Diego José Pedro Víctor Portales y Palazuelos (June 16, 1793 – June 6, 1837) was a Chilean statesman and entrepreneur. As a minister of president José Joaquín Prieto's government, he played a pivotal role in shaping the state and politics in the 19th century, delivering with the Constitution of 1833 the framework of the Chilean state for almost a century. Portales' influential political policies included unitarianism, presidentialism and conservatism which led to the consolidation of Chile as a constitutional, authoritarian and aristocratic republic with the franchise restricted to upper class men from the gentry. While deeply unpopular during his lifetime, his murder in 1837, during a mutiny, has been judged a decisive factor during the War of the Confederation. Chilean public opinion shifted to support the war against the Peru–Bolivian Confederation. Many Chileans and historians view him as the power behind the throne of the early republic era, particularly in his shaping the Constitution of 1833. While he never assumed the presidency, his influence permitted him to serve simultaneously as the Minister of War, Minister of the Interior and Minister of Foreign Relations. He was an early proponent of Chilean expansionism.

Early life

Diego Portales was born in Santiago, the son of María Encarnación Fernández de Palazuelos y Martínez de Aldunate and José Santiago Portales y Larraín, a superintendent of the royal mint. He did his primary studies at the Colegio de Santiago, and in 1813, attended law classes at the National Institute. As the men of his family had all become successful merchants, Portales also eventually assumed the position of a merchant, taking part in his prosperous and distinguished family's occupation. On August 15, 1819 he married his cousin, Josefa Portales y Larraín. He had two daughters with her, both of whom died within days of their birth. His wife also died soon after in 1821. He never remarried, but took Constanza Nordenflicht as his mistress, with whom he had three children. In July 1821, he resigned from his job at the Mint and went into business. He opened a trading house, Portales, Cea and Co., based in Valparaiso with a branch in Lima, Peru. He bid and obtained management of the government monopoly on tobacco, tea, and liquor (known in Spanish as estanco). In exchange for the monopoly, he offered to service in full Chile's foreign debt. Nonetheless, in the anarchy that was regnant in Chile at the time, there was no means of enforcing a monopoly as the government could not regulate sales of tobacco, tea, and liquor, and the company eventually went bankrupt. His contract with the government was voided and the Chilean government was found to owe Portales 87,000 pesos. Out of this unsuccessful business venture, the only remnant was the name eventually applied to his political followers, who in time came to be known as the estanqueros (monopolists).

Political career

Soon after, he aligned with the conservatives in the political fights that were wracking Chile at the time. As aforementioned, in 1824, Portales’ business firm acquired control over the government's monopoly of tobacco, tea, and liquor; however, the country's troubled conditions soon thwarted his profitable business. For these reasons, Portales finally entered into the political sphere, and very soon he would become the intellectual leader of the conservative side. He helped to reorganize the conservative party, and, in 1827, founded El Hambriento (or The Starveling), a journal attacking liberal idealists known as the pipiolos (“white beaks”) from Portales' party's (a.k.a. the pelucones or "big wigs") perspective. Portales was an effective satirist, contributing several popular articles to The Starveling. Portales' articles placed him in the limelight and paved the way for his political career. After the triumph of the conservatives in the Revolution of 1829, President José Tomás Ovalle y Bezanilla named him Minister of the Interior and Foreign Affairs on April 6, 1830 remaining until May 1831. He was named again to that position by President Fernando Errázuriz Aldunate on July 9, 1831 and remained until August 31, 1831 and named once again by President José Joaquín Prieto from November 9, 1835 to January 1837. Something similar happened with his nomination as minister of war and navy from April 6, 1830 until May 1831; then from July 9, 1831 until December 1832 and from September 21, 1835 to September 1836. Though Portales was never president officially (and in fact he deliberately avoided this position for fear of being tied up by factional promises), he became a dictator and with this powerful position, he quelled anarchy. Portales set up a civil militia (which ended one of the worst stages of militarism in Chile's history); supported an oligarchic control for landowners, miners, and merchants; and made Catholicism the state religion. As a result of his campaign for peace, order, and thus progress, business also improved.

Political philosophy

In 1822, before his rise to power Portales wrote to a friend:"Politics doesn't interest me, but as a good citizen I feel free to express my opinions and to censure the government. Democracy, which is so loudly proclaimed by the deluded is an absurdity in our countries, flooded as they are with vices and with their citizens lacking all sense of civic virtue, the prerequisite to establishing a real Republic. But monarchy is not the American ideal either; if we get out of one terrible government just to jump headlong into another, what will we have gained? The Republican system is the one which we must adopt, but do you know how I interpret it for our countries? A strong central government whose representatives will be men of true virtue and patriotism, and who thus can direct the citizens along the path of order and progress." These words are demonstrative of the skepticism in pure democracies that the recently failed French revolution impressed upon many. Portales believed that to avoid disaster it was most important to create a stable and functioning government, rather than one ruled by lofty but ultimately impractical ideals. He believed in a peaceful but strong central government, and that in order to successfully run a state or country, citizens must be virtuous and patriotic

Assassination

In order to bolster its standing, the Chilean government immediately imposed martial law and asked for (and obtained) extraordinary legislative powers from Congress. Early in 1837 a Court Martial Law was approved and given jurisdiction over all citizens for the duration of the war. The opposition to the Prieto Vial administration immediately accused Portales of tyranny, and started a heated press campaign against him personally and the unpopular war in general. Political and public opposition to war immediately affected the army, fresh from the purges of the civil war of 1830. On June 3, 1837, Colonel José Antonio Vidaurre, commander of the Maipo regiment, captured and imprisoned Portales while he was reviewing troops at the army barracks in Quillota. Vidaurre immediately proceeded to attack Valparaíso on the mistaken belief that public opinion opposed to the war would support him and topple the government. Rear Admiral Manuel Blanco Encalada, in charge of the defense, defeated him right outside the port at the Battle of Barón. Captain Santiago Florín, who was in charge of Portales, had him shot when he heard of the news, on June 6, 1837. Most of the conspirators were subsequently captured and executed. This murder turned the tide of Chilean public opinion. The government derogated Martial law and the country rallied behind the government. The war became a holy cause, and Portales a martyr.

Legacy

Portales' reign helped to pick up business and accelerate the growth of the economy. Those who particularly benefited from his conservative rule were the already rich. Additionally, Portales helped Chile maintain a good deal of stability relative to many of the other Latin American nations. This was accomplished by Portales' improvement and renewal of the administration of the State, his strategic vision of Chile as an independent sovereign nation, and his influence upon the Chilean Constitution of 1833, which is considered the most important milestone of Chilean institutionality during the 19th century. His ideals and principles served as a foundation towards the Chilean governments of the future. His work was especially influential during the years of political learning of the post-independence turmoil and during the governments of the Conservative Republic (1830–1861) and to a lesser degree the governments of the Liberal Republic (1861–1891). "...we are inspired in the Portalian spirit that has fused together the nation..."

<!-- Con su compañera, Constanza Nordenflycht tuvieron tres hijos, los que posteriormente quedaron huérfanos; el presidente Joaquín Prieto los declaró hijos legítimos de Diego Portales Palazuelos y. Fue electo senador, periodo 1837–1846, en el V Congreso Nacional, 1837-1840; fue asesinado en los días de apertura del periodo y no alcanzó a incorporarse. En 1840 fue electo por seis años, como subrrogante de Diego Portales, el coronel Ramón de la Cavareda Trucios. Su actuación como ministro y sus ideas sobre la forma de ejercer el poder político quedaron plasmados en la Constitución de 1833, en cuya redacción no intervino directamente, pero influyó decisivamente, en el sentido de establecer un régimen impersonal y fuerte. Su presencia en el gobierno ya impuso el orden; con sus primeras medidas como multiministro, indicó que había que hacer cambios profundos. Impuso un nuevo concepto de sanción, basado en que el gobierno legítimo de Chile estaba compuesto por los mandatarios designados por el congreso de representantes. Según esto, Freire y sus sucesores no eran gobernantes legítimos, sino simples facciosos. Para estabilizar el gobierno, era necesario también erradicar de la administración y del ejército a todos los participantes en las revueltas y desterrar a los más peligrosos. Así Freire salió de Chile y se dió de baja a 136 uniformados que no juraron fidelidad a la autoridad civil. También se separó de sus puestos a los funcionarios que los abandonaron, para seguir a Freire. Pensaba que todos debían opinar contra el gobierno, pero no subvertir el orden. La conspiración y el estímulo de ella se transformaron en delito. Otra de sus medidas fue que las fuerzas armadas no deliberaran, sino que debieran ciega obediencia a los poderes constituídos; para que ello fuera entendido desde las bases, ordenó reorganizar la Academia Militar. Como contrapeso al ejército estableció una guardia civil, la cual organizó personalmente. Se preocupó también, de que los funcionarios de la administración pública trabajaran responsablemente. En materia educacional, se preocupó de mejorar el Instituto Nacional e instituyó el 18 de septiembre como fiesta patria. Creó el ministerio de Justicia, Culto e Instrucción Pública, en febrero de 1937; modificó la planta de empleados y delimitó las funciones de cada secretaría de Estado. También cursó un decreto que obligaba a los Tribunales a fundamentar sus sentencias y citar la ley que las sustentaba; estableció exigencias de conocimientos para los empleados públicos; realizó una profunda reforma penitenciaria. La iglesia no quedó fuera de sus ansias reorganizadoras: creó dos nuevos obispados, uno en Coquimbo y otro en Chiloé, y con la venia papal convirtió en arzobispado el obispado de Santiago. En cuanto a educación, abrió más escuelas y solicitó a los agentes de la República en otros países, que enviaran información acerca de otros sistemas pedagógicos, sobre todo, respecto a escuelas normales para profesores. Impulsó el desarrollo de la Marina de Guerra y Mercante y para ello creó la Escuela Náutica, que comenzó a funcionar en 1834; dos años después promulgó una ley destinada al fomento del cabotaje; la Escuadra, que no era más que un bergantín, aumentó a dos fragatas, dos corbetas y una goleta. Entre otras actividades, fue también gobernador de Valparaíso. Portales estuvo a favor de la guerra, cuando Perú y Bolivia formaban la Confederación Perú-Boliviana, ya que en ella vió una amenaza para Chile; debido a intrigas del diplomático boliviano en Chile, Portales perdió cada vez más popularidad, hasta que fue fusilado, por un sector del ejército, en Valparaíso, el 4 de octubre de 1837. Soldados del Regimiento Valdivia encontraron los restos del ministro, los que fueron trasladados a Santiago. Actualmente en su lápida, detrás del altar mayor de la Catedral de Santiago, dice: "Diego portales fundador de la República De Chile". -->

The figure and legacy of Portales has been praised by some historians like and Alberto Edwards. Other historians, including Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna, Sergio Villalobos and Gabriel Salazar, have a negative view of Portales.

Remains

Portales' remains, missing since his assassination, were found in March 2005 in Santiago's Metropolitan Cathedral during renovation projects, and were identified after forensic examination. On June 20, 2006, the remains were taken to the civic crypt of the Cathedral for a civic-religious re-burial ceremony attended by then-President Michelle Bachelet, along with several civil and military authorities.