On 29 November 1990, the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 678 authorized the assembly of a multinational military coalition to liberate Iraqi-occupied Kuwait by "all necessary means" if Iraq did not withdraw its forces by 15 January 1991. Iraq failed to do so, and the coalition began an aerial bombardment against targets in Iraq and Kuwait on 17 January 1991. At this time, the coalition consisted of 42 countries and was spearheaded by the United States. The central command was led by the United States, Saudi Arabia, and the United Kingdom; the marine command was led by the United States; the Joint Forces East Command was led by Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Morocco, Kuwait, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Poland, and Czechoslovakia; and the Joint Forces North Command was led by the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Canada, Italy, Australia, and Turkey. On 23 February 1991, the aerial bombardment campaign came to an end and the coalition began a large-scale ground offensive into Iraqi-occupied Kuwait and parts of Iraq. The Iraqi military was devastated in the fighting, and Kuwait was declared completely free of Iraqi troops on 28 February 1991.

Member states

Argentina

Argentina contributed 500 troops, two corvettes, a destroyer, two cargo planes and three helicopters. The operations of Argentinian forces were codenamed Operation Alfil.

Australia

Australia contributed at least one guided missile frigate, one destroyer and one supply ship. Limited numbers of Australian troops were imbedded in British and American formations, and RAAF photo interpreters were based in Saudi Arabia. Soldiers of the Royal Australian Artillery provided air defence to the Australian supply ships, as they had none of their own.

Bahrain

Bahraini troops played a limited role in the conflict, with the Bahraini Army providing troops to the Gulf Cooperation Council contingent (exclusively embedded with Saudi Arabian and Kuwaiti troops), which played a support role in the conflict. The Bahraini government also allowed their territory to be used as a logistical hub for coalition forces.

Bangladesh

The Bangladeshi contribution to the coalition contained about 2300 personnel. Their operation was codenamed Operation Moruprantar and involved security personnel, including two field Ambulance teams. After the war, Bangladeshi forces inspected and cleared land mines lain by the Iraqi forces. In 2015, there were still up to 5000 Bangladeshi troops stationed in Kuwait to aid with mine clearance. The Bangladeshi commander was Zubayr Siddiqui.

Belgium

Belgium had a limited deployment of troops and aircraft to Türkiye, and several ships deployed to the gulf. Two minesweepers of the Tripartite class, the Iris and the Myostis along with the Command and Logistics ship Zinnia, deployed to the gulf, and conducted mine clearing operations. The Belgian government later decided to send an additional minesweeper, the Dianthus. When the ceasefire took place, clearing operations moved to the coast off Kuwait. Eighteen Mirage 5s of 8th Fighter Squadron and six C-130s of the 15th Air Transport Wing were deployed to Türkiye as part of the NATO preventative deployment of aircraft. Medical personnel were attached to a British Field Hospital in Cyprus, and were also deployed in Türkiye alongside 75 soldiers.

Canada

Canada's contribution included 4,600 personnel, and their activities were codenamed Operation Friction. Royal Canadian Navy vessels took part in the war, the Royal Canadian Air Force conducted patrols and bombing missions, and the army deployed a field hospital. Canadian aircraft and ground forces also attacked retreating Iraqi military forces along the Highway of Death.

Czechoslovakia

The Czechoslovak contribution included a specialised 200-man chemical defence unit and 150 medical personnel. The lead Czechoslovak commander was Ján Való. The war was notable as the first time Czechoslovakian troops had taken part in an armed conflict since the Second World War, and would be the last time before the breakup of Czechoslovakia in 1993.

Denmark

Denmark deployed the HDMS Olfert Fischer (a Niels Juel-class Corvette) alongside 100 personnel.

Egypt

Egypt contributed around 40,000 soldiers and 400 tanks. Their commander was Salah Mohammed Atia Halabi.

France

The French contingent consisted of around 20,000 personnel led by Lieutenant General Michel Roquejeoffre, and their activities were codenamed Opération Daguet. France also contributed 14 ships, more than 75 aircraft, and 350 tanks.

Germany

Germany sent one fighter squadron to Türkiye to show solidarity with operations in Kuwait and make its presence felt on NATO's southern flank. Restrictions on the use of NATO airbases in Germany were removed so they could be used for logistics. Germany also provided $6 billion in cash and materiel to aid the coalition.

