quantity Ev such that\nresulting in a value that progresses in a linear sequence as camera exposure is changed in power-of-2 steps.\nFor example, beginning with 1 s and, decreasing exposure\ngives the simple sequence\nThe last two values shown frequently apply when using ISO 100 speed imaging media in outdoor photography.\nThis system provides its greatest benefit when using an exposure meter (or table) calibrated in EV with a camera that allows settings to be made in EV, especially with coupled shutter and aperture; the appropriate exposure is easily set on the camera, and choosing among equivalent settings is made by adjusting one control.\nCurrent cameras do not allow direct setting of EV, and cameras with [automatic exposure control](https://bliptext.com/articles/exposure-photography) generally obviate the need for it.\nEV can nonetheless be helpful when used to transfer recommended exposure settings from an exposure meter (or [table of recommended exposures](https://bliptext.com/articles/)) to an exposure calculator (or [table of camera settings](https://bliptext.com/articles/)).\n# [Robert Kaufmann's posographe or exposure calculator from 1922 | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Posographe///de///Robert///Kaufmann///-///1922.jpg]\n\n# EV as an indicator of camera settings\nUsed as an indicator of camera settings, EV corresponds to actual combinations of shutter speed and aperture setting.\nWhen the actual EV matches that recommended by the light level and the ISO speed, these settings should result in the \"correct\" exposure.\n\n# Relationship of EV to lighting conditions\n\"Correct\" exposure is obtained when the f-number and exposure time match those \"recommended\" for given lighting conditions\nand ISO speed; the relationship is given by the exposure equation prescribed by [ISO 2720:1974](https://bliptext.com/articles/iso-2720):\nwhere\nApplied to the right-hand side of the exposure equation, exposure value is\nIf the common value of K = 12.5 (unit: cd s/m^{2 ISO) is used, an EV of zero (e.g., an aperture of and a shutter time of 1 sec) for ISO = 100 corresponds to a luminance of 0.125 cd/m^{2 (0.01 cd/ft^{2).\nAt EV = 15 (the \"[sunny sixteen](https://bliptext.com/articles/sunny-16-rule)\" amount of light) the luminance is 4096 cd/m^{2 (380 cd/ft^{2).\nCamera settings also can be determined from incident-light measurements, for which the exposure equation is\nwhere\nIn terms of exposure value, the right-hand side becomes\nWhen applied to the left-hand side of the exposure equation, EV denotes actual combinations of camera settings; when applied to the right-hand side, EV denotes combinations of camera settings required to give the nominally \"correct\" exposure.\nThe formal relationship of EV to luminance or illuminance has limitations.\nAlthough it usually works well for typical outdoor scenes in daylight, it is less applicable to scenes with highly atypical luminance distributions, such as city skylines at night.\nIn such situations, the EV that will result in the best picture often is better determined by subjective evaluation of photographs than by formal consideration of luminance or illuminance.\nFor a given luminance and film speed, a greater EV results in less exposure, and for fixed exposure (i.e., fixed camera settings),\na greater EV corresponds to greater luminance or illuminance.\nIlluminance is measured using a flat sensor; if the common value of C = 250 (unit: lux s ISO=lm s/m^{2 ISO) is used, an EV of zero (e.g., an aperture of and a shutter time of 1 sec) for ISO = 100 corresponds to an illuminance of 2.5 lux (0.23 fc).\nAt EV = 15 (the \"sunny sixteen\" amount of light) the illuminance is 82,000 lux (7600 fc).\nFor general photography, incident-light measurements are usually taken with a hemispherical sensor; the readings cannot be meaningfully related to illuminance.\n\n# Tabulated exposure values\nAn exposure meter may not always be available, and using a meter to determine exposure for some scenes with unusual lighting distribution may be difficult.\nHowever, natural light, as well as many scenes with artificial lighting, is predictable, so that exposure often can be determined with reasonable accuracy from tabulated values.\n! Lighting condition || EV100\n! colspan=\"2\" | Daylight\n! colspan=\"2\" | Outdoor, natural light\n! colspan=\"2\" | Outdoor, artificial light\n! colspan=\"2\" | Indoor, artificial light\nValues for direct sunlight apply between approximately two hours after sunrise and two hours before sunset, and assume front lighting.\nAs a rough general rule, decrease EV by 1 for side lighting, and decrease EV by 2 for back lighting.
\nThis is approximately the value given by the [sunny 16](https://bliptext.com/articles/sunny-16) rule.
\nThese values are appropriate for pictures of the Moon taken at night with a long lens or telescope, and will render the Moon as a medium tone.\nThey will not, in general, be suitable for landscape pictures that include the Moon.\nIn a landscape photograph, the Moon typically is near the horizon, where its luminance changes considerably with [altitude](https://bliptext.com/articles/altitude-astronomy).\nMoreover, a landscape photograph usually must take account of the sky and foreground as well as the Moon.\nConsequently, it is nearly impossible to give a single correct exposure value for such a situation.
\n\nExposure values in Table 2 are reasonable general guidelines, but they should be used with caution.\nFor simplicity, they are rounded to the nearest integer, and they omit numerous considerations described in the ANSI exposure guides from which they are derived.\nMoreover, they take no account of color shifts or [reciprocity](https://bliptext.com/articles/reciprocity-photography) failure.\nProper use of tabulated exposure values is explained in detail in the ANSI exposure guide, [ANSI PH2.7-1986](https://bliptext.com/articles/).\nThe exposure values in Table 2 are for ISO 100 speed (\"EV100\").\nFor a different ISO speed S, increase the exposure values (decrease the exposures) by the number of exposure steps by which that speed is greater than ISO 100, formally\nFor example, ISO 400 speed is two steps greater than ISO 100:\nTo photograph outdoor night sports with an ISO 400–speed imaging medium, search Table 2 for \"Night sports\" (which has an EV of 9 for ISO 100), and add 2 to get EV400 = 11.\nFor lower ISO speed, decrease the exposure values (increase the exposures) by the number of exposure steps by which the speed is less than ISO 100.\nFor example, ISO 50 speed is one step less than ISO 100:\nTo photograph a rainbow against a cloudy sky with an ISO 50–speed imaging medium, search Table 2 for \"Rainbows-Cloudy sky background\" (which has an EV of 14), and subtract 1 to get EV50 = 13.\nThe equation for correcting for ISO speed can also be solved for EV100:\nFor example, using ISO 400 film and setting the camera for EV 11 allows shooting night sports at a light level of EV100 = 9, in agreement with the example done the other way around above.\nAn online calculator that implemented this calculation was available at [dpreview.com](https://bliptext.com/articles/undefined).\n# [Visualization of lighting conditions and corresponding exposure values, where the area of each circle is proportional to the amount of light in the scene. Note that each level includes the full area inside the circle, not merely the ring. | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Exposure///Value///Scale///Visualized///as///Circles.png]\n\n# Setting EV on a camera\nOn most cameras, there is no direct way to transfer an EV to camera settings; however, a few cameras, such as some [Voigtländer](https://bliptext.com/articles/voigtl-nder) and [Braun](https://bliptext.com/articles/carl-braun-camera-werk) models or the [Kodak](https://bliptext.com/articles/kodak) Pony II shown in the photo, allowed direct setting of exposure value.\nSome medium-format cameras from [Rollei](https://bliptext.com/articles/rollei) ([Rollei](https://bliptext.com/articles/rollei)flex, [Rollei](https://bliptext.com/articles/rollei)cord models) and [Hasselblad](https://bliptext.com/articles/hasselblad) allowed EV to be set on the lenses.\nThe set EV could be locked, coupling shutter and [aperture](https://bliptext.com/articles/aperture) settings, such that adjusting either the [shutter speed](https://bliptext.com/articles/shutter-speed) or [aperture](https://bliptext.com/articles/aperture) made a corresponding adjustment in the other to maintain a constant exposure ([Ray 2000](https://bliptext.com/articles/), 318).\nOn some lenses the locking was optional, so that the photographer could choose the preferred method of working depending on the situation.\nUse of EV on some meters and cameras is discussed briefly by [Adams (1981](https://bliptext.com/articles/), 39).\nHe notes that, in some cases, the EV indication from the meter may need to be adjusted for film speed.\n# [Detail of front of Kodak Retina Ib 35mm camera (c. 1954) showing the EV setting ring that couples aperture and shutter speed settings | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Kodak///Retina///Ib///with///EV.jpg]\n# [A Kodak Pony II camera (1957–1962) with exposure value setting ring. This camera has a fixed shutter speed, so the \"EXP VALUE\" ring simply sets the aperture. | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Kodak///Pony///II///Camera.jpg]\n# [Hasselblad Planar 80mm with EVS set at EV 12 | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Hasselblad///with///Planar///80mm///at///EV///12.jpg]\n\n# Exposure compensation in EV\nMany current cameras allow for [exposure compensation](https://bliptext.com/articles/exposure-compensation), and usually state it in terms of EV ([Ray 2000](https://bliptext.com/articles/), 316).\nIn this context, EV refers to the difference between the indicated and set exposures.\nFor example, an exposure compensation of +1 EV (or +1 step) means to increase exposure, by using either a longer exposure time or a smaller f-number.\nThe sense of exposure compensation is opposite that of the EV scale itself.\nAn increase in exposure corresponds to a decrease in EV, so an exposure compensation of +1 EV results in a smaller EV; conversely, an exposure compensation of −1 EV results in a greater EV.\nFor example, if a meter reading of a lighter-than-normal subject indicates EV 16, and an exposure compensation of +1 EV is applied to render the subject appropriately, the final camera settings will correspond to EV 15.\n\n# Meter indication in EV\nSome [light meters](https://bliptext.com/articles/light-meter) (e.g., Pentax [spot meters](https://bliptext.com/articles/spot-meter)) indicate directly in EV at ISO 100.\nSome other meters, especially digital models, can indicate EV for the selected ISO speed.\nIn most cases, this difference is irrelevant; with the Pentax meters, camera settings usually are determined using the exposure calculator, and most digital meters directly display shutter speeds and f-numbers.\nRecently, articles on many web sites have used [light value](https://bliptext.com/articles/light-value) (LV) to denote EV at ISO 100.\nHowever, this term does not derive from a standards body, and has had several conflicting definitions.\n\n# EV and APEX\nThe Additive system of Photographic EXposure ([APEX](https://bliptext.com/articles/apex-system)) proposed in the 1960 [ASA](https://bliptext.com/articles/american-standards-association) standard for monochrome film speed, [ASA](https://bliptext.com/articles/american-standards-association) PH2.5-1960, extended the concept of exposure value to all quantities in the exposure equation by taking base-2 logarithms, reducing application of the equation to simple addition and subtraction.\nIn terms of exposure value, the left-hand side of the exposure equation became\nwhere Av (aperture value) and Tv (time value) were defined as:\nand\nwith\nAv and Tv represent the numbers of stops from and 1 second, respectively.\nUse of APEX required logarithmic markings on aperture and shutter controls, however, and these never were incorporated in consumer cameras.\nWith the inclusion of built-in exposure meters in most cameras shortly after APEX was proposed, the need to use the exposure equation was eliminated, and APEX saw little actual use.\nThough it remains of little interest to the end user, APEX has seen a partial resurrection in the [Exif](https://bliptext.com/articles/exif) standard, which calls for storing exposure data using APEX values.\nSee [Use of APEX values in Exif](https://bliptext.com/articles/apex-system) for additional discussion.\n\n# EV as a measure of luminance and illuminance\nFor a given ISO speed and meter calibration constant, there is a direct relationship between exposure value and luminance (or illuminance).\nStrictly, EV is not a measure of luminance or illuminance; rather, an EV corresponds to a luminance (or illuminance) for which a camera with a given ISO speed would use the indicated EV to obtain the nominally correct exposure.\nNonetheless, it is common practice among photographic equipment manufacturers to express luminance in EV for ISO 100 speed, as when specifying metering range ([Ray 2000](https://bliptext.com/articles/), 318) or autofocus sensitivity.\nAnd the practice is long established; ([Ray 2002](https://bliptext.com/articles/), 592) cites [Ulffers (1968)](https://bliptext.com/articles/) as an early example.\nProperly, the meter calibration constant as well as the ISO speed should be stated, but this seldom is done.\nValues for the reflected-light calibration constant K vary slightly among manufacturers; a common choice is 12.5 ([Canon](https://bliptext.com/articles/canon-inc), [Nikon](https://bliptext.com/articles/nikon), and [Sekonic](https://bliptext.com/articles/mamiya) ).\nUsing K = 12.5, the relationship between EV at ISO 100 and luminance L is then\nValues of luminance at various values of EV based on this relationship are shown in Table 3.\nUsing this relationship, a reflected-light exposure meter that indicates in EV can be used to determine luminance.\nAs with luminance, common practice among photographic equipment manufacturers is to express illuminance in EV for ISO 100 speed when specifying metering range.\nThe situation with incident-light meters is more complicated than that for reflected-light meters, because the calibration constant C depends on the sensor type.\nTwo sensor types are common: flat ([cosine](https://bliptext.com/articles/cosine)-responding) and hemispherical ([cardioid](https://bliptext.com/articles/cardioid)-responding).\nIlluminance is measured with a flat sensor; a typical value for C is 250 with illuminance in [lux](https://bliptext.com/articles/lux).\nUsing C = 250, the relationship between EV at ISO 100 and illuminance E is then\nValues of illuminance at various values of EV based on this relationship are shown in the table to the right.\nUsing this relationship, an incident-light exposure meter that indicates in EV can be used to determine illuminance.\nAlthough illuminance measurements may indicate appropriate exposure for a flat subject, they are less useful for a typical scene in which many elements are not flat and are at various orientations to the camera.\nFor determining practical photographic exposure, a hemispherical sensor has proven more effective.\nWith a hemispherical sensor, typical values for C are between 320 (Minolta) and 340 (Sekonic) with illuminance in lux.\nIf illuminance is interpreted loosely, measurements with a hemispherical sensor indicate \"scene illuminance\".\n[Exposure meter calibration](https://bliptext.com/articles/light-meter) is discussed in detail in the [Light meter](https://bliptext.com/articles/light-meter) article.","current_revision":null,"created_by":"kACnuQmH5k9Nr5VNVEpVeg7XpvUmMctD","created_at":"2025-01-25T18:42:01.984Z","updated_at":"2025-01-25T18:42:01.984Z","search_vector":"'exposur':1 'valu':2","search_content":" \n \n\n# \nIn [photography](https://bliptext.com/articles/photography), **[exposure](https://bliptext.com/articles/exposure-photography) value** (**EV**) is a number that represents a combination of a [camera](https://bliptext.com/articles/camera)'s [shutter speed](https://bliptext.com/articles/shutter-speed) and [f-number](https://bliptext.com/articles/f-number), such that all combinations that yield the same [exposure](https://bliptext.com/articles/exposure-photography) have the same **EV** (for any fixed scene [luminance](https://bliptext.com/articles/luminance)).\nExposure value is also used to indicate an interval on the photographic exposure scale, with a difference of 1 EV corresponding to a standard power-of-2 exposure step, commonly referred to as a **stop**.\nThe EV concept was developed by the German shutter manufacturer [Friedrich Deckel](https://bliptext.com/articles/friedrich-deckel) in the 1950s ([Gebele 1958](https://bliptext.com/articles/); [Ray 2000](https://bliptext.com/articles/), 318).\nIts intent was to simplify choosing among equivalent camera exposure settings by replacing combinations of shutter speed and f-number (e.g., 1/125 s at ) with a single number (e.g., 15).\nOn some lenses with [leaf shutters](https://bliptext.com/articles/shutter-photography), the process was further simplified by allowing the shutter and aperture controls to be linked such that, when one was changed, the other was automatically adjusted to maintain the same exposure.\nThis was especially helpful to beginners with limited understanding of the effects of shutter speed and aperture and the relationship between them.\nBut it was also useful for experienced photographers who might choose a shutter speed to stop motion or an f-number for depth of field, because it allowed for faster adjustment—without the need for mental calculations—and reduced the chance of error when making the adjustment.\nThe concept became known as the Light Value System (LVS) in Europe; it was generally known as the Exposure Value System (EVS) when the features became available on cameras in the United States ([Desfor 1957](https://bliptext.com/articles/)).\nBecause of mechanical considerations, the coupling of shutter and aperture was limited to lenses with leaf shutters; however, various [automatic exposure](https://bliptext.com/articles/exposure-photography) modes now work to somewhat the same effect in cameras with [focal-plane shutters](https://bliptext.com/articles/shutter-photography).\nThe proper EV was determined by the scene luminance and film speed; it was intended that the system also include adjustment for filters, exposure compensation, and other variables.\nWith all of these elements included, the camera would be set by transferring the single number thus determined.\nExposure value has been indicated in various ways.\nThe ASA and ANSI standards used the quantity symbol Ev, with the subscript v indicating the logarithmic value; this symbol continues to be used in [ISO standards](https://bliptext.com/articles/iso-standard), but the [acronym](https://bliptext.com/articles/acronym) EV is [more common elsewhere](https://bliptext.com/articles/photographers-abbreviations).\nThe [Exif](https://bliptext.com/articles/exif) standard uses Ev ([CIPA 2016](https://bliptext.com/articles/)).\nAlthough all camera settings with the same EV nominally give the same exposure, they do not necessarily give the same picture.\nThe f-number (relative [aperture](https://bliptext.com/articles/aperture)) determines the [depth of field](https://bliptext.com/articles/depth-of-field), and the shutter speed ([exposure time](https://bliptext.com/articles/exposure-time)) determines the amount of [motion blur](https://bliptext.com/articles/motion-blur), as illustrated by the two images at the right (and at long [exposure time](https://bliptext.com/articles/exposure-time)s, as a second-order effect, the light-sensitive medium may exhibit [reciprocity failure](https://bliptext.com/articles/reciprocity-failure), which is a change of light sensitivity dependent on the [irradiance](https://bliptext.com/articles/irradiance) at the film).\n\n# Formal definition\nExposure value is a base-2 [logarithmic](https://bliptext.com/articles/logarithm) scale defined by ([Ray 2000, 318](https://bliptext.com/articles/)):\nwhere\nThe second line is just applying the [quotient identity](https://bliptext.com/articles/logarithm) of logarithms to the first line.\nEV 0 corre[s](https://bliptext.com/articles/second)pond[s](https://bliptext.com/articles/second) to an expo[s](https://bliptext.com/articles/second)ure time of 1 [s](https://bliptext.com/articles/second) and an aperture of.\nIf the EV is known, it can be used to select combinations of exposure time and f-number, as shown in Table 1.\nEach increment of 1 in exposure value corresponds to a change of one \"step\" (or, more commonly, one \"stop\") in exposure, i.e., half as much exposure, either by halving the exposure time or halving the aperture area, or a combination of such changes.\nGreater exposure values are appropriate for photography in more brightly lit situations, or for lower [ISO speeds](https://bliptext.com/articles/film-speed).\n# [Extended exposure time of 26 seconds | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Spinning///into///Action.jpg]\n\n# Camera settings vs. luminous exposure\n\"Exposure value\" indicates combinations of camera settings rather than the [luminous exposure](https://bliptext.com/articles/photometry-optics) (aka photometric exposure), which is given by ([Ray 2000](https://bliptext.com/articles/), 310)\nwhere\nThe il[luminance](https://bliptext.com/articles/luminance) E is controlled by the f-number but also depends on the scene [luminance](https://bliptext.com/articles/luminance).\nTo avoid confusion, some authors ([Ray 2000](https://bliptext.com/articles/), 310) have used **camera exposure** to refer to combinations of camera settings.\nThe 1964 ASA standard for automatic exposure controls for cameras, [ASA PH2.15-1964](https://bliptext.com/articles/), took the same approach, and also used the more descriptive term **camera exposure settings**.\nCommon practice among photographers is nonetheless to use \"exposure\" to refer to camera settings as well as to photometric exposure.\n# [Shutter with EV indicator (item 29) on a ring of EV values (item 34), figure from US patent 2829574, Inventor: K. Gebele, original assignee: Hans Deckel, filing date: Nov 2, 1953, issue date: Apr 8, 1958 | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Shutter///with///EV///scale.png]\n\n## Relationship of camera settings to luminous exposure\nThe image-plane illuminance is directly proportional to the area of the aperture, and hence inversely proportional to the square of the lens f-number; thus\nfor constant lighting conditions, the exposure is constant as long as the ratio t/N2 is constant.\nIf, for example, the f-number is changed, an equivalent exposure time can be determined from\nPerforming this calculation mentally is tedious for most photographers, but the equation is easily solved with a calculator dial on an exposure meter ([Ray 2000](https://bliptext.com/articles/), 318) or a similar dial on a standalone calculator.\nIf the camera controls have detents, constant exposure can be maintained by counting the steps as one control is adjusted and counting an equivalent number of steps when adjusting the other control.\n\n## Representing camera settings: EV\nThe ratio t/N2 could be used to represent equivalent combinations of exposure time and f-number in a single value.\nBut for many such combinations used in general photography, the ratio gives a fractional value with a large denominator; this is notationally inconvenient as well as difficult to remember.\nInverting this ratio and taking the base-2 logarithm allows defining a quantity Ev such that\nresulting in a value that progresses in a linear sequence as camera exposure is changed in power-of-2 steps.\nFor example, beginning with 1 s and, decreasing exposure\ngives the simple sequence\nThe last two values shown frequently apply when using ISO 100 speed imaging media in outdoor photography.\nThis system provides its greatest benefit when using an exposure meter (or table) calibrated in EV with a camera that allows settings to be made in EV, especially with coupled shutter and aperture; the appropriate exposure is easily set on the camera, and choosing among equivalent settings is made by adjusting one control.\nCurrent cameras do not allow direct setting of EV, and cameras with [automatic exposure control](https://bliptext.com/articles/exposure-photography) generally obviate the need for it.\nEV can nonetheless be helpful when used to transfer recommended exposure settings from an exposure meter (or [table of recommended exposures](https://bliptext.com/articles/)) to an exposure calculator (or [table of camera settings](https://bliptext.com/articles/)).