The 1862–63 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between June 2, 1862, and November 3, 1863, during the American Civil War and President Abraham Lincoln's first term. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 38th United States Congress convened on December 7, 1863. The congressional reapportionment based on the 1860 United States census was performed assuming the seceded states were still in the union, increasing the number of congressional districts to 241. West Virginia was given three seats from Virginia after the former broke away from the latter to rejoin the union as a separate state. The seceded states remained unrepresented and left 58 vacancies. Republicans lost 22 seats and the majority, while Democrats gained 28. The Civil War to date had been only weakly successful for the Union, but had wrought major, disruptive change in the size and reach of the Federal Government, which before the war had been small and little seen beyond post offices, customs houses in ports, and scattered military posts. The Republican Party was also relatively new, yet had led the Union down a radical path of rapid industrialization and destructive total war. Voters turned on the administration over its failure to deliver a swift victory over the Confederate rebellion (at times verging on military incompetence), along with rising inflation and new taxes to pay for the war effort, the suspension of habeas corpus, and the introduction of conscription. Expressing a typical sentiment, the Cincinnati Gazette had editorialized that voters "are depressed by the interminable nature of this war, as so far conducted, and by the rapid exhaustion of the national resources without progress." Short of a majority, Republicans retained control with the support of the Unconditional Union Party. In September 1862, President Lincoln had warned the South that he planned by executive order, and as a war measure, to liberate all slaves in rebelling states as of January 1, 1863. The popularity of emancipation varied by region. It was more popular in New England and areas near the Great Lakes, and less popular in cities with large immigrant populations and in the southern portion of the North. While Democrats hailed the elections as a repudiation of emancipation, the results did not alter Lincoln's plan or hamper prosecution of the war. In Lincoln's home district of Springfield, Illinois, John T. Stuart, a Democrat and one of Lincoln's former law partners, defeated the Republican incumbent. A fear of an influx of freed slaves competing for jobs and depressing wages, and a desire by white voters to prevent black suffrage, helped drive this result and others. The sitting House Speaker, Galusha Grow of Pennsylvania, also lost re-election, but he would return to the House 30 years later in 1894. A Speaker of the House would not lose re-election again until 1994.

Election summaries

The eight Representatives remaining from Tennessee and Virginia in the 37th Congress were absent from the 38th Congress. Other seceded states remained unrepresented, leaving 58 vacancies Upon admission, West Virginia was allotted three Representatives and during the second session one seat was added for the new state of Nevada. Reapportionment transpired according to the 1860 census, under the 1850 Apportionment Act providing a total of 233 seats. A later Act added eight seats, increasing the total to 241.

Special elections

There were seven special elections during the 37th Congress, and two during the 38th Congress.

37th Congress

! VA's 1st congressional district Athur Watson (Unknown) 43.03% ! PA's 7th congressional district George Lear (Republican) 48.37% ! ME's 2nd congressional district Calvin Record (Democratic) 46.30% ! KY's 2nd congressional district Edward Weir (Unknown) 43.61% Archibald Dixon (Unknown) 0.72% ! MA's 9th congressional district Isaac Davis (Democratic) 33.64% ! WI's 2nd congressional district N. S. Ferris (Democratic) 41.06% Charles S. Benton (Democratic) 2.01% ! VA's 7th congressional district Andrew Wylie (Republican) 38.95% Charles H. Upton (Unconditional Union) 12.86% Chauncey H. Snow (Unknown) 7.07%

38th Congress

! Wisconsin's 6th congressional district Charles S. Benton (Democratic) 42.7% ! NY's 14th congressional district John K. Porter (Union) 43.39% ! DE At-large unopposed

Alabama

Alabama elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.

Arkansas

Arkansas elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.

California

Note: From statehood to 1866, California's representatives were elected state-wide at-large, with the top two vote-getters winning election from 1849 to 1858. In 1860, when California gained a seat, the top three vote-getters were elected. California elected its members September 2, 1863, after the term began but before the Congress convened. ! rowspan=3 | CA At-large Plural district with 3 seats ✅ William Higby (Republican) 19.9% ✅ Thomas B. Shannon (Republican) 19.9% John Bigler (Independent) 13.4% John B. Weller (Independent) 13.4% Ninian E. Whiteside (Democratic) 13.4%

Connecticut

Connecticut elected its members April 6, 1863, after the term began but before the Congress convened. The democratic party lost a seat while the Republicans gained one. ! Connecticut's 1st congressional district Alvan P. Hyde (Democratic) 49.2% ! Connecticut's 2nd congressional district Samuel L. Warner (Republican) 47.6% ! Connecticut's 3rd congressional district William M. Converse (Democratic) 41.8% ! Connecticut's 4th congressional district George C. Woodruff (Democratic) 49.2%

Colorado Territory

See non-voting delegates, below.

Delaware

Delaware elected its sole member November 1, 1862. ! rowspan=3 | DE At-large George P. Fisher (Unconditional Union)

Dakota Territory

See non-voting delegates, below.

Florida

Florida elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.

Georgia

Georgia elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.

Idaho Territory

See non-voting delegates, below.

Illinois

Illinois elected its members November 4, 1862.

Indiana

Indiana elected its members October 14, 1862.

Iowa

Iowa elected its members October 14, 1862.

Kansas

Kansas elected its member November 4, 1862.

Kentucky

Kentucky elected its members August 3, 1863, after the term began but before the Congress convened.

Louisiana

Although Louisiana had withdrawn from the Union during the Civil War, elections were held on December 3, 1862, for the two congressional districts in portions of the state under Union control. The seats had been vacant since the end of the 36th Congress; however, Flanders and Hahn were not seated until February 17, 1863, 15 days before the end of their term. ! Louisiana's 1st congressional district John Edward Bouligny (Unionist) 5.84% ! Louisiana's 2nd congressional district Edward Henry Durell (Union Committee) 29.52% Mr. Greathouse (N/A) 10.05% Jacob Barker (Bank of Commerce) 11.19%

Maine

Maine elected its members September 8, 1862.

Maryland

Maryland elected its members November 3, 1863, after the term began but before the Congress convened.

Massachusetts

Massachusetts elected its members November 1, 1862. ! Massachusetts's 1st congressional district Daniel Fisher (Democratic) 23.21% William R. Easter (Unknown) 6.23% ! Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district William D. Swan (Democratic) 38.92% ! Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district John S. Sleeper (Democratic) 49.88% ! Massachusetts's 4th congressional district Josiah Gardner Abbott (Democratic) 47.87% ! Massachusetts's 5th congressional district Benjamin Poole (Democratic) 38.83% ! Massachusetts's 6th congressional district Oliver H. Perry Jr. (Democratic) 43.09% ! rowspan=2 | Massachusetts's 7th congressional district Benjamin F. Thomas (Union) 44.83% ! Massachusetts's 8th congressional district Paul Whitin Jr. (Democratic) 33.83% ! rowspan=2 | Massachusetts's 9th congressional district Scattering 0.77% ! Massachusetts's 10th congressional district Chester W. Chapin (Democratic) 43.71%

Michigan

Michigan elected its members November 4, 1862. ! MI's 1st congressional district Ebenezer J. Penniman (Democratic) 49.6% ! MI's 2nd congressional district John W. Turner (Democratic) 44.6% ! MI's 3rd congressional district Bradley F. Granger (Democratic) 48.2% ! MI's 4th congressional district Thomas B. Church (Democratic) 42.2% ! MI's 5th congressional district Rowland E. Trowbridge (Republican) 49.4% ! MI's 6th congressional district John Moore (Democratic) 48.2%

Minnesota

Minnesota elected its members November 4, 1862. ! MN's 1st congressional district Andrew G. Chatfield (Democratic) 41.8% ! MN's 2nd congressional district William J. Cullen (Democratic) 41.5%

Mississippi

Mississippi elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.

Missouri

Missouri elected its members November 4, 1862.

Nebraska Territory

See non-voting delegates, below.

Nevada Territory

See non-voting delegates, below.

New Hampshire

New Hampshire elected its members March 10, 1863.

New Mexico Territory

See non-voting delegates, below.

New Jersey

New Jersey elected its members November 4, 1862.

New York

New York elected its members November 4, 1862. The state lost two seats in reapportionment, going from 33 members to 31. ! NY's 1st congressional district Richard C. McCormick (Republican) 43.92% ! NY's 2nd congressional district ! NY's 3rd congressional district ! NY's 4th congressional district ! NY's 5th congressional district ! NY's 6th congressional district ! NY's 7th congressional district ! NY's 8th congressional district ! NY's 9th congressional district ! NY's 10th congressional district ! NY's 11th congressional district ! NY's 12th congressional district ! NY's 13th congressional district ! NY's 14th congressional district ! NY's 15th congressional district ! NY's 16th congressional district ! NY's 17th congressional district ! NY's 18th congressional district ! NY's 19th congressional district ! NY's 20th congressional district ! NY's 21st congressional district ! NY's 22nd congressional district ! NY's 23rd congressional district ! NY's 24th congressional district ! NY's 25th congressional district ! NY's 26th congressional district ! NY's 27th congressional district ! NY's 28th congressional district ! NY's 29th congressional district ! NY's 30th congressional district ! NY's 31st congressional district

North Carolina

North Carolina elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.

Ohio

Ohio elected its members October 14, 1862. ! Ohio's 1st congressional district William S. Groesbeck (Republican) 46.0% ! Ohio's 2nd congressional district John A. Gurley (Republican) 49.5% ! Ohio's 3rd congressional district Clement Vallandigham (Democratic) 47.5% ! Ohio's 4th congressional district William H. West (Republican) 48.0% ! Ohio's 5th congressional district Conduce H. Gatch (Republican) 37.0% ! Ohio's 6th congressional district Robert M. Briggs (Republican) 48.0% ! rowspan=3 | Ohio's 7th congressional district Samuel Shellabarger (Republican) 49.3% ! Ohio's 8th congressional district James H. Godman (Republican) 49.0% ! rowspan=2 | Ohio's 9th congressional district Samuel T. Worcester (Republican) 47.2% ! Ohio's 10th congressional district Morrison Waite (Independent Republican) 32.2% James W. Phelps (Democratic) 29.2% ! Ohio's 11th congressional district Hezekiah S. Bundy (Republican) 43.8% ! Ohio's 12th congressional district Carey A. Trimble (Republican) 37.1% ! Ohio's 13th congressional district George B. Wright (Republican) 43.2% ! Ohio's 14th congressional district Martin Welker (Republican) 49.91% ! rowspan=3 | Ohio's 15th congressional district William P. Cutler (Republican) 47.1% ! Ohio's 16th congressional district John Bingham (Republican) 44.8% ! Ohio's 17th congressional district George Belden (Democratic) 47.6% ! Ohio's 18th congressional district David R. Paige Sr. (Democratic) 31.0% ! Ohio's 19th congressional district George W. Wood (Democratic) 33.7%

Oregon

Oregon elected its members June 2, 1862.

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania elected its members October 14, 1862.

Rhode Island

Rhode Island elected its members April 1, 1863, after the term began but before the Congress convened.

South Carolina

South Carolina elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.

Tennessee

Tennessee elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.

Texas

Texas elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.

Utah Territory

See non-voting delegates, below.

Vermont

Vermont elected its members September 1, 1863, after the term began but before the Congress convened. ! Vermont's 1st congressional district John A. White (Democratic) 33.1% Loyal C. Kellogg (Republican) 2.1% ! Vermont's 2nd congressional district Charles N. Davenport (Democratic) 29.5% Peter T. Washburn (Write-in) 0.0% ! Vermont's 3rd congressional district Giles Harrington (Democratic) 26.2% George J. Stannard (Unionist) 2.4% Others William Sewall (Unknown) 0.2% J. H. Woodward (Unknown) 0.0%

Virginia

Virginia elected its members May 28, 1863, but they were all disqualified. ! VA's 1st congressional district Scattering 22.02% ! VA's 2nd congressional district Unopposed ! VA's 3rd congressional district ! VA's 4th congressional district ! VA's 5th congressional district ! VA's 6th congressional district ! VA's 7th congressional district Lewis McKenzie (Unconditional Union) 34.81% John S. Gallagher (Unconditional Union) 13.03% Charles H. Upton (Unconditional Union) 5.40% ! VA's 8th congressional district Joseph S. Wheat (Unknown) 14.93%

Washington Territory

See non-voting delegates, below.

West Virginia

West Virginia elected three representatives on October 22, 1863, after becoming a state on June 20, 1863, but before the Congress convened. It was made up of three districts that previously belonged to Virginia, all of which were vacant before the elections. They were seated on December 7, 1863. ! WV's 1st congressional district Wills DeHass (Unconditional Unionist) 6.98% ! WV's 2nd congressional district John S. Burdett (Unconditional Unionist) 29.19% William B. Zinn (Unconditional Unionist) 12.95% ! WV's 3rd congressional district Daniel E. Frost (Unconditional Unionist) 44.28%

Wisconsin

Wisconsin elected six U.S. Representatives on Election Day, 4 November 1862; Democrats gained three seats. Three seats were newly apportioned. One incumbent was redistricted and won re-election in his new district, but died on 19 November. Two special elections were held 30 December 1862, to replace him for both the remainder of his old term and his new term. ! Wisconsin's 1st congressional district John F. Potter (Republican) 44.4% ! Wisconsin's 2nd congressional district Joshua J. Guppey (Democratic) 45.6% ! Wisconsin's 3rd congressional district Philemon Simpson (Democratic) 42.9% ! Wisconsin's 4th congressional district Edward S. Bragg (Republican) 38.5% ! Wisconsin's 5th congressional district Edward L. Browne (Republican) 47.6% ! Wisconsin's 6th congressional district Thomas Benton Stoddard (Democratic) 42.8%

Non-voting delegates

! Colorado Territory At-large ! Dakota Territory At-large John Blair Smith Todd (Democratic) 49.49% ! Idaho Territory At-large John M. Cannady (Democratic) 47.44% ! Nebraska Territory At-large Unopposed ! Nevada Territory At-large ! New Mexico Territory At-large ! Utah Territory At-large ! Washington Territory At-large