Brazil competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia and Stockholm, Sweden (equestrian events). 44 competitors, 43 men and one woman took part in 28 events in 11 sports. The only Brazilian medal was the gold won by Adhemar Ferreira da Silva in men's triple jump. This was his second gold medal in the event. He was the first Brazilian to be a two-time Olympic champion.

Medalists

Athletics

Basketball

Preliminary round

Group D

Quarterfinal

Group B

Classification 5–8

Boxing

Cycling

Track

Diving

Equestrian

Show jumping

Modern pentathlon

Three male pentathletes represented Brazil in 1956.

Rowing

Brazil had five male rowers participate in one out of seven rowing events in 1956.

Sailing

Shooting

Four shooters represented Brazil in 1956.

Swimming

Weightlifting