\n# [Robert Kaufmann's posographe or exposure calculator from 1922 | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Posographe///de///Robert///Kaufmann///-///1922.jpg]\n\n# EV as an indicator of camera settings\nUsed as an indicator of camera settings, EV corresponds to actual combinations of shutter speed and aperture setting.\nWhen the actual EV matches that recommended by the light level and the ISO speed, these settings should result in the \"correct\" exposure.\n\n# Relationship of EV to lighting conditions\n\"Correct\" exposure is obtained when the f-number and exposure time match those \"recommended\" for given lighting conditions\nand ISO speed; the relationship is given by the exposure equation prescribed by [ISO 2720:1974](https://bliptext.com/articles/iso-2720):\nwhere\nApplied to the right-hand side of the exposure equation, exposure value is\nIf the common value of K = 12.5 (unit: cd s/m 2 ISO) is used, an EV of zero (e.g., an aperture of and a shutter time of 1 sec) for ISO = 100 corresponds to a luminance of 0.125 cd/m 2 (0.01 cd/ft 2).\nAt EV = 15 (the \"[sunny sixteen](https://bliptext.com/articles/sunny-16-rule)\" amount of light) the luminance is 4096 cd/m 2 (380 cd/ft 2).\nCamera settings also can be determined from incident-light measurements, for which the exposure equation is\nwhere\nIn terms of exposure value, the right-hand side becomes\nWhen applied to the left-hand side of the exposure equation, EV denotes actual combinations of camera settings; when applied to the right-hand side, EV denotes combinations of camera settings required to give the nominally \"correct\" exposure.\nThe formal relationship of EV to luminance or illuminance has limitations.\nAlthough it usually works well for typical outdoor scenes in daylight, it is less applicable to scenes with highly atypical luminance distributions, such as city skylines at night.\nIn such situations, the EV that will result in the best picture often is better determined by subjective evaluation of photographs than by formal consideration of luminance or illuminance.\nFor a given luminance and film speed, a greater EV results in less exposure, and for fixed exposure (i.e., fixed camera settings),\na greater EV corresponds to greater luminance or illuminance.\nIlluminance is measured using a flat sensor; if the common value of C = 250 (unit: lux s ISO=lm s/m 2 ISO) is used, an EV of zero (e.g., an aperture of and a shutter time of 1 sec) for ISO = 100 corresponds to an illuminance of 2.5 lux (0.23 fc).\nAt EV = 15 (the \"sunny sixteen\" amount of light) the illuminance is 82,000 lux (7600 fc).\nFor general photography, incident-light measurements are usually taken with a hemispherical sensor; the readings cannot be meaningfully related to illuminance.\n\n# Tabulated exposure values\nAn exposure meter may not always be available, and using a meter to determine exposure for some scenes with unusual lighting distribution may be difficult.\nHowever, natural light, as well as many scenes with artificial lighting, is predictable, so that exposure often can be determined with reasonable accuracy from tabulated values.\n! Lighting condition || EV100\n! colspan=\"2\" | Daylight\n! colspan=\"2\" | Outdoor, natural light\n! colspan=\"2\" | Outdoor, artificial light\n! colspan=\"2\" | Indoor, artificial light\n Values for direct sunlight apply between approximately two hours after sunrise and two hours before sunset, and assume front lighting.\nAs a rough general rule, decrease EV by 1 for side lighting, and decrease EV by 2 for back lighting. \n This is approximately the value given by the [sunny 16](https://bliptext.com/articles/sunny-16) rule. \n These values are appropriate for pictures of the Moon taken at night with a long lens or telescope, and will render the Moon as a medium tone.\nThey will not, in general, be suitable for landscape pictures that include the Moon.\nIn a landscape photograph, the Moon typically is near the horizon, where its luminance changes considerably with [altitude](https://bliptext.com/articles/altitude-astronomy).\nMoreover, a landscape photograph usually must take account of the sky and foreground as well as the Moon.\nConsequently, it is nearly impossible to give a single correct exposure value for such a situation. \n \nExposure values in Table 2 are reasonable general guidelines, but they should be used with caution.\nFor simplicity, they are rounded to the nearest integer, and they omit numerous considerations described in the ANSI exposure guides from which they are derived.\nMoreover, they take no account of color shifts or [reciprocity](https://bliptext.com/articles/reciprocity-photography) failure.\nProper use of tabulated exposure values is explained in detail in the ANSI exposure guide, [ANSI PH2.7-1986](https://bliptext.com/articles/).\nThe exposure values in Table 2 are for ISO 100 speed (\"EV100\").\nFor a different ISO speed S, increase the exposure values (decrease the exposures) by the number of exposure steps by which that speed is greater than ISO 100, formally\nFor example, ISO 400 speed is two steps greater than ISO 100:\nTo photograph outdoor night sports with an ISO 400–speed imaging medium, search Table 2 for \"Night sports\" (which has an EV of 9 for ISO 100), and add 2 to get EV400 = 11.\nFor lower ISO speed, decrease the exposure values (increase the exposures) by the number of exposure steps by which the speed is less than ISO 100.\nFor example, ISO 50 speed is one step less than ISO 100:\nTo photograph a rainbow against a cloudy sky with an ISO 50–speed imaging medium, search Table 2 for \"Rainbows-Cloudy sky background\" (which has an EV of 14), and subtract 1 to get EV50 = 13.\nThe equation for correcting for ISO speed can also be solved for EV100:\nFor example, using ISO 400 film and setting the camera for EV 11 allows shooting night sports at a light level of EV100 = 9, in agreement with the example done the other way around above.\nAn online calculator that implemented this calculation was available at [dpreview.com](https://bliptext.com/articles/undefined).\n# [Visualization of lighting conditions and corresponding exposure values, where the area of each circle is proportional to the amount of light in the scene. Note that each level includes the full area inside the circle, not merely the ring. | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Exposure///Value///Scale///Visualized///as///Circles.png]\n\n# Setting EV on a camera\nOn most cameras, there is no direct way to transfer an EV to camera settings; however, a few cameras, such as some [Voigtländer](https://bliptext.com/articles/voigtl-nder) and [Braun](https://bliptext.com/articles/carl-braun-camera-werk) models or the [Kodak](https://bliptext.com/articles/kodak) Pony II shown in the photo, allowed direct setting of exposure value.\nSome medium-format cameras from [Rollei](https://bliptext.com/articles/rollei) ([Rollei](https://bliptext.com/articles/rollei)flex, [Rollei](https://bliptext.com/articles/rollei)cord models) and [Hasselblad](https://bliptext.com/articles/hasselblad) allowed EV to be set on the lenses.\nThe set EV could be locked, coupling shutter and [aperture](https://bliptext.com/articles/aperture) settings, such that adjusting either the [shutter speed](https://bliptext.com/articles/shutter-speed) or [aperture](https://bliptext.com/articles/aperture) made a corresponding adjustment in the other to maintain a constant exposure ([Ray 2000](https://bliptext.com/articles/), 318).\nOn some lenses the locking was optional, so that the photographer could choose the preferred method of working depending on the situation.\nUse of EV on some meters and cameras is discussed briefly by [Adams (1981](https://bliptext.com/articles/), 39).\nHe notes that, in some cases, the EV indication from the meter may need to be adjusted for film speed.\n# [Detail of front of Kodak Retina Ib 35mm camera (c. 1954) showing the EV setting ring that couples aperture and shutter speed settings | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Kodak///Retina///Ib///with///EV.jpg]\n# [A Kodak Pony II camera (1957–1962) with exposure value setting ring. This camera has a fixed shutter speed, so the \"EXP VALUE\" ring simply sets the aperture. | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Kodak///Pony///II///Camera.jpg]\n# [Hasselblad Planar 80mm with EVS set at EV 12 | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Hasselblad///with///Planar///80mm///at///EV///12.jpg]\n\n# Exposure compensation in EV\nMany current cameras allow for [exposure compensation](https://bliptext.com/articles/exposure-compensation), and usually state it in terms of EV ([Ray 2000](https://bliptext.com/articles/), 316).\nIn this context, EV refers to the difference between the indicated and set exposures.\nFor example, an exposure compensation of +1 EV (or +1 step) means to increase exposure, by using either a longer exposure time or a smaller f-number.\nThe sense of exposure compensation is opposite that of the EV scale itself.\nAn increase in exposure corresponds to a decrease in EV, so an exposure compensation of +1 EV results in a smaller EV; conversely, an exposure compensation of −1 EV results in a greater EV.\nFor example, if a meter reading of a lighter-than-normal subject indicates EV 16, and an exposure compensation of +1 EV is applied to render the subject appropriately, the final camera settings will correspond to EV 15.\n\n# Meter indication in EV\nSome [light meters](https://bliptext.com/articles/light-meter) (e.g., Pentax [spot meters](https://bliptext.com/articles/spot-meter)) indicate directly in EV at ISO 100.\nSome other meters, especially digital models, can indicate EV for the selected ISO speed.\nIn most cases, this difference is irrelevant; with the Pentax meters, camera settings usually are determined using the exposure calculator, and most digital meters directly display shutter speeds and f-numbers.\nRecently, articles on many web sites have used [light value](https://bliptext.com/articles/light-value) (LV) to denote EV at ISO 100.\nHowever, this term does not derive from a standards body, and has had several conflicting definitions.\n\n# EV and APEX\nThe Additive system of Photographic EXposure ([APEX](https://bliptext.com/articles/apex-system)) proposed in the 1960 [ASA](https://bliptext.com/articles/american-standards-association) standard for monochrome film speed, [ASA](https://bliptext.com/articles/american-standards-association) PH2.5-1960, extended the concept of exposure value to all quantities in the exposure equation by taking base-2 logarithms, reducing application of the equation to simple addition and subtraction.\nIn terms of exposure value, the left-hand side of the exposure equation became\nwhere Av (aperture value) and Tv (time value) were defined as:\nand\nwith\nAv and Tv represent the numbers of stops from and 1 second, respectively.\nUse of APEX required logarithmic markings on aperture and shutter controls, however, and these never were incorporated in consumer cameras.\nWith the inclusion of built-in exposure meters in most cameras shortly after APEX was proposed, the need to use the exposure equation was eliminated, and APEX saw little actual use.\nThough it remains of little interest to the end user, APEX has seen a partial resurrection in the [Exif](https://bliptext.com/articles/exif) standard, which calls for storing exposure data using APEX values.\nSee [Use of APEX values in Exif](https://bliptext.com/articles/apex-system) for additional discussion.\n\n# EV as a measure of luminance and illuminance\nFor a given ISO speed and meter calibration constant, there is a direct relationship between exposure value and luminance (or illuminance).\nStrictly, EV is not a measure of luminance or illuminance; rather, an EV corresponds to a luminance (or illuminance) for which a camera with a given ISO speed would use the indicated EV to obtain the nominally correct exposure.\nNonetheless, it is common practice among photographic equipment manufacturers to express luminance in EV for ISO 100 speed, as when specifying metering range ([Ray 2000](https://bliptext.com/articles/), 318) or autofocus sensitivity.\nAnd the practice is long established; ([Ray 2002](https://bliptext.com/articles/), 592) cites [Ulffers (1968)](https://bliptext.com/articles/) as an early example.\nProperly, the meter calibration constant as well as the ISO speed should be stated, but this seldom is done.\nValues for the reflected-light calibration constant K vary slightly among manufacturers; a common choice is 12.5 ([Canon](https://bliptext.com/articles/canon-inc), [Nikon](https://bliptext.com/articles/nikon), and [Sekonic](https://bliptext.com/articles/mamiya) ).\nUsing K = 12.5, the relationship between EV at ISO 100 and luminance L is then\nValues of luminance at various values of EV based on this relationship are shown in Table 3.\nUsing this relationship, a reflected-light exposure meter that indicates in EV can be used to determine luminance.\nAs with luminance, common practice among photographic equipment manufacturers is to express illuminance in EV for ISO 100 speed when specifying metering range.\nThe situation with incident-light meters is more complicated than that for reflected-light meters, because the calibration constant C depends on the sensor type.\nTwo sensor types are common: flat ([cosine](https://bliptext.com/articles/cosine)-responding) and hemispherical ([cardioid](https://bliptext.com/articles/cardioid)-responding).\nIlluminance is measured with a flat sensor; a typical value for C is 250 with illuminance in [lux](https://bliptext.com/articles/lux).\nUsing C = 250, the relationship between EV at ISO 100 and illuminance E is then\nValues of illuminance at various values of EV based on this relationship are shown in the table to the right.\nUsing this relationship, an incident-light exposure meter that indicates in EV can be used to determine illuminance.\nAlthough illuminance measurements may indicate appropriate exposure for a flat subject, they are less useful for a typical scene in which many elements are not flat and are at various orientations to the camera.\nFor determining practical photographic exposure, a hemispherical sensor has proven more effective.\nWith a hemispherical sensor, typical values for C are between 320 (Minolta) and 340 (Sekonic) with illuminance in lux.\nIf illuminance is interpreted loosely, measurements with a hemispherical sensor indicate \"scene illuminance\".\n[Exposure meter calibration](https://bliptext.com/articles/light-meter) is discussed in detail in the [Light meter](https://bliptext.com/articles/light-meter) article.","revisionCount":0},"hasMore":false,"nextCursor":null}}}}}}}

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