{"history":[],"article":{"id":"d5a571d7-c870-4cb7-8d95-61bed45e33b7","title":"Esperanto II","slug":"esperanto-ii","content":":::summary\n**Name:** Esperanto II \n**Creator:** [René de Saussure](https://bliptext.com/articles/ren-de-saussure) \n**Created:** 1937 \n**Setting:** [International auxiliary language](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-auxiliary-language) \n**Fam 2:** [International auxiliary language](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-auxiliary-language) \n**Fam 3:** [Esperanto](https://bliptext.com/articles/esperanto) \n**Posteriori:** based on [Esperanto](https://bliptext.com/articles/esperanto) \n**Notice:** IPA \n**Iso 3:** qet \n**Iso 3comment:** [(local use)](https://bliptext.com/articles/undefined). Also used for [Kiaokio](https://bliptext.com/articles/kiaokio-language). \n**Ietf:** [art-x-epotwo](https://bliptext.com/articles/undefined) \n**Glotto:** none \n:::\n\n# \n**Esperanto II** or **Esperanto 2** was a [reform of Esperanto](https://bliptext.com/articles/esperantido) proposed by [René de Saussure](https://bliptext.com/articles/ren-de-saussure) in 1937, the last of a long series of such proposals beginning with a 1907 response to [Ido](https://bliptext.com/articles/ido-language) with a project called [Lingwo Internaciona](https://bliptext.com/articles/lingwo-internaciona), later called Antido 1.\nEsperanto II was one of several languages investigated by the [International Auxiliary Language Association](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-auxiliary-language-association), the linguistic research body that eventually standardized and presented [Interlingua de IALA](https://bliptext.com/articles/interlingua-de-iala).\nSeveral of the grammatical inflections were changed.\nThe accusative is in -u, which replaces the final vowel of nouns, pronouns, and correlatives (ju for ĝin, tu for tion), and for the plural -n is added to both nouns and pronouns (lin \"they\", lina \"their\").\nNeither suffix affects adjectives, which do not [agree](https://bliptext.com/articles/agreement-linguistics) with their noun.\nThe correlative series tiu, ĉiu becomes ta, cha when modifying a noun.\nThe indefinite suffix -aŭ is replaced with adverbial -e, and the inchoative -iĝ- becomes -ev-.\nMany small grammatical words are also replaced, such as ey for kaj \"and\", be for ĉe \"at\", and ki for ol \"than\".\nThe work of the preposition de \"of, by, from\" is divided up into several more specific prepositions.\nAdditionally, the project introduced international cognates when such cognates were readily recognized; for example, skolo was used for \"school\" in place of standard Esperanto's lernejo (a derivation of lerni, \"to learn\"); Esperanto has skolo only in the sense of \"a school of thought\", which is also the meaning that the word has in the example passage below.\nAntonymic roots such as tarde for malfrue \"late\" and poke for malmulte \"few\" are used today in Esperanto poetry, though they resemble Ido and Esperanto may have acquired them from that language.\n\n# Orthography and phonology\nThe orthography and phonology were changed to eliminate diacritics and a few of the more marginal sounds: ⟨j⟩ becomes ⟨y⟩, ⟨ĵ⟩ and ⟨ĝ⟩ conflate to ⟨j⟩, ⟨ŭ⟩ becomes ⟨w⟩, ⟨ĉ⟩ becomes ⟨ch⟩, ⟨ŝ⟩ becomes ⟨sh⟩, ⟨kv⟩ becomes ⟨qu⟩, ⟨kz⟩ and ⟨ks⟩ become ⟨x⟩, ⟨ej⟩ becomes ⟨e⟩.\n\n# Sample\nChanges from standard Esperanto that involve more than orthography are highlighted in this sample passage and explained below.\nIn the order in which they occur in the passage above, these are:\n

-u : -on (as Kongresu : Kongreson, fondu : fondon)
be : ĉe
te : je (date)
farevis : fariĝis
ey : kaj
kaes : kies
''de kiu.\nki : ol''
anke : ankaŭ
ta : tiu
kay : kiu?
pliente ki : more than\n
-n : -j (as yaron : jaroj, membrun : membrojn)
kaw : kiun?
projekto : projekto (change in pronunciation)
di : (accepted) by
pos : post
cha : ĉiu
dey : from
tala : tia
li-n-a : ili-a (lin for ili is li plus plural ''-n)\n
lo : ?
ankore : ankoraŭ
ju : ĝin
tu : tion
tiente: ?
niam : neniam

","current_revision":null,"created_by":"kACnuQmH5k9Nr5VNVEpVeg7XpvUmMctD","created_at":"2025-01-25T21:39:33.012Z","updated_at":"2025-01-25T21:39:33.012Z","search_vector":"'esperanto':1 'ii':2","search_content":" \n**Name:** Esperanto II \n**Creator:** [René de Saussure](https://bliptext.com/articles/ren-de-saussure) \n**Created:** 1937 \n**Setting:** [International auxiliary language](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-auxiliary-language) \n**Fam 2:** [International auxiliary language](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-auxiliary-language) \n**Fam 3:** [Esperanto](https://bliptext.com/articles/esperanto) \n**Posteriori:** based on [Esperanto](https://bliptext.com/articles/esperanto) \n**Notice:** IPA \n**Iso 3:** qet \n**Iso 3comment:** [(local use)](https://bliptext.com/articles/undefined). Also used for [Kiaokio](https://bliptext.com/articles/kiaokio-language). \n**Ietf:** [art-x-epotwo](https://bliptext.com/articles/undefined) \n**Glotto:** none \n \n\n# \n**Esperanto II** or **Esperanto 2** was a [reform of Esperanto](https://bliptext.com/articles/esperantido) proposed by [René de Saussure](https://bliptext.com/articles/ren-de-saussure) in 1937, the last of a long series of such proposals beginning with a 1907 response to [Ido](https://bliptext.com/articles/ido-language) with a project called [Lingwo Internaciona](https://bliptext.com/articles/lingwo-internaciona), later called Antido 1.\nEsperanto II was one of several languages investigated by the [International Auxiliary Language Association](https://bliptext.com/articles/international-auxiliary-language-association), the linguistic research body that eventually standardized and presented [Interlingua de IALA](https://bliptext.com/articles/interlingua-de-iala).\nSeveral of the grammatical inflections were changed.\nThe accusative is in -u, which replaces the final vowel of nouns, pronouns, and correlatives (ju for ĝin, tu for tion), and for the plural -n is added to both nouns and pronouns (lin \"they\", lina \"their\").\nNeither suffix affects adjectives, which do not [agree](https://bliptext.com/articles/agreement-linguistics) with their noun.\nThe correlative series tiu, ĉiu becomes ta, cha when modifying a noun.\nThe indefinite suffix -aŭ is replaced with adverbial -e, and the inchoative -iĝ- becomes -ev-.\nMany small grammatical words are also replaced, such as ey for kaj \"and\", be for ĉe \"at\", and ki for ol \"than\".\nThe work of the preposition de \"of, by, from\" is divided up into several more specific prepositions.\nAdditionally, the project introduced international cognates when such cognates were readily recognized; for example, skolo was used for \"school\" in place of standard Esperanto's lernejo (a derivation of lerni, \"to learn\"); Esperanto has skolo only in the sense of \"a school of thought\", which is also the meaning that the word has in the example passage below.\nAntonymic roots such as tarde for malfrue \"late\" and poke for malmulte \"few\" are used today in Esperanto poetry, though they resemble Ido and Esperanto may have acquired them from that language.\n\n# Orthography and phonology\nThe orthography and phonology were changed to eliminate diacritics and a few of the more marginal sounds: ⟨j⟩ becomes ⟨y⟩, ⟨ĵ⟩ and ⟨ĝ⟩ conflate to ⟨j⟩, ⟨ŭ⟩ becomes ⟨w⟩, ⟨ĉ⟩ becomes ⟨ch⟩, ⟨ŝ⟩ becomes ⟨sh⟩, ⟨kv⟩ becomes ⟨qu⟩, ⟨kz⟩ and ⟨ks⟩ become ⟨x⟩, ⟨ej⟩ becomes ⟨e⟩.\n\n# Sample\nChanges from standard Esperanto that involve more than orthography are highlighted in this sample passage and explained below.\nIn the order in which they occur in the passage above, these are:\n \n -u : -on (as Kongresu : Kongreson, fondu : fondon) \n be : ĉe \n te : je (date) \n farevis : fariĝis \n ey : kaj \n kaes : kies \n ''de kiu.\nki : ol'' \n anke : ankaŭ \n ta : tiu \n kay : kiu? \n pliente ki : more than\n -n : -j (as yaron : jaroj, membrun : membrojn) \n kaw : kiun? \n projekto : projekto (change in pronunciation) \n di : (accepted) by \n pos : post \n cha : ĉiu \n dey : from \n tala : tia \n li-n-a : ili-a (lin for ili is li plus plural ''-n)\n lo : ? \n ankore : ankoraŭ \n ju : ĝin \n tu : tion \n tiente: ? \n niam : neniam \n ","revisionCount":0},"hasMore":false,"nextCursor":null}

History