An emoticon (,, rarely , ), short for emotion icon, is a pictorial representation of a facial expression using characters—usually punctuation marks, numbers and letters—to express a person's feelings, mood or reaction, without needing to describe it in detail. The first ASCII emoticons are generally credited to computer scientist Scott Fahlman, who proposed what came to be known as "smileys"— and —in a message on the bulletin board system (BBS) of Carnegie Mellon University in 1982. In Western countries, emoticons are usually written at a right angle to the direction of the text. Users from Japan popularized a kind of emoticon called kaomoji, using Japanese's larger character sets. This style arose on ASCII NET of Japan in 1986. They are also known as verticons (from vertical icon) due to their readability without rotations. As SMS mobile text messaging and the Internet became widespread in the late 1990s, emoticons became increasingly popular and were commonly used in texting, Internet forums and emails. Emoticons have played a significant role in communication through technology, and some devices and applications have provided stylized pictures that do not use text punctuation. They offer another range of "tone" through texting through facial gestures. Emoticons were the precursors to modern emojis.

History

Different uses of text characters (pre-1981)

In 1648, poet Robert Herrick wrote, "Tumble me down, and I will sit Upon my ruins, (smiling yet:)." Herrick's work predated any other recorded use of brackets as a smiling face by around 200 years. However, experts doubted the inclusion of the colon in the poem was deliberate and if it was meant to represent a smiling face. English professor Alan Jacobs argued that "punctuation, in general, was unsettled in the seventeenth century ... Herrick was unlikely to have consistent punctuational practices himself, and even if he did he couldn't expect either his printers or his readers to share them." 17th century typography practice often placed colons and semicolons within parentheses, including 14 instances of ":)" in Richard Baxter's 1653 Plain Scripture Proof of Infants Church-membership and Baptism. Precursors to modern emoticons have existed since the 19th century. The National Telegraphic Review and Operators Guide in April 1857 documented the use of the number 73 in Morse code to express "love and kisses" (later reduced to the more formal "best regards"). Dodge's Manual in 1908 documented the reintroduction of "love and kisses" as the number 88. New Zealand academics Joan Gajadhar and John Green comment that both Morse code abbreviations are more succinct than modern abbreviations such as LOL. The transcript of one of Abraham Lincoln's speeches in 1862 recorded the audience's reaction as: "(applause and laughter ;)". There has been some debate whether the glyph in Lincoln's speech was a typo, a legitimate punctuation construct or the first emoticon. Linguist Philip Seargeant argues that it was a simple typesetting error. Before March 1881, the examples of "typographical art" appeared in at least three newspaper articles, including Kurjer warszawski (published in Warsaw) from March 5, 1881, using punctuation to represent the emotions of joy, melancholy, indifference and astonishment. In a 1912 essay titled "For Brevity and Clarity", American author Ambrose Bierce suggested facetiously that a bracket could be used to represent a smiling face, proposing "an improvement in punctuation" with which writers could convey cachinnation, loud or immoderate laughter: "it is written thus ‿ and presents a smiling mouth. It is to be appended, with the full stop, to every jocular or ironical sentence". In a 1936 Harvard Lampoon article, writer Alan Gregg proposed combining brackets with various other punctuation marks to represent various moods. Brackets were used for the sides of the mouth or cheeks, with other punctuation used between the brackets to display various emotions: (-) for a smile, (--) (showing more "teeth") for laughter, (#) for a frown and (*) for a wink. An instance of text characters representing a sideways smiling and frowning face could be found in the New York Herald Tribune on March 10, 1953, promoting the film Lili starring Leslie Caron. The September 1962 issue of MAD magazine included an article titled "Typewri-toons". The piece, featuring typewriter-generated artwork credited to "Royal Portable", was entirely made up of repurposed typography, including a capital letter P having a bigger 'bust' than a capital I, a lowercase b and d discussing their pregnancies, an asterisk on top of a letter to indicate the letter had just come inside from snowfall, and a classroom of lowercase n's interrupted by a lowercase h "raising its hand". A further example attributed to a Baltimore Sunday Sun columnist appeared in a 1967 article in Reader's Digest, using a dash and right bracket to represent a tongue in one's cheek: —). Prefiguring the modern "smiley" emoticon, writer Vladimir Nabokov told an interviewer from The New York Times in 1969, "I often think there should exist a special typographical sign for a smile—some sort of concave mark, a supine round bracket, which I would now like to trace in reply to your question." In the 1970s, the PLATO IV computer system was launched. It was one of the first computers used throughout educational and professional institutions, but rarely used in a residential setting. On the computer system, a student at the University of Illinois developed pictograms that resembled different smiling faces. Mary Kalantzis and Bill Cope stated this likely took place in 1972, and they claimed these to be the first emoticons.

