Archilochian or archilochean is a term used to describe several metres of Ancient Greek and Latin poetry. The name is derived from Archilochus, whose poetry first uses the rhythms.

In Greek verse

Erasmonidean

In the analysis of Archaic and Classical Greek poetry, archilochian or archllochean usually describes the following length: (where "–" indicates a longum, "u" a breve, and "x" an anceps syllable). The alternative name erasmonideus or erasmonidean comes from Archilochus' fr. 168 (West): As indicated, a caesura is observed before the ithyphallic (– u – u – –) ending of the verse. (Because of this, the name erasmonideus has sometimes been used to refer only to the colon x – u u – u u – x preceding the ithyphallic. ) The verse is also used stichically in Old Comedy, for example in Aristophanes, Wasps 1518-1537 (with irregular responsion ) and in Cratinus fr. 360 (Kassel-Austin), where, as Hephaestion notes, no caesura is observed before the ithyphallic ending: The verse also occurs in the choral lyric of tragedy and comedy, with the same caesura as in the example from Archilochus, as a rule, for example in Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 756-7 ~ 764-5, Sophocles, Oedipus Rex 196-7 ~ 209-10, Euripides, Medea 989-90 ~ 996-7, Iphigenia in Tauris 403 ~ 417, and Aristophanes, Assemblywomen 580-1.

Another definition

The Byzantine metrician Trichas used the name archilocheion for the trochaic trimeter catalectic: This is seen in Archilochus, fr. 197 (West), and is used stichically by Callimachus, fr. 202 (Pfeiffer).

In Latin verse

In Latin poetry, the term "archilochian" or "archilochean" is used to refer to a number of different metres, called the "1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th archilochian". However, different authors disagree on the numbering. The description below follows Rudd (2004) and Raven (1965).

1st archilochian stanza

(= Nisbet & Hubbard's 2nd archilochian) The first archilochian stanza consists of a dactylic hexameter followed by a dactylic hemiepes: An example is Horace, Odes 4.7, praised by A. E. Housman in a lecture in 1914 as "the most beautiful poem in Latin literature": The above metre is called the "2nd Archilochian" by Nisbet & Hubbard (1970), who use "1st Archilochian" as another name for the Alcmanian (or Alcmanic) strophe, which consists of a dactylic hexameter followed by a dactylic tetrameter.

2nd archilochian stanza

A dactylic hexameter, followed by an iambic dimeter + dactylic hemiepes: An example is Horace, Epodes 13:

3rd archilochian stanza

An iambic trimeter, followed by a dactylic hemiepes + an iambic dimeter (the second line is known as an 'elegiambus'): This is found in Horace, Epodes 11: cf. Archilochus fr. 196 (West)

4th archilochian stanza

(= Nisbet & Hubbard's 3rd archilochian) A dactylic tetrameter + ithyphallic (3 trochees), followed by an iambic trimeter catalectic: (The first of these lines is known as the "greater archilochian".) An example is Horace, Odes 1.4: The metre's name reflects the precedent in Archilochus, for example, fr. 188 (West).

1st pythiambic

Two other similar metrical couplets imitated from Archilochus combining dactylic and iambic metra are known as the 1st and 2nd pythiambic. The 1st pythiambic cpmbines a dactylic hexameter with an iambic dimeter: This is found in Horace, Epodes 15 and 16. The following is the opening of Epode 15:

2nd pythiambic

The 2nd pythiambic combines a dactylic hexameter with an ionic trimeter. In Horace's Epode 16 the trimeter is "pure", that is, every anceps position is a short syllable: