The .17 Mach IV / 4.4x35mm is a wildcat centerfire rifle cartridge, based on the .221 Remington Fireball case, necked down to fire a 0.172 in bullet. The cartridge was introduced in 1962 by Vern O’Brien. The cartridge offered an easy case conversion and good ballistics, but could not compete against the .17 Remington. The name, Mach IV, comes from the claim that the bullets can reach 4000 ft/s. Due to the relatively small case capacity, even small variations in powder of 0.5 gr can lead to the difference between a safe and dangerously over pressure load. Aftermarket barrels for the XP-100 pistol were sometimes marked ".17 Mach III" due to the lower velocity produced by the shorter barrel. The .17 Mach IV became very popular with varmint hunters, so much so that in 2007, Remington introduced its own very similar version, the .17 Remington Fireball.