ASCII emoticons use in digital communication (1982–mid-1990s)

Carnegie Mellon computer scientist Scott Fahlman is generally credited with the invention of the digital text-based emoticon in 1982. The use of ASCII symbols, a standard set of codes representing typographical marks, was essential to allow the symbols to be displayed on any computer. In Carnegie Mellon's bulletin board system, Fahlman proposed colon–hyphen–right bracket :-) as a label for "attempted humor" to try to solve the difficulty of conveying humor or sarcasm in plain text. Fahlman sent the following message after an incident where a humorous warning about a mercury spill in an elevator was misunderstood as serious:

<pre style="border: 0px;"> 19-Sep-82 11:44 Scott E Fahlman :-) From: Scott E Fahlman <Fahlman at Cmu-20c> I propose that the following character sequence for joke markers: Read it sideways. Actually, it is probably more economical to mark things that are NOT jokes, given current trends. For this, use Within a few months, the smiley had spread to the [ARPANET](https://bliptext.com/articles/arpanet) and [Usenet](https://bliptext.com/articles/usenet). Other suggestions on the forum included an [asterisk](https://bliptext.com/articles/asterisk) * and an [ampersand](https://bliptext.com/articles/ampersand) &, the latter meant to represent a person doubled over in laughter, as well as a [percent sign](https://bliptext.com/articles/percent-sign) % and a [pound sign](https://bliptext.com/articles/octothorpe) #. Scott Fahlman suggested that not only could his emoticon communicate [emotion](https://bliptext.com/articles/emotion), but also replace language. Since the 1990s, emoticons (colon, hyphen and bracket) have become integral to digital communications, and have inspired a variety of other emoticons, including the "winking" face using a [semicolon](https://bliptext.com/articles/semicolon) ;-), XD, a representation of the [Face with Tears of Joy emoji](https://bliptext.com/articles/face-with-tears-of-joy-emoji) and the acronym [LOL](https://bliptext.com/articles/lol). In 1996, [The Smiley Company](https://bliptext.com/articles/the-[smiley](https://bliptext.com/articles/smiley)-company) was established by Nicolas Loufrani and his father Franklin as a way of commercializing the [smiley](https://bliptext.com/articles/smiley) trademark. As part of this, The Smiley Dictionary website focused on ASCII emoticons, where a catalogue was made of them. Many other people did similar to Loufrani from 1995 onwards, including David Sanderson creating the book Smileys in 1997. James Marshall also hosted an online collection of ASCII emoticons that he completed in 2008. A researcher at [Stanford University](https://bliptext.com/articles/stanford-university) surveyed the emoticons used in four million [Twitter](https://bliptext.com/articles/twitter) messages and found that the smiling emoticon without a hyphen "nose" :) was much more common than the original version with the hyphen :-). Linguist [Vyvyan Evans](https://bliptext.com/articles/vyvyan-evans) argues that this represents a shift in usage by younger users as a form of [covert prestige](https://bliptext.com/articles/covert-prestige): rejecting a standard usage in order to demonstrate in-group membership. ## Graphical emoticons and other developments (1990s–present) Loufrani began to use the basic text designs and turned them into graphical representations. They are now known as graphical emoticons. His designs were registered at the [United States Copyright Office](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-states-copyright-office) in 1997 and appeared online as [GIF files](https://bliptext.com/articles/gif) in 1998. For ASCII emoticons that did not exist to convert into graphical form, Loufrani also backward engineered new ASCII emoticons from the graphical versions he created. These were the first graphical representations of ASCII emoticons. He published his Smiley icons as well as emoticons created by others, along with their ASCII versions, in an online Smiley Dictionary in 2001. This dictionary included 640 different smiley icons and was published as a book called Dico Smileys in 2002. In 2017, British magazine The Drum referred to Loufrani as the "godfather of the emoji" for his work in the field. On September 23, 2021, it was announced that [Scott Fahlman](https://bliptext.com/articles/scott-fahlman) was holding an auction for the original emoticons he created in 1982. The auction was held in [Dallas](https://bliptext.com/articles/dallas), United States, and sold the two designs as [non-fungible tokens (NFT)](https://bliptext.com/articles/non-fungible-token). The online auction ended later that month, with the originals selling for [US$](https://bliptext.com/articles/united-states-dollar)237,500. In some [programming languages](https://bliptext.com/articles/programming-language), certain operators are known informally by their emoticon-like appearance. This includes the [Spaceship operator](https://bliptext.com/articles/spaceship-operator) (a comparison), the [Diamond operator](https://bliptext.com/articles/generics-in-java) (for type hinting) and the [Elvis operator](https://bliptext.com/articles/elvis-operator) (a shortened [ternary operator](https://bliptext.com/articles/ternary-operator)). # Styles ## Western Usually, emoticons in Western style have the eyes on the left, followed by the nose and the mouth. It is commonly placed at the end of a sentence, replacing the full stop. The two-character version, which omits the nose, is very popular. The most basic emoticons are relatively consistent in form, but some can be rotated (making them tiny [ambigrams](https://bliptext.com/articles/ambigrams)). There are also some variations to emoticons to get new definitions, like changing a character to express another feeling. For example, equals sad and equals very sad. Weeping can be written as. A blush can be expressed as. Others include wink, a grin , for tongue out, and smug ; they can be used to [denote](https://bliptext.com/articles/tone-indicator) a flirting or joking tone, or may be implying a [second meaning](https://bliptext.com/articles/double-entendre) in the sentence preceding it. , such as when [blowing a raspberry](https://bliptext.com/articles/blowing-a-raspberry). An often used combination is also for a [heart](https://bliptext.com/articles/heart-symbol) and for a broken [heart](https://bliptext.com/articles/heart-symbol). is also sometimes used to depict shock. is used to depict melancholy, disappointment or disapproval. may be used to depict a neutral face. A broad grin is sometimes shown with crinkled eyes to express further amusement; and the addition of further "D" letters can suggest laughter or extreme amusement, e.g.,. The "3" in and represents an animal's mouth. An equal sign is often used for the eyes in place of the colon, seen as. It has become more acceptable to omit the hyphen, whether a colon or an equal sign is used for the eyes. One linguistic study has indicated that the use of a nose in an emoticon may be related to the user's age, with younger people less likely to use a nose. Some variants are also more common in certain countries due to [keyboard layouts](https://bliptext.com/articles/keyboard-layout). For example, the smiley may occur in [Scandinavia](https://bliptext.com/articles/scandinavia). [Diacritical](https://bliptext.com/articles/diacritic) marks are sometimes used. The letters and can be seen as emoticons, as the upright versions of (meaning that one is surprised) and (meaning that one is very happy), respectively. In countries where the [Cyrillic alphabet](https://bliptext.com/articles/cyrillic-alphabet) is used, the right parenthesis is used as a smiley. Multiple parentheses are used to express greater happiness, amusement or laughter. The colon is omitted due to being in a lesser-known position on the [ЙЦУКЕН keyboard layout](https://bliptext.com/articles/jcuken). The '[shrug](https://bliptext.com/articles/shrug)' emoticon,, uses the glyph [ツ](https://bliptext.com/articles/) from the Japanese [katakana](https://bliptext.com/articles/katakana) writing system. ## Kaomoji (Japan ASCII movement) Kaomoji are often seen as the Japanese development of emoticons that is separate to the [Scott Fahlman](https://bliptext.com/articles/scott-fahlman) movement, which started in 1982. In 1986, a designer began to use brackets and other [ASCII text characters](https://bliptext.com/articles/ascii) to form faces. Over time, they became more often differentiated from each other, although both use ASCII characters. However, more westernised Kaomojis have dropped the brackets, such as, and , popularised in internet subcultures such as the [anime](https://bliptext.com/articles/anime) and [furry communities](https://bliptext.com/articles/furry-fandom). # [A kaomoji painting in Japan | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Kaomoji!///%282334722446%29.jpg] ## 2channel Users[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)of[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)the[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)Japanese[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)discussion[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)board[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)[2channel](https://bliptext.com/articles/2channel),[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)in[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)particular,[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)have[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)developed[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)a[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)variety[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)emoticons[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)using[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)characters[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)from[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)various[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)scripts,[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)such[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)as[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)[Kannada](https://bliptext.com/articles/kannada-alphabet),[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)as[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)in[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)(for[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)a[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)look[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)of[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)disapproval,[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)disbelief[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)or[ ](https://bliptext.com/articles/look-of-disapproval)confusion). Similarly, the letter ರೃ was used in emoticons to represent a monocle and ಥ to represent a tearing eye. They were picked up by [4chan](https://bliptext.com/articles/4chan) and spread to other Western sites soon after. Some have become characters in their own right like [Monā](https://bliptext.com/articles/mona-ascii-art). ## Korean In [South Korea](https://bliptext.com/articles/south-korea), emoticons use Korean [Hangul](https://bliptext.com/articles/hangul) letters, and the Western style is rarely used. The structures of Korean and Japanese emoticons are somewhat similar, but they have some differences. Korean style contains Korean [jamo](https://bliptext.com/articles/hangul-consonant-and-vowel-tables) (letters) instead of other characters. The consonant jamos, or can be used as the mouth or nose component and , or for the eyes. Using quotation marks and apostrophes are also commonly used combinations. Vowel jamos such as ㅜ and ㅠ can depict a crying face. Example:, (same function as T in Western style). Sometimes ㅡ (not an [em-dash](https://bliptext.com/articles/em-dash) "—", but a vowel jamo), a comma or an [underscore](https://bliptext.com/articles/underscore) is added, and the two character sets can be mixed together, as in, and. Also, semicolons and [carets](https://bliptext.com/articles/caret) are commonly used in Korean emoticons; semicolons can mean sweating, examples of it are, and. ## Chinese ideographic The character 囧 (U+56E7), which means bright, may be combined with the posture emoticon Orz, such as 囧rz. The character existed in [Oracle bone script](https://bliptext.com/articles/oracle-bone-script) but was rarely used until its use as an emoticon, documented as early as January 20, 2005. Other variants of 囧 include 崮 (king 囧), 莔 (queen 囧), 商 (囧 with a hat), 囧興 (turtle) and 卣 ([Bomberman](https://bliptext.com/articles/bomberman)). The character 槑 (U+69D1), a variant of 梅 plum, is used to represent a double of 呆 dull or further magnitude of dullness. In Chinese, normally full characters (as opposed to the stylistic use of 槑) might be [duplicated](https://bliptext.com/articles/reduplication) to express emphasis. # Posture emoticons ## Orz [Orz](https://bliptext.com/articles/orz) (other forms include: Or2, on_, OTZ, OTL, STO, JTO, _no, _冂○ and 囧 rz ) is an emoticon representing a kneeling or bowing person (the Japanese version of which is called [dogeza](https://bliptext.com/articles/dogeza)), with the "o" being the head, the "r" being the arms and part of the body, and the "z" being part of the body and the legs. This [stick figure](https://bliptext.com/articles/stick-figure) can represent respect or kowtowing, but commonly appears along a range of responses, including "frustration, despair, sarcasm, or grudging respect". It was first used in late 2002 at the forum on Techside, a Japanese personal website. At the "Techside FAQ Forum" (TECHSIDE教えて君BBS(教えてBBS)), a poster asked about a cable cover, typing "_&#124;￣&#124;○" to show a cable and its cover. Others commented that it looked like a kneeling person, and the symbol became popular. These comments were soon deleted as they were considered off-topic. By 2005, Orz spawned a [subculture](https://bliptext.com/articles/subculture): blogs have been devoted to the emoticon, and [URL shortening](https://bliptext.com/articles/url-shortening) services have been named after it. In Taiwan, Orz is associated with the concept of [nice guys](https://bliptext.com/articles/nice-guy). # [The emoticon resembles a person performing a Japanese dogeza bow. | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Dogeza///horizontal.png] ## o7 o7, or O7, is an emoticon that depicts a person [saluting](https://bliptext.com/articles/salute), with the o being the head and the 7 being its arm. # Multimedia variations A [portmanteau](https://bliptext.com/articles/blend-word) of emotion and [sound](https://bliptext.com/articles/sound), an emoti[sound](https://bliptext.com/articles/sound) is a brief [sound](https://bliptext.com/articles/sound) transmitted and played back during the viewing of a message, typically an IM message or email message. The sound is intended to communicate an emotional [subtext](https://bliptext.com/articles/subtext). Some services, such as MuzIcons, combine emoticons and music players in an [Adobe Flash](https://bliptext.com/articles/adobe-flash)-based widget. In 2004, the [Trillian](https://bliptext.com/articles/trillian-software) chat application introduced a feature called "emotiblips", which allows [Trillian](https://bliptext.com/articles/trillian-software) users to stream files to their instant message recipients "as the voice and video equivalent of an emoticon". In 2007, [MTV](https://bliptext.com/articles/mtv) and [Paramount Home Entertainment](https://bliptext.com/articles/paramount-pictures-home-entertainment) promoted the "emoticlip" as a form of [viral marketing](https://bliptext.com/articles/viral-marketing) for the second season of the show The Hills. The emoticlips were twelve short snippets of dialogue from the show, uploaded to YouTube. The emoticlip concept is credited to the Bradley & Montgomery advertising firm, which wrote that they hoped it would be widely adopted as "greeting cards that just happen to be selling something". # Intellectual property rights In 2000, [Despair, Inc.](https://bliptext.com/articles/despair-inc) obtained a U.S. [trademark](https://bliptext.com/articles/trademark) registration for the "frowny" emoticon when used on "greeting cards, posters and art prints". In 2001, they issued a satirical press release, announcing that they would sue Internet users who typed the frowny; the company received protests when its mock release was posted on technology news website [Slashdot](https://bliptext.com/articles/slashdot). A number of [patent applications](https://bliptext.com/articles/patent-application) have been filed on inventions that assist in communicating with emoticons. A few of these have been issued as US [patents](https://bliptext.com/articles/patent). US 6987991, for example, discloses a method developed in 2001 to send emoticons over a cell phone using a drop-down menu. The stated advantage was that it [eases](https://bliptext.com/articles/usability) entering emoticons. The emoticon was also filed in 2006 and registered in 2008 as a European [Community Trademark](https://bliptext.com/articles/community-trademark) (CTM). In [Finland](https://bliptext.com/articles/finland), the [Supreme Administrative Court](https://bliptext.com/articles/supreme-administrative-court-of-finland) ruled in 2012 that the emoticon cannot be trademarked, thus repealing a 2006 administrative decision trademarking the emoticons, , , and. In 2005, a Russian court rejected a legal claim against [Siemens](https://bliptext.com/articles/siemens) by a man who claimed to hold a trademark on the emoticon. In 2008, Russian entrepreneur Oleg Teterin claimed to have been granted the trademark on the emoticon. A license would not "cost that much—tens of thousands of dollars" for companies but would be free of charge for individuals. # [Patented drop down menu for composing phone mail text message with emoticons | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/USpatent6987991///emoticon.jpg] # Unicode A different, but related, use of the term "emoticon" is found in the [Unicode Standard](https://bliptext.com/articles/unicode-standard), referring to a subset of [emoji](https://bliptext.com/articles/emoji) that display facial expressions. The standard explains this usage with reference to existing systems, which provided functionality for substituting certain textual emoticons with images or emoji of the expressions in question. Some smiley faces were present in Unicode since [1.1](https://bliptext.com/articles/unicode-1-1), including a white [frowning](https://bliptext.com/articles/frowning) face, a white [smiling](https://bliptext.com/articles/smiling) face and a black [smiling](https://bliptext.com/articles/smiling) face ("black" refers to a glyph which is filled, "white" refers to a glyph which is unfilled). The [Emoticons](https://bliptext.com/articles/emoticons-unicode-block) block was introduced in [Unicode](https://bliptext.com/articles/unicode) Standard [version 6.0](https://bliptext.com/articles/unicode-6-0) (published in October 2010) and extended by [7.0](https://bliptext.com/articles/unicode-7-0). It covers Unicode range from U+1F600 to U+1F64F fully. After that block had been filled, [Unicode 8.0](https://bliptext.com/articles/unicode-8-0) (2015), [9.0](https://bliptext.com/articles/unicode-9-0) (2016) and [10.0](https://bliptext.com/articles/unicode-10-0) (2017) added additional emoticons in the range from U+1F910 to U+1F9FF. Currently, U+1F90C – U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F94D – U+1F94F, U+1F96C – U+1F97F, U+1F998 – U+1F9CF (excluding U+1F9C0 which contains the [🧀](https://bliptext.com/articles/cheese) emoji) and U+1F9E7 – U+1F9FF do not contain any emoticons since Unicode 10.0. For historic and compatibility reasons, some other heads and figures, which mostly represent different aspects like genders, activities, and professions instead of emotions, are also found in [Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs](https://bliptext.com/articles/miscellaneous-symbols-and-pictographs) (especially U+1F466 – U+1F487) and [Transport and Map Symbols](https://bliptext.com/articles/transport-and-map-symbols). Body parts, mostly hands, are also encoded in the [Dingbat](https://bliptext.com/articles/dingbat) and [Miscellaneous Symbols](https://bliptext.com/articles/miscellaneous-symbols) blocks. # Explanatory notes