In mathematics, Abel's summation formula, introduced by Niels Henrik Abel, is intensively used in analytic number theory and the study of special functions to compute series.

Formula

Let be a sequence of real or complex numbers. Define the partial sum function A by for any real number t. Fix real numbers x < y, and let \phi be a continuously differentiable function on [x, y]. Then: The formula is derived by applying integration by parts for a Riemann–Stieltjes integral to the functions A and \phi.

Variations

Taking the left endpoint to be -1 gives the formula If the sequence (a_n) is indexed starting at n = 1, then we may formally define a_0 = 0. The previous formula becomes A common way to apply Abel's summation formula is to take the limit of one of these formulas as. The resulting formulas are These equations hold whenever both limits on the right-hand side exist and are finite. A particularly useful case is the sequence a_n = 1 for all n \ge 0. In this case,. For this sequence, Abel's summation formula simplifies to Similarly, for the sequence a_0 = 0 and a_n = 1 for all n \ge 1, the formula becomes Upon taking the limit as, we find assuming that both terms on the right-hand side exist and are finite. Abel's summation formula can be generalized to the case where \phi is only assumed to be continuous if the integral is interpreted as a Riemann–Stieltjes integral: By taking \phi to be the partial sum function associated to some sequence, this leads to the summation by parts formula.

Examples

Harmonic numbers

If a_n = 1 for n \ge 1 and then and the formula yields The left-hand side is the harmonic number.

Representation of Riemann's zeta function

Fix a complex number s. If a_n = 1 for n \ge 1 and then and the formula becomes If \Re(s) > 1, then the limit as exists and yields the formula where \zeta(s) is the Riemann zeta function. This may be used to derive Dirichlet's theorem that \zeta(s) has a simple pole with residue 1 at .

Reciprocal of Riemann zeta function

The technique of the previous example may also be applied to other Dirichlet series. If is the Möbius function and, then is Mertens function and This formula holds for \Re(s) > 1.