Carmel was an ancient Israelite town in Judea, lying about 11.2 km from Hebron, on the southeastern frontier of Mount Hebron. According to the Bible, Saul erected a victory monument in Carmel to memorialize his triumph over Amalek. The site is generally identified with the Arab village of al-Karmil.

In the Hebrew Bible

There are several references to Carmel in the Bible. Carmel is mentioned as a city of Judah in the Books of Samuel and also in. It is mentioned as the place where Saul erects a monument after the expedition against the Amalekites. Carmel is mentioned in as the place of Nabal's possessions, who was the husband of Abigail. Beside the agricultural importance of the site, Carmel had also a strategic importance because of it containing the only reliable natural spring of water in the immediate area, which waters are collected in a man-made pool. Carmel, in relation to Maon, lies directly to its north, within close proximity.

Roman and Byzantine period

Mentioned in Eusebius' Onomasticon as a village "10 milestones east [sic] of Hebron," the village housed a Roman garrison after the Bar Kochba revolt. The Jewish settlement is thought to have prospered until the Persian army of Chosroes forced the Roman garrison of Heraclius' army to leave Palestine. With a lack of market for their wine, the Jewish settlement declined, with the synagogue finally being abandoned in the 9th century. In the Byzantine era, around the 6th or 7th century CE, a church was built here, on the western side of the remains. Outlines of a further two churches were uncovered to the immediate north and south. The abandoned synagogue, which still stands in the Palestinian town now known as al-Karmil, is one of the best preserved ancient synagogues in the West Bank.

Crusader period

During the period of the Crusades in the 12-century CE, a castle was built at Carmel under the command of Renaud of Châtillon. William of Tyre mentions Carmel as the camp of King Amalric in 1172.