Echinochloa frumentacea (Indian barnyard millet, sawa millet, or billion dollar grass) is a species of Echinochloa. Both Echinochloa frumentacea and E. esculenta are called Japanese millet. This millet is widely grown as a cereal in India, Pakistan, and Nepal. Its wild ancestor is the tropical grass Echinochloa colona, but the exact date or region of domestication is uncertain. It is cultivated on marginal lands where rice and other crops will not grow well. The grains are cooked in water, like rice, or boiled with milk and sugar. Sometimes it is fermented to make beer. While also being part of staple diet for some communities in India, these seeds are, in particular, (cooked and) eaten during religious fasting (willingly abstaining from some types of food / food ingredients). For this**** reason****,**** these seeds are commonly**** also**** referred**** to**** as**** ""**** in**** Hindi (i.e.,**** "rice for fasting", literally). Other common**** names to**** identify**** these seeds include ' (**************ಊದಲು) in Kannada, ********************' (**************শ্যামাক****)**** or**** ' (**************শ্যামা চাল) in Bangla****,**** ' in th**e Garhwal Hills,**** ' (**************भगर) in Ma**ra**thi-speaking**** areas,**** ' or **********' ****(****', ') seeds in Guj**arati,**** ' (**************బొంతసామలు) in Te**lu**gu****,**** and **** (குதிரைவாளி)**** in**** Tamil.****

Pests

Insect pests include: