In geometry a conoid is a ruled surface, whose rulings (lines) fulfill the additional conditions: The conoid is a right conoid if its axis is perpendicular to its directrix plane. Hence all rulings are perpendicular to the axis. Because of (1) any conoid is a Catalan surface and can be represented parametrically by Any curve x(u0,v) with fixed parameter u = u0 is a ruling, c(u) describes the directrix and the vectors r(u) are all parallel to the directrix plane. The planarity of the vectors r(u) can be represented by If the directrix is a circle, the conoid is called a circular conoid. The term conoid was already used by Archimedes in his treatise On Conoids and Spheroides.

[Right circular conoid: {{legend|#FF8080|Directrix is a circle}} {{legend|blue|Axis is perpendicular to the |undefined | upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Conoid-circle.svg]

Examples

Right circular conoid

The parametric representation Special features: The implicit representation is fulfilled by the points of the line (x,0,z_0), too. For these points there exist no tangent planes. Such points are called singular.

Parabolic conoid

The parametric representation describes a parabolic conoid with the equation z=-xy^2. The conoid has a parabola as directrix, the y-axis as axis and a plane parallel to the x-z-plane as directrix plane. It is used by architects as roof surface (s. below). The parabolic conoid has no singular points.

Further examples

Applications

Mathematics

There are a lot of conoids with singular points, which are investigated in algebraic geometry.

Architecture

Like other ruled surfaces conoids are of high interest with architects, because they can be built using beams or bars. Right conoids can be manufactured easily: one threads bars onto an axis such that they can be rotated around this axis, only. Afterwards one deflects the bars by a directrix and generates a conoid (s. parabolic conoid).