Greece

Greek forces included Hellenic Air Force pilots and ground support staff and the frigate Limnos in the Red Sea. The Greek Merchant Marine Service aided the Coalition in the movement of fuel and equipment with their large fleet, and most Greek airfields were made available for US and allied use.

Honduras

Honduras sent 400 personnel to the join the coalition.

Hungary

Hungary contributed approximately 40 personnel, including a medical team.

Italy

The Italian contribution included about 1,950 personnel; their operation mostly involved aircraft, and the air operation was known as Operazione Locusta. Italy deployed eight Panavia Tornado aircraft, which conducted sorties over the 42 days of war, and a cell of RF-104G Starfighter tactical reconnaissance aircraft, which operated from Turkey to monitor the coalition's flank. Six F-104s were stationed in Türkiye. 4 ships were sent to the gulf. The Italian commander of the operation was Mario Arpino.

Japan

Japan contributed no personnel or equipment to the coalition force as it was prohibited from doing so by its constitution. However, the Japanese government made a financial contribution of approximately $13bn to fund Coalition operations.

Kuwait

The contribution of Kuwaiti forces in exile included around 9,900 personnel.

Luxembourg

Luxembourg provided financial support. After the war, Luxembourgish soldiers were deployed to deliver humanitarian aid to Kurdish civilians taking refuge in the mountains along the Turkish-Iraqi border.

Morocco

Morocco contributed around 13,000 personnel.

New Zealand

New Zealand provided two Lockheed C-130 Hercules transporter aircraft and 100 personnel.

The Netherlands

The Dutch navy sent two frigates to help maintain the UN embargo on Iraq, and three minehunters to clear mines off the coast of Kuwait. The army provided a field hospital and medical team for the coalition, while the air force sent two MIM-23 Hawk squadrons and three MIM-104 Patriot squadrons - one of which was deployed in Israel to defend against Iraqi Scud missiles.

Niger

Niger deployed about 480 troops to guard shrines in Mecca and Medina.

Norway

Norway contributed 280 personnel, one naval vessel, a field hospital, and intelligence capabilities.

Oman

Oman contributed about 6,300 personnel.

Pakistan

The Pakistani contingent was 4,900–5,500 strong. Mirza Aslam Beg, then-Pakistani Chief of the Army Staff, endorsed the campaign against Iraq. In a briefing given to president Ghulam Ishaq Khan, Beg maintained the assessment that once the ground battle with the Iraqi Army began, the Iraqi Army would comprehensively repel and defeat the US Army. Beg accused Western countries of encouraging Iraq to invade Kuwait, but supported the armed forces fighting Iraq in support of Saudi Arabia. In 1990, he held state dinner for United States Central Command commander General Norman Schwarzkopf where, alongside Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Admiral Iftikhar Sirohey, he briefed US commanders on Pakistani preparations and military operational capabilities. The war was a polarizing political issue in Pakistan. Beg predicted that popular opinion would favor Iraq, as anti-American sentiment in the Middle East was growing.

Philippines

The Philippines sent around 200 medical personnel.

Poland

The Polish contribution included approximately 320 personnel. Poland also conducted intelligence operations, such as Operation Simoom.

Portugal

Portugal provided one logistics ship and two C-130 transport aircraft.

Qatar

Qatar contributed around 2,600 personnel. Qatari forces participated in the Battle of Khafji.

Romania

Romania deployed 363 medical personnel and 21 soldiers. As part of Britain's Operation Granby, a field hospital was deployed to al-Jubayl.

Saudi Arabia

An estimated 60,000 to 100,000 Saudi troops participated in operations against Iraq, led by Khalid bin Sultan, Saleh Al-Muhaya and Sultan Al-Mutairi.

Senegal

Senegal contributed approximately 500 troops.

Singapore

Singapore sent 30 personnel to provide medical and humanitarian services under Operation Nightingale, as well as nine military support teams.

South Korea

The South Korean contingent was 314-strong, including medical and logistical support.

Spain

Spain deployed 500 ground troops (mostly engineers) with another 3,000 participating in naval operations: two corvettes and one destroyer patrolled near the strait of Bab al Mandeb.

Syria

Syria's contributed around 14,500 troops, led by Mustafa Tlass.

Sweden

The Swedish contingent numbered about 525 and included a field hospital.

Turkey

Turkey contributed to the air campaign against Iraq.

United Arab Emirates

The UAE contributed one army battalion and a squadron of Mirage fighters. They also provided facilities to deploy over 255 aircraft, and gave the coalition access to practically all of their ports and shipyards.

United Kingdom

The UK participated in Operation Granby and the Battle of Norfolk. The total British contribution included 16 ships, 58 aircraft, and 53,462 personnel, including 1st Armoured Division, 7th Armoured Brigade, 4th Armoured Brigade. British commanders included: Patrick Hine, commander of all British forces; Michael Graydon, Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief RAF Strike Command; Peter de la Billière - Commander-in-Chief of British Forces and John Chapple, Chief of the General Staff.

United States

The United States was the largest contributor to the coalition, with some 697,000 personnel. Its forces participated in Operation Desert Shield, the Battle of Khafji, the Battle of 73 Easting, the Battle of Al Busayyah, the Battle of Phase Line Bullet, the Battle of Medina Ridge, Battle of Wadi al-Batin, and the Battle of Norfolk, among other engagements. American commanders included Colin Powell, Calvin Waller, Charles Horner, Walt Boomer, Stan Arthur, Frederick Franks, Buster Glosson. Norman Schwarzkopf led all coalition forces in the battle against Iraq.

Afghan and Kurdish militias

According to sources, 300 members of the anti-communist militias, Afghan mujahideen, joined the coalition towards the end of the war on 11 February 1991. Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups also reportedly rebelled against Saddam.

Member states by equipment

United States

Tanks

Armored vehicles

Self-propelled artillery/mortars/rockets

Anti-aircraft

Artillery and mortars

Engineering and recovery vehicles

Command vehicles

Other vehicles

Helicopters

Aircraft

Aircraft carriers

Battleships

Submarines

Amphibious assault ships

Guided missile cruisers

Destroyer tenders

Destroyers

Guided missile destroyers

Frigates

Amphibious transport docks

Ammunition ships

Dock landing ships

Tank landing ships

Fast sealift ships

Fleet oilers

Combat stores ships

Fast combat support ships

Replenishment oiler ships

Minesweepers

Repair ships

Rescue and salvage ships

Sealift ships

Hospital ships

Amphibious cargo ships

Mine countermeasure ships

Survey ships

Light watercraft

United Kingdom

Tanks

Armoured vehicles

Self-propelled artillery/mortars/rockets

Anti-aircraft

Artillery and mortars

Engineering and recovery vehicles

Command vehicles

Other vehicles

Aircraft

Destroyers

Frigates

Submarines

Mine countermeasure vessels

Fleet support vessels

Hospital ship

Saudi Arabia

Tanks

Armoured vehicles

Self-propelled artillery/mortars/rockets

Artillery and mortars

Anti-aircraft

Other vehicles

Helicopters

Aircraft

Frigates

Corvettes

Patrol ships

Replenishment ships

Kuwait

Tanks

Armoured vehicles

Helicopters

Aircraft

Fast attack craft

France

Tanks

Other armoured vehicles

Artillery and mortars

Anti-aircraft

Other vehicles

Helicopters

Aircraft

Aircraft carriers

Amphibious transport docks

Cruisers

Destroyers

Corvettes

Minehunters

Replenishment ships

Support ships

Qatar

Tanks

Italy

Fighter jets

Destroyers

Frigates

Replenishment ships

Poland

Hospital ship

Salvage ship

Czechoslovakia

Other vehicles

Canada

Destroyers

Fighter aircraft

Transport aircraft

Helicopters

Patrol, surveillance aircraft

Supply/replenishment ship

Argentina

Destroyers

Frigates

Amphibious cargo ships

Helicopters

Transport aircraft

Australia

Destroyers

Frigates

Replenishment ships

Transport aircraft

Norway

Patrol ships

Denmark

Corvettes

Greece

Frigates

Spain

Destroyers

Frigates

Corvettes

The Netherlands

Frigates

Minehunters

Replenishment ships

Mobile field hospital

Maritime patrol aircraft

Belgium

Frigates

Minehunters

Support ships

Turkey

Destroyers