In mathematics, the cycles of a permutation π of a finite set S correspond bijectively to the orbits of the subgroup generated by π acting on S. These orbits are subsets of S that can be written as , such that π(ci) = ci + 1 for i = 1, ..., n − 1 , and π(cn) = c1 . The corresponding cycle of π is written as ( c1 c2 ... cn ); this expression is not unique since c1 can be chosen to be any element of the orbit. The size n of the orbit is called the length of the corresponding cycle; when n = 1 , the single element in the orbit is called a fixed point of the permutation. A permutation is determined by giving an expression for each of its cycles, and one notation for permutations consist of writing such expressions one after another in some order. For example, let be a permutation that maps 1 to 2, 6 to 8, etc. Then one may write Here 5 and 7 are fixed points of π, since π(5) = 5 and π(7)=7. It is typical, but not necessary, to not write the cycles of length one in such an expression. Thus, π = (1 2 4 3)(6 8), would be an appropriate way to express this permutation. There are different ways to write a permutation as a list of its cycles, but the number of cycles and their contents are given by the partition of S into orbits, and these are therefore the same for all such expressions.

Counting permutations by number of cycles

The unsigned Stirling number of the first kind, s(k, j) counts the number of permutations of k elements with exactly j disjoint cycles.

Properties

s(k, k) = 1. s(k, 1) = (k − 1)!. s(k, j) = s(k − 1,j − 1) + s(k − 1, j)·(k − 1)

Reasons for properties

s(k, 1) = k!/k = (k − 1)!. s(k − 1, j − 1) permutations with k − 1 elements and j − 1 cycles and add element k as a new cycle of length 1. s(k − 1, j ) permutations with k − 1 elements and j cycles and insert element k in an existing cycle in front of one of the k − 1 elements.

Some values

Counting permutations by number of fixed points

The value f(k, j) counts the number of permutations of k elements with exactly j fixed points. For the main article on this topic, see rencontres numbers.

Properties

f(k, j) = 0. f(k, j) = f(k − 1, j − 1) + f(k − 1, j)·(k − 1 − j) + f(k − 1, j + 1)·(j + 1)

Reasons for properties

(3) There are three different methods to construct a permutation of k elements with j fixed points: f(k − 1, j − 1) permutations with k − 1 elements and j − 1 fixed points and add element k as a new fixed point. f(k − 1, j) permutations with k − 1 elements and j fixed points and insert element k in an existing cycle of length > 1 in front of one of the (k − 1) − j elements. f(k − 1, j + 1) permutations with k − 1 elements and j + 1 fixed points and join element k with one of the j + 1 fixed points to a cycle of length 2.

Some values

Alternate